...INTRODUCTION International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) In 2011, international financial reporting standards (IFRS) will replace generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). This means Canadian publicly-traded companies will be required to present financial statements in accordance with IFRS. This change will not only affect those involved in the development of financial information but also those who use this information. Economic globalization brings increased demand for high quality, internationally comparable financial information. That’s why in 1999, CGA-Canada took the pioneering step of advocating for the convergence to IFRS in Canada and continues today to contribute to the evolution and adoption of IFRS. By providing our professional advice to the accounting community, ensuring the latest information and professional development opportunities are available to CGAs and keeping the CGA Program of Professional Studies current, the Association is well prepared for the transition to IFRS. CGA-Canada and International Standards-Setting CGA-Canada plays a critical role in international standards-setting through exposure draft comments and its international representation by virtue of being an International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) member body. Comments to the International Accounting Standards Board, the International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board, the International Ethics Standards Board for Accountants and the International Accounting Education...
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...Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) MBA 691: Managerial Accounting Professor: Prepared by: April 19, 2009 Bibliography: • Ernst & Young, “U.S. GAAP vs. IFRS: The basics”, January 2009. • Securities & Exchange Commission, “Roadmap for the Potential Use of Financial Statements Prepared in Accordance with International Financial Reporting Standards by U.S. Issuers”, www.sec.gov/spotlight/ifrsroadmap.htm (Release No. 33-8982; November 14, 2008). • The Association of Chartered Certified Accountants (ACCA), “Impact of IFRS in Europe”, www.accaglobal.com/publicinterest/activities/research/reports/global_integration/, October 7, 2008. • Internal Auditor, magazine, “Getting Up To Speed with IFRS’, October 2008. • International Accounting Standards Board, “IASB Responds to G20 Recommendation and US GAAP Guidance’, www.iasb.org/News/Press+Releases/IASB+Responds+to+G20+Recommendations+and+US+GAAP+Guidance.htm, April 7, 2009. • EU Finance Ministers Statement, www.eu2009.cz/en/news-and-documents/news/statement-by-the-informal-ecofin-15621/ , April 4, 2009. • National Association of Corporate Directors (NACD) – Directors Monthly article, “IFRS – What The Board Needs to Know”, http://www.deloitte.com/dtt/cda/doc/content/us_assur_IFRS_DM%20Sep08_20080911pdf.pdf, September 2008. • Deloitte, www.deloitte.com/us/debates/IFRS. • Deloitte, “IFRS Conversion: Front or back Burner?”, article...
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...IFRS Convergence: Challenges and Implementation Approaches for Banks in India KPMG IN INDIA Foreword I am very happy to note that KPMG in India is releasing a specific publication for the Indian banking sector titled 'IFRS Convergence: Challenges and Implementation Approaches for Banks in India', on the occasion of the IBA/KPMG conference on 'IFRS: Developing a Roadmap to Convergence for the Indian Banking Industry'. The proposed convergence with IFRS is likely to create significant challenges. Most importantly, the initial and ongoing IFRS convergence will affect reported networth, available capital and capital adequacy for Indian banks. In view of the above, the release of this publication could not have been better timed. Through this publication, KPMG has provided a good perspective of some key areas which would impact the banking sector in India on their road to IFRS convergence. Further, the publication also brings out the specific challenges, particularly for the banking sector in India and the approach that the banks need to follow for successful implementation. Banks in India need to start thinking through the challenges and develop a roadmap for successful convergence at the earliest. I am hopeful that the publication will be able to ignite thoughts in today's bankers to be prepared for the IFRS reporting framework tomorrow. Dr K Ramakrishnan Chief Executive Indian Banks’ Association IFRS Convergence: Challenges and Implementation Approaches for Banks...
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...One Global GAAP: IFRS vs. US GAAP Acct 522 Current Topics in Financial Reporting Zhipeng Cao CIN: 300443421 Introduction The most influential accounting reporting criteria today is the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) by and U.S Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U.S. GAAP). These two different accounting standards have various emphases. In short, IFRS states principles and it leaves the decision-making in everyday questions for accountants, while US GAAP consists of very detailed measures. Under the globalization environment, many companies are operating under a global scale; however, each country has its own accounting standard which makes the translation more difficulty. So the demand for the convergence of the two most important standards comes out. (Accounting Reporting Criteria, 2009, March 23). In this paper, I will put more emphasis on the comparison of the detail differences between International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and U.S Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (U.S. GAAP). I will also pay attention to the convergence of the two accounting principles. Body 1 In this part, I will mainly discuss the difference between IFRS vs. US GAAP; the table below shows the brief summary of the major differences between IFRS vs. US GAAP. I would like to discuss some of them. General approach The most significant difference between IFRS and U.S. GAAP exist in the general approach. IFRS mostly provides the basic accounting...
