...Implicit Bias has become an issue that I no longer believe is an unconscious decision. Everyone on the planet is allowed to have their own opinion and beliefs about another individual, however when it comes to a point of life or death in the workforce something must change. Implicit bias is a certain attitude or stereotype that we have towards someone. You act a way out of unawareness towards another race or culture. Although in my opinion, I believe that if you know much more about a race then your unconscious decision wouldn’t be as racist. I am sure that at some point in my life I have shown implicit bias towards another race. As I grow older and I see how it affects the black community the most, I try to get out of the habit of doing...
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...why they arise. Prejudice can be defined as a negative affective response towards members of an outgroup; whilst stereotype refers to the cultural beliefs which form a representation about outgroup members (Amodio &Devine, 2006). This essay examines the hypothesis that implicit stereotypes and evaluations are dependent constructs which necessitate each other to activate, by considering past literature on the subject. Gawronski, Deutsch, Mbirkou, Seibt and Strack (2008) studied the dependency hypothesis by measuring the effect of the reduction of automatic stereotyping on automatic evaluations. They found that when automatic stereotyping was reduced due to training in the affirmation of positive counterstereotypes, automatic negative evaluations were subsequently reduced as well. Furthermore, training in the negation of negative stereotypes, led to an increase in automatic stereotype activation and a subsequent increase in negative evaluations. Gawronski et...
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...In a time when foreign accents are heard nearly daily, it seems as though stereotypes related to the accents have not disappeared. The accent stereotypes are not only related to the geographical location of the accent but about the person regardless of where they may come from. A foreign accent may make someone believe they lack intelligence or competence in communication or other areas. The differences in stereotypes for accents get much more nuanced. For example, the stereotypes formed after an American hearing an accent from Georgia in the United States of America would be much different than the stereotypes formed from an accent of a foreign country. Stereotypes such as a lack of ability to communicate well, lack of intelligence or collectivizing...
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...Following are several reasons why stereotypes persist. Rank them from most important (1) to least important (7). ______ | The tendency for people to overestimate the association between variables that are only slightly correlated or not correlated at all (i.e., illusionary correlation). Many people, for example, perceive that being poor and being lazy are associated. Any poor person who is not hard at work the moment you notice him or her may be perceived as lazy. Low-power groups can acquire negative traits easily and, once acquired, the stereotype is hard to lose. | ______ | Your prejudice makes you notice the negative traits you ascribe to the groups you are prejudiced against, and you more readily believe information that confirms your stereotypes than evidence that challenges them. People tend to process information in ways that verify existing beliefs. This is known as the confirmation bias (the tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs). | ______ | You tend to have a false consensus bias by believing that most other people share your stereotypes (see poor people as being lazy). You tend to see your own behavior and judgments as quite common and appropriate, and to view alternative responses as uncommon and often inappropriate. | ______ | Your stereotypes tend to be self-fulfilling. Stereotypes can subtly influence intergroup interactions in such a way that the stereotype is behaviorally confirmed. You can behave in ways that...
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...decided on an experiment that shows stereotypes are real. Stereotypes are formed so that we are able to respond rapidly to situations because we may have had a similar experience before. The disadvantage of this is that it makes us ignore differences between individuals. Therefore, when we experience something bad, we assume that everyone of that ethnicity is the same. Our experiment consisted of ten pictures of random people followed by four questions: what job do you think this person has, would you want to work for this person, what type of family members does this person have (kids, wife, husband, parents), and what is this person’s favorite food. This experiment was totally...
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...Gender in Advertisements Introduction Publications and writings have always been used to express ideas and thoughts about particular people things, goods, services as well as civilizations, and the same are also used to document history and get evidence about the events and happenings of the past. It is eminent to mention here that all the various forms of publications have their own style of writing and have been produced to serve some particular purpose, which is different from all the other forms and types. A look at the history of magazines reveals that they were mainly published to provide people with some fun-to-read stuff, which is presented in light as well as lively manner, providing the reader with some relief from the routine and also providing them with details of the news and events that they are interested in. The developments in the field of writing and publications gave way to the concept of specialized magazines, which are meant for particular types of audience and contain material especially prepared for them. Women’s and men’s magazine also fall under the category of specialized magazines and are meant for the respective gender, containing information, news, tips, opinions as well as other material of their interest. Discussion In order to complete this assignment, I have decided to semantically analyze the content of Ladies’ Home Journal and the following paragraphs would be highlighting and focusing on the content, way of writing as well...
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...Implicit Association Test ETH/125 04/29/2012 HELENE HUTCHINS Implicit Association Test * If you are comfortable sharing, what was the result of your IAT? * * I do for the most part feel comfortable sharing my results, but I do feel a little uncomfortable as well because I was a little surprised by my results. According to the Test I have a slight automatic preference for European American compared to African American. I don’t know if that is true because I don’t think that I think that way, but maybe it is possible to have a slight automatic preference without realizing it, as if I do it subconsciously. Here is a screen shot of my results, * * I hope that you are able to read this because I found it to be both very interesting and surprising at the same time. After taking this test, I am left to wonder if most people have a slight automatic preference for some races over others or if I am in the minority in that category. * * Do you agree or disagree with the result? * * I am not sure if I agree or disagree with the results of the test. I have always considered myself to be a person who has no prejudice in my heart and that I looked at every race the same way. It shames me to admit that a few years ago when I was driving a cab for almost a year, blacks were in general the worst tippers and many did not tip at all which over time did cause me to stereotype blacks as being lousy tippers. I have talked to a few servers in...
