...1.George Dewey was an Admiral for the Navy; he helped the Americans earn the trust of the Filipinos, which led to the partial control over the Philippines. President William McKinley greatly contributed to American Imperialism. McKinley wanted to expand the American empire to help benefit the economy, without establishing colonies or starting a war, though that is what many from his political party wanted. Alfred T. Mahan was known as the spokesman for the age of imperialism. He believed that it was most important to build up a country's maritime force as that was seen as most effective in the past. John Hay was the Secretary of State who helped construct the Open Door Note along with William Rockhill and Alfred Hippisley. Hay would later compose...
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...Simultaneously, it had intensified the socio-economic crisis already prevalent in the 19th century. This essay attempts to analyze the causes, nature and impact of the Boxer Movement. Causes 1. A study of the traditional Chinese society and economy is imperative to trace the origins of the Uprising. The Chinese society was strictly compartmentalized by the principles of Confucianism. The society was highly stratified and had a rigid and inflexible hierarchical structure. A unique combination of power, wealth and knowledge defined the gentry or the elite class. The peasantry was the ‘exploited’ class, the taxpayers, who despite the theoretical emphasis on ‘career open to merit’ could rarely attain gentry status. The growing tax burden and exploitation caused discontent among them and though they remained placid, the simmering of discontent was always there. However, peasant uprisings, though a frequent occurrence, were spontaneous and scattered and so easy to suppress. The growing unrest culminated into agitation, and found expression in the Boxer Movement. 2. A series of natural calamities in the late 19th century intensified the discontent. Series of floods, famine and drought between 1880 – 1900. The Manchu government, due to insufficient resources and inefficient administration, was unable to repair the public works, adding to the problem. 3. The late 19th Century also saw a substantial rise in population. This increased the pressure on land and there...
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...Thematic Essay Practice: Imperialism Directions: Write a well-organized essay that includes an introduction, several body paragraphs that address the task below, and a conclusion. Be specific! Use examples from class and/or homework assignments to illustrate your key ideas. Theme: Imperialism Since 1500, countries have pursued a policy of expansion known as imperialism for a variety of reasons. The effects of this policy can be viewed from different perspectives. Task: Select one country that engaged in imperialism since 1500 and: Discuss the reasons (at least two reasons!) this country engaged in imperialism Discuss the effects of imperialism from the perspective of the people or society taken over Discuss the effects of imperialism...
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...For the first half of the 20th century, China faced political chaos. Following a revolution in 1911, which overthrew the Manchu dynasty, the new Republic failed to take hold and China continue to be exploited by foreign powers, lacking any strong central government. The Chinese Civil War was an attempt by two ideologically opposed forces – the nationalists and the communists – to see who would ultimately be able to restore order and regain central control over China. The struggle between these two forces, which officially started in 1927, was interrupted by the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese war in 1937, but started again in 1946 once the war with Japan was over. the results of this war were to have a major effect not just on China itself, but on the international stage. Long-term causes of the Chinese Civil War[edit] Socio-economic factors[edit] Summary of Socio-economic factors In 1900, China was ruled by the imperial Manchu dynasty. The vast majority of the population were peasants. Their life was hard, working the land, and most were extremely poor. It was the peasants who paid the taxes that in turn paid for the great Manchu imperial court.It was also the peasants who faced starvation during floods or droughts, as their subsistence farming techniques often left them with barely enough to feed their families. The population in China grew by 8 per cent in the second half of the 19th century, but the land cultivated only increased by 1 per cent. This imbalance made famines...