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..."Comparing IFRS to GAAP Paper" In what ways does the format of a statement of financial or position under IFRS often differ from a balance sheet presented under GAAP? The United States uses two main accounting systems. We have the GAAP(Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and we also have IFRS(International Financial Reporting Standards). These two accounting systems have differences that make them a bit different from each other. For example GAAP Balance sheets have Income statement, a statement of comprehensive income, changes in equality, a cash flow statement and footnotes. IFRS Balance sheet has an Income statement, Statement of comprehensive income, changes in equality, cash flow statement and Footnotes. The difference in these reports is that IFRS has a comprehensive income. Do the IFRS and GAAP conceptual frameworks differ in terms of the objective of financial reporting? Explain. GAAP and IFRS seem to have similar ways when it comes to financial reporting. Both have the same concept that financial reporting should be relevant and frequently represented. Any Information that is reported through these reports is viewed as anything that could be useful. Information that is frequently reported or represented should comply with rules and standards of the to industry and any estimates should be conservative in nature. What terms commonly used under IFRS are synonymous with common stock and balance sheet? Balance Sheet is synonymous with the “Statement of Financial...
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...perspective, what would be the likely overall effect of adopting IFRS on the company’s financial statements? From the consolidation perspective, the likely overall effect of adopting IFRS on the company’s financial statements would preserve and strengthen the company’s global financial competitiveness. Moreover, it will simplify the accounting and consolidation process significantly and reduce financial reporting costs. 2) What potential effect would arise if Klugen were to select the option under IFRS 3 to value non-controlling interest at the proportionate share of its subsidiaries’ net identifiable assets? For business combination, the buyer can control without buying all of the equity, the remaining , so-called the non-controlling, equity interests are measure either at fair value or at the non-controlling interests’ proportionate share of its subsidiaries’ net identifiable assets. Under IFRS 3, the potential effect would arise is that it will result in benefits for users by improving comparability and will increase the relevance of information provided. Moreover, it identifies and evaluates the main costs and benefits for users. 3) Do you believe that an impairment of goodwill would be more likely under IFRS or under U.S. GAAP? Why or why not? There is a difference in goodwill impairment measurement. Under U.S GAAP, two-step approach is used. It looks to the reporting unit. However, under IFRS, one-step approach is used. It is based on the value in use and it...
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...Devine Hamdani 10/1/11 Project 1 US GAAP Convergence with IFRS As the business world has become more global, regulators, investors, large companies and auditing firms began to realize the importance of the establishment of a single set of high quality accounting standards. With a common accounting language around the world, investors will be able to have greater comparability and greater confidence in the transparency of financial reporting worldwide. IFRS, acronym for International Financial Reporting Standards are financial reporting standards that have been adopted by International Accounting Standard Board (IASB). Increasing number of publicly held companies in many countries are now requiring or allowing the use of IFRS for the preparation of financial statement. In the United States, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) have also proposed a “Roadmap” in incorporating the convergence of US Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (US GAAP) to IFRS with the help of Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) and IASB. The IASB and FASB, committed to improving IFRS and US GAAP and achieving their convergence, are also committed in providing public transparency and accountability by reporting their process in achieving their goals. In 2006, the IASB and FASB began to set out their plans of completing major projects in their issued Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). These priority major projects comprises of their joint projects on financial instruments...
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...How managers are dealing with the switch to IFRS Xiaochen Zhang Texas A&M University-Commerce Abstract Recently, there are an increasing number of companies switching from GAAP to IFRS. The subject of this article is mainly about how managers deal with the switch to IFRS. This paper discusses the background of changing standard, and why manager must switch the standard to IFRS. At last, it points out several methods that managers should take in order to switch to IFRS. Keywords: IFRS, GAAP, switch Introduction International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) is a standard accounting system easy to International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) issued by the countries in the cross-border economic exchanges. IFRS is a global harmonization of financial rules to regulate the operation of financial management in accordance with international standards guidelines. For specification worldwide accounting operations of enterprises or other economic organizations, and economic, interests can be protected in a standard, and will not lead to the same calculation methods vary in terms of the criteria arising from unnecessary economic loss. However, now GAAP stands for generally accepted accounting principles and refers to business accounting practices that most U.S. companies use. The switch to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for all U.S. companies means that both accountants and managers have to learn some new practices. This switch...
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...IFRS Income Tax Accounting IFRS for SMEs: A less taxing standard? On July 9, 2009, the IASB published the International Financial Reporting Standard for Small and Medium-sized Entities (“IFRS for SMEs” or “the standard”), a self-contained standard of about 230 pages designed to ease the burden of IFRS reporting for entities that do not have public accountability. Globally, more jurisdictions may be encouraged to replace existing local GAAP with IFRS for SMEs. As a result, it holds important implications for US companies with multinational subsidiaries. The United Kingdom Accounting Standards Board (UK ASB), for example, has already issued a Consultation Paper asking for comments on its proposal to replace existing UK GAAP with IFRS by 2012. 2 PricewaterhouseCoopers Overview of Income Tax Accounting Treatment The Income Tax section of IFRS for SMEs contains several key provisions from the IASB’s Exposure Draft to amend IAS 12 Income Taxes (the “Exposure Draft”). For example, IFRS for SMEs includes the guidance in the Exposure Draft for tax basis, uncertain tax positions and the use of a valuation allowance. IFRS for SMEs also includes several provisions from the existing standard, such as intraperiod allocation, tax rates to apply to distributions and balance sheet classification. A closer look at the provisions in the standard provides insight into the potential for increased complexity and diversity in some areas. Tax basis Under IFRS for SMEs, the tax...
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...THE IMPACT OF FINANCIAL REGULATIONS ON MERGERS & ACQUISITION OF BUSINESSES. Presented By Kofi Frimpong-Aninakwa To Dr Jeffrey Glover California Intercontinental University September, 2014 Abstract In the current global economy, corporations do businesses within their domiciled countries or have become transnational and have to perform at a multinational level. In order to achieve such expansion, corporations acquire other companies or merge across their borders commonly called Mergers and Acquisition (M & A). These large corporations are publicly owned, listed on stock exchanges or alternative markets around the world. They also engage in M&A activities that are thoroughly regulated by governments to protect the shareholders of target companies. The laws and regulations governing M&A are very complex and strict. High levels of expertise and specialist advice are required, and corporations use several teams of lawyers and accountants who specialize in the jurisdictions involved in M&A. In September 2006, the Regulations on Foreign Investors’ Mergers and Acquisitions of Domestic Enterprises came into force in China, as a direct result of an increase in M&A transactions and the general opening up of the country. Such transactions are seen as a vehicle to secure shareholders’ interests. The main agenda stimulating the business combinations such as the merger or acquisition of a company by...
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...IFRS The Changeover A Guide for Users of Financial Reports A Canadian Performance Reporting Board Publication IFRS The Changeover A Guide for Users of Financial Reports A Canadian Performance Reporting Board Publication The IFRS Changeover — A Guide for Users of Financial Reports Copyright © 2010 The Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants 277 Wellington Street West Toronto ON M5V 3H2 www.cica.ca ISBN 978-1-55385-512-5 Printed in Canada Disponible en français July 2010 i PREFACE This guide is published by the Canadian Performance Reporting Board (CPRB) of the Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants. Its purpose is to provide a perspective for users of external financial reports on matters arising from Canada’s imminent change in accounting standards for public companies. Members of audit committees and preparers may also find this guide a useful reference. For fiscal years commencing in 2011 and thereafter, Canadian GAAP for most public companies will transition to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRSs). These global accounting standards should improve international financial reporting comparability in an increasingly global business environment. The conversion to IFRSs will potentially result in a myriad of changes in an entity’s financial statements, and, therefore, its performance metrics. In some cases these changes will have no material consequences. In others, however, the changeover will have a material impact...