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...the Meiji, Taisho and early Showa eras (i.e 1868 – 1945). Why did Japan’s imperial project end in disaster? What lessons can be draw? Word count (excluding references): 3857 The world in 19th century had seen the breakdown and collapse of numerous empires and kingdoms of Europe and Asia: first The Holy Roman Empire in 1806, then the defeat of Waterloo (1815) - which marked the end of Napoleonic Era, moreover, 19th century also witnessed the decline of the Ottoman Empire. On the other hand, this paved the way for other nations like England, France, Russia or China, to rise as new powers. During that time, Japan had dynamic political changes - the hundred-years-peace concreted by the Tokugawa Shogunate could not last any longer as the spread of Western imperialism was becoming larger in Asia. Therefore, the government of the Meiji realized that: Japan should become an Empire and emerge as the paramount Asian power along with her European counterparts, to maintain the balance of power so as to develop its national interests– this was Japan’s Imperial Grand Strategy during early to mid-19th century. In the beginning, a more detailed background of Japanese history will be provided. Earlier than the road to modernisation of Meiji era or the Tokugawa Shogunate’s peaceable period, the nation herself was damaged with conflict and turmoil of The Sengoku Period (c. 1467 – c. 1603). This...
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...A HISTORY OF THE WORLD IN SIX GLASSES By Tom Standage (2005) PART ONE: Dialectical Journal Passage | Reaction(Reflection, Question, Connection, or Evaluation) | (Beer) “The most likely explanation for this preference is that, unlike food, beverages can genuinely be shared. When several people drink beer from the same vessel, they are all consuming the same liquid; when cutting up a piece of meat, in contrast, some parts are usually deemed to be more desirable than others. As a result, sharing a drink with someone is a universal symbol of hospitality and friendship. It signals that the person offering the drink can be trusted, by demonstrating that it is not poisoned or otherwise unsuitable for consumption.” (Page 21) | Each time I have company over, without thought to why, I have always offered my guest(s) a beverage. I’ve never even given consideration to as why drinks are often shared rather than food, much of the less never thought about what sharing a drink with someone can symbolize. I can connect this to the world by that many people authentically share drinks whether it is at a small gathering or a party for it does actually indicate hospitality, friendship, and even a sense of trustworthiness. | (Beer) “Liquids, being easily divisible, make ideal currencies.”- (Page33) | Like described in the above quote, liquid is easy to be shared equally. This allows beverages such as beer to be a system of money in general use. Once again, I’ve never given any thought to beverages...
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...practice of imperialism Indochinese nations would propse their problems to the the international community at the Geneva conference. The 1954 Geneva Conference, held in Geneva Switerland occured on the 8th of May, following the historical defeat of French forces in the Battle of Dien Bien Phu to the Vietminh (DRV). The Geneva Conference is essentially the proposal of international treaties binding of all nations which have accepted them. The primary objective of the Geneva Conference was to discuss and solve international issues concerning the Korean and Indochinese war. Nearly a decade after the Potsdam conference and still in the midst of the Cold War, the Geneva conference witnessed the meeting of the USSR, US and UK with intentions of reaching agreements for the future of Indochina. The conference involed delegates from the United Kingdom, United States, France, Soviet Union, People Republic of China, Democratic replublic of Vietnam (DRV) and the Nationalist Government of Vietnam. Issues proposed by Ho Chi Minh (DRV) concerning the future of vietnam included, the removal of foreign control, the unification of Vietnam, the development of a defence force for secuirty and the establishment of a communist nation. Resulting agreements of the Geneva Conference led to 'peaceful co-existence' with foreigners in Vietnam. Much of Indochina's history has endured the struggles of foreign control under nations such as France, Japan and China. In the 19th century French imperialism was massively...
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...Mercantilism is an economic theory practice, commonly used in Europe from the 16th to the 18th century that promoted governmental regulation of a nation’s economy for the purpose of augmenting state power at the expense of rival national powers. It was the economic counterpart of political absolutism.[1] It includes a national economic policy aimed at accumulating monetary reserves through a positive balance of trade, especially of finished goods. Mercantilism dominated Western European economic policy and discourse from the 16th to late-18th centuries.[2] Mercantilism was a cause of frequent European wars and also motivated colonial expansion. Mercantilist theory varied in sophistication from one writer to another and evolved over time. High tariffs, especially on manufactured goods, are an almost universal feature of mercantilist policy. Other policies have included: Building overseas colonies; Forbidding colonies to trade with other nations; Monopolizing markets with staple ports; Banning the export of gold and silver, even for payments; Forbidding trade to be carried in foreign ships; Export subsidies; Promoting manufacturing with research or direct subsidies; Limiting wages; Maximizing the use of domestic resources; Restricting domestic consumption with non-tariff barriers to trade. Mercantilism in its simplest form was bullionism, but mercantilist writers emphasized the circulation of money and rejected hoarding. Their emphasis on monetary metals accords with...
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...Imperial America EDGE Fall Quarter 2003 Tim Chueh Ambert Ho 12/5/03 What Is Imperialism? “Imperialism is the highest stage of capitalism…characterized by monopoly corporations and the compulsion to export capital abroad for higher profits. Unlike capitalism in the earlier stages, in the imperialist stage, capitalism has no more progress to bring the world…the cause of contemporary militarism” – Lenin “The policy, practice, or advocacy of seeking, or acquiescing in, the extension of the control, dominion, or empire of a nation, as by the acquirement of new, esp. distant, territory or dependencies, or by the closer union of parts more or less independent of each other for operations of war, copyright, internal commerce, etc.” – Oxford dictionary The word imperialism derives from “empire.” As such, it is useful to spend a bit of time to define the word. In working towards a minimal definition, Stanford Professor of Archaeology J. Manning in his first lecture on Ancient Empires starts with: “An empire is a territorially extensive hierarchically political organization.” Unfortunately this definition is too vague. All states encountered in human history are by definition hierarchical, and many nations today are vast compared to the...
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...about how Americans in the last part of the 19th century have actually formulated the values of being barbaric against immigrants and foreigners that are both found inside and outside the country. It is from this book that wide and open reflections can be done as to how America have been influenced enough to its formation of the immigration laws in the ways that they applied racial discriminations and superiority against other races. These attitudes of the 19th century America is considered to be the primary factors that led to the formation of the American laws regarding immigration and its country’s history. In fact, this can be the considered turning point of the American society as to how they have actually regarded themselves more powerful than the rest of the other races. This should hold true in the ways that America allowed immigrants to work in the country and thus leading to the economic boom of the country. This, in turn, allowed the creation of the Centennial Exhibition and political stability through immigrant children. Outside interaction of the Americans would apply the same concepts of the American superiority. In the discussion that follows, we consider the particular relations of the Americans to foreigners and how this has actually affected the formations of laws that would, in some ways, consider the Americans barbaric. Primarily, we may have to consider the situation of the Americans in the 19th century. This is be a well-known time of the American...
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...American Expansionism and Imperialism in the Late Nineteenth Century The end of the nineteenth century was a tremulous time for America. We had millions of immigrants pouring into our country from around the world. We had enough problems at home and the last thing our leaders wanted was to be drawn into war outside of the continental United States. We were founded on the idea of freedom and we were destined to protect individual rights to freedom, even if it took us beyond our borders. In the late 19th century the United States found its self, producing more agricultural and industrial products than it could consume. Business leaders and politicians began to look abroad to help boost our economic standing in the world. One percent of the population owned 99% of the wealth in America. As a nation we had to evolve (Woog 10). The work force in America began to unite. There were uprisings of people forming unions in order to change the work place practices. At first the corporations simply fired the disgruntled employees and hire others in their place. Working conditions were often deplorable “Because of this, the accident rate was higher in U.S. factories, mines and railroads than in any other industrial nation. According to a survey from 1907, half a million Americans annually were killed, crippled or seriously injured while on the job” (Woog 49). Eventually the government stepped in to regulate businesses. Teddy Roosevelt once intervened between...