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...internationally” (Harper, A. Leatherbury, L. Machuca, A. Phillips, J.). There has been some controversy among accounting professionals regarding the impact that switching to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) from Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) will have on United States corporations and investors. On November 14, 2008 there was a proposal that was later made mandatory, issued by the SEC making corporations within the United States switch to International Financial Reporting Standards for fiscal years ending after 2014. There are many disadvantages and advantages that could arise when moving to a global set of standards. International Financial Reporting Standards are a set of international accounting standards, which state how transactions and other events should be reported within financial statements. These standards are becoming the global standard for the preparation of public companies financial statements. “Approximately 120 nations and reporting jurisdictions permit or require IFRS for domestic listed companies, although approximately 90 countries have fully conformed with IFRS as promulgated by the IASB and include a statement acknowledging such conformity in audit reports. Other countries, including Canada and Korea, are expected to transition to IFRS by 2011. Mexico will require IFRS for all listed companies starting in 2012. Japan has introduced a roadmap for adoption that it will decide on in 2012 (with a proposed adoption date of...
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...International financial reporting standards and India’s response “International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are designed as a common global language for business affairs so that company accounts are understandable and comparable across international boundaries.” TABLE OF CONTENT 1. Introduction 2. Objectives of financial statements 3. IFSR and India’s response 4. GAAP 5. Certain clarifications on IFRS roadmap 6. TransitionIFRS methodology Page | 2 1. International Financial Reporting Standards International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) are designed as a common global language for business affairs so that company accounts are understandable and comparable across international boundaries. They are a consequence of growing international shareholding and trade and are particularly important for companies that have dealings in several countries. They are progressively replacing the many different national accounting standards. IFRS began as an attempt to harmonies accounting across the European Union but the value of harmonization quickly made the concept attractive around the world. They are sometimes still called by the original name of International Accounting Standards (IAS). IAS was issued between 1973 and 2001 by the Board of the International Accounting Standards Committee (IASC). On April 1, 2001, the new IASB took over from the IASC the responsibility for setting International Accounting Standards. During its first meeting the new Board adopted...
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...the convergence of IFRS and GAAP because it believes that doing so will benefit U.S investors. The incorporation of IFRS in GAAP will protect the investors, maintain the fair representation of financial statements and increase comparability and material information for investors to make better decisions. The primary benefit will be the reduction in discrepancies in financial statements among different countries around the world. “SEC, with convergence, wants to reduce regulatory impediments to cross-border capital transactions that result from disparate national accounting standards.” [3] As noted on pages 5 and 8, paragraph 2 and 3 respectively, some additional benefits are: ● “Greater comparability for investors across firms and industries on a global basis; ● Reduced listing costs for companies with multiple listings; ● Increased competition among exchanges; ● Better global resource allocation and capital formation; ● Lowered cost of capital ● A higher global economic growth rate ● Improved financial statement comparability among companies worldwide; ● Streamlined accounting processes for multinational companies; and ● Easier access to foreign capital and improved liquidity, leading to a reduced cost of capital” [5,8] 1B. Areas of concern within the SEC’s work plan before execution of the use of IFRS by us issuers: “A Work Plan was made to identify the areas of concerns within the roadmap of the proposed convergence of IFRS and GAAP, which included: ...
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...will be impacted by the IFRS’ practice for measuring contingent (accrued liabilities). IFRS offers criteria to account for and disclose gain and loss contingencies. For example, BWC’s potential litigation matter and warranty costs were not recognized under GAAP. Converting to IFRS, the probability of a loss in the legal case and the likely hood of computer chip defects met IFRS’ measurement criteria and were recognized as accrued liabilities. Furthermore, BWC’s method for inventory will change under IFRS. Though GAAP offers more rules to account for inventories, IFRS’ identification of items sold and unsold is a huge contrast from BWC’s current practice. BWC uses the Last-in, First out (LIFO) method to match the cost of goods sold; IFRS doesn’t permit LIFO so BWC must implement the First in-First (FIFO) to match costs of its inventory. This means that BWC will have to pull the LIFO reserve back into their taxable income. Of course, this could potentially lead to increased taxes. The European rate of 30% will be far less than the 50% rate BWC experiences in the U.S. However, BWC has to pay attention to the IFRS regulations and implications. Ratio Analysis: Current Ratio. The current ratio analysis offers an analysis of a company’s ability to pay back its short term liability. The table below illustrates the impact of the IFRS conversion on BWC. Under GAAP the company had a ratio over 1 suggesting that BWC could pay off obligations. The ratio under IFRS falls below 1. Current...
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