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...Year 11 Preliminary English Assessment Task Task: Motorcycle Diaries Question Two: Define Communism. Discuss its origins and how and where it was spread. In your discussion you must refer to at least 3 countries, which have adopted communism and examine its success and failures and the reason behind both. You must also examine the role Marxism plays in Communist ideology. Communism is an economic and social system in which all, or nearly all, property and resources are collectively owned by a classless society and not by individual citizens. It’s an ideology theory of government where all wealth is shared equally so there is no class system, that is, no poor class and no wealthy class. Everything is shared and everyone is equal, whether you’re a doctor or a factory worker. In such a communist society, the wealth and resources were to be regulated according to the needs, abilities and contribution of the people. Differences between manual and intellectual labour and between rural and urban life were to disappear, opening up the way for unlimited development of human potential. Based on the 1848 publication ‘Communist Manifesto’ by two German political philosophers, Karl Max and his close associate Friedrich Engels, it envisaged common ownership of all land and wealth and the withering away of the power of the state. Max and Engels believed that capitalism (private ownership of all property) should be diminished and that uneven distribution of wealth and resources should...
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...the deepest recession since the Great Depression of the 1930s. In this paper we will examine the origins and nature of this crisis in the context of the dynamics of world capitalism, indicate the policy challenges in the process of recovery and analyze its impact on South Asia. I. STRUCTURAL CHANGE AND FRAGILITY OF THE FINANCIAL SPHERE In the process of its growth the world economy has undergone a structural change in the post war period in terms of two important features: (i) The dominant form of the production unit of goods and services that emerged in the post war period was the large multinational corporation (MNC) in contrast to the large national corporation in the late 19th century and the small firm in the late 18th century.1 The MNCs were not only able to sell goods and services on a global scale but were able to achieve internationalization in their production processes, such that different components of a particular good could be manufactured in their facilities in different countries to take advantage of country specific resource 1 For a more detailed analysis of Growth and Structural Change in the Global Economy since the Industrial Revolution, See: Akmal Hussain, Imperialism, in, Syed B. Hussain (ed.), Encyclopedia of Capitalism, Volume-II, Golson Books Limited, New York, 2004. 1 endowments. This laid the basis of an unprecedented growth in productivity, and profits. Given the problem of investing these profits within the...
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...knowing how people of the past decades lived we must examine the past and study many things they left behind. By understanding how they lived and what impact they had as they migrated to the New World, it is then we understand how they lived and understand what the environment was like. Looking at the impact that immigrants had and brought to the New World we see what cultures and food dishes they brought to our civilization. The Migration of Cultures By 1830 the United States consisted of 2.3 million out of 12.8 million were of African descent and upon them settling after being brought here from Africa they brought many traditions and impacted the culture today. When they came to the United States they brought scientific and technological systems from the West and Central Africa as well as many food dishes such as; gumbo and rice, millet, sorghum, watermelon and black-eyed peas. They also brought tradition with them regarding funerals, celebration festivals, arts, music, dugout canoes, the banjo and language which also had an effect on the European culture as well and this is known as Africanism (Nps.gov, n.d.). Africanism is directly related to African American and Creolization which asks the question when you stop and give to the American or European culture. They point out that the African culture has direct impact on Africa, African-American, Creolization, African-Jamaican and European cultures and when examine the roots trace back to Africa. However, there has...
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...CROSSING BORDERS IN THE NEW IMPERIALISM (published in Colin Leys and Leo Panitch (eds), Socialist Register, London: Merlin, 2004) Bob Sutcliffe In words which seem uncannily relevant today, two mid-nineteenth century fugitives (in today’s language asylum seekers) wrote that “the bourgeoisie has through its exploitation of the world-market given a cosmopolitan character to production and consumption in every country”[i]. This cosmopolitanization (or in today’s vocabulary globalization) turned out to be neither as continuous nor as complete as they expected. By the beginning of the following century other emigrant followers of these two men began to argue that the full economic integration of world capitalism would be prevented by strife between the industrialized countries. Imperialism in this sense seemed to mean that globalization would be a task for post-capitalist society. This appeared to be confirmed by the following half century of war, protectionism and deep economic crisis until, in the middle of the twentieth century, cosmopolitan capitalism made its big comeback. Globalization is more than anything else the feature of today’s capitalism which leads many to argue that there is a new imperialism, or even that imperialism has been replaced by something else (for instance, by “post-imperialism” or by “Empire”). The real newness of the present is, however, debatable. In trying to discern the character of an age, it is tempting to argue that everything...
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