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...Prejudice Introduction Prejudice is a term that I unfortunately am very familiar with. Although I am a blended individual, composed of various races and ethnicities, I primarily identify myself as being a black woman. I have encountered various forms of prejudices since I was a little girl. Just recently for example, I was told at work that I had pretty hair for a black girl, and that most black girls like myself did not have the type of hair that I had. The woman then asked me if I put water on my hair would it curl up like one of my other co-workers hair who was obviously bi-racial. I was offended by her remarks and questions, and I was concerned for her and her lack of knowledge. I really had to sit and analyze what she had just said to me. What did she mean by most black girls did not have hair like mine? Is she saying that all black women have nappy, coarse, hair that is not pretty? Is she saying that it is impossible for a black woman’s hair to curl? To avoid being rude I told her thank you, my hair curls, and I walked away dumbfounded. I had another incident occur in Vegas that was non race related, it was size related. I am not a skinny woman, I am very curvaceous and in my culture it is welcomed and viewed positively. The term for women my shape and size is “thick”. Some individuals view it as a good thing and some do not. Well every year my friends and I go to Vegas for Memorial Day weekend, and we research exclusive parties and attend them. One particular year...
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...According to the Merriam Webster Dictionary, the definition of stereotype is “to believe unfairly that all people or things with a particular characteristic are the same.” Stereotypes are always around in literature. It adds to the conflict to the story, to make it more entertaining. In any story there will always be a stereotype involved. This holds true for To Kill a Mockingbird. Every element is affected by stereotypes. Every character and situation has a stereotype in the novel. The characters of To Kill a Mockingbird each have a stereotype about them that affects their lives and the stereotypes of the story is one of the main themes. Scout, Jean Louise Finch, is Atticus’s daughter, who is a tomboy. She is often told to be a young lady....
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...Nation. In Britain, there are many different ethnic groups, with each ethnicity within their in-groups holding varied beliefs and values. Ultimately, stereotyping within ethnicities leads to social categorisation. The results from the research of Katz & Braly suggest that in addition to the explicit stereotypes they discovered people also harbour implicit biases outside of their awareness, which is that they hold prejudiced attitude and stereotypic association without even realising...
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... languages and ethnic groups. With this much diversity in the world, many people is dividing a group based on the average person is classified. Stereotype is the way a person views and judgment to the average person is classified or in short assessment of the appearance or background. Stereotypical way of thinking is taken to simplify complex allegations in the observation quickly. Stereotypes are rarely accurate, usually only a few basic right or even completely fabricated. For example, the Chinese have slanted eyes. Though not all Chinese have slanted eyes. From these examples, it is only a view of the many against the background of the case, for example the Arabs are terrorists. This stereotypical view usually shared by many people because it formerly existed on known terrorist from the Arab world is Osama bin Laden. That's what makes people think or labeling that Arabs are terrorists. But, does all Arabs are terrorists? The reality is not all Arabs are terrorists. Moreover, whether in Asia or in America there is a terrorist? With the stereotype, many people who judge someone based group, religion, or race them. Though we do not yet know the person. Therefore a lot of people who uses stereotyping use it as a guide to a national culture. There are lots of people who work internationally or study abroad for many years. Stereotype cannot be used as a guide to a national culture as the first character can be changed and also the different nature. It does not work well with individuals...
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...Final Film Critique: Crash (2004) Jay Dennis ENG 225 Introduction to Film Instructor: Cicely Young April 13, 2014 Final Film Critique Draft: Crash (2004) There are many different critical elements and artistic aspects to examine when analyzing and critiquing any film. In 2004 Paul Haggis wrote and directed the award winning drama Crash about various intertwining experiences involving racial relations and the socioeconomic status levels of the diverse cast of characters. This film addresses how humans being deal with real life circumstances and addresses how racial stereotypes and prejudices impact our society by causing a separation of customs, ignoring human and civil rights, and demonstrating how racism can cause moral, cultural and economical suffering. This detailed essay will address the cinematic elements employed throughout the movie, and provide a critical analysis on the various components and techniques used to create this compelling and powerful film. Crash is a movie that involves several different stories and plots that all manage to somehow connect the characters to each other in a series of events that take place during two days in California. America’s ever-growing melting pot is distinctly represented in the film as the audience is introduced to a black LAPD detective, two black mischievous car thieves, a white district attorney and his prejudice wife, a white racist beat cop and his neophyte partner, a black Hollywood director and his wife, an...
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...IMPACT OF EMOTIONAL ADVERTISING APPEALS ON CONSUMER IMPLICIT AND EXPLICIT MEMORY: AN ACCESSIBILITY/DIAGNOSTICITY PERSPECTIVE Patti Williams The Wharton School University of Pennsylvania May 2000 Rough working draft. Please do not quote without author’s permission. Patti Williams is Assistant Professor of Marketing at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 1400 Steinberg/Dietrich Hall, Philadelphia, PA 19104 Thanks to Carol Scott, Jennifer Aaker, Bob Bjork, Gavan Fitzsimons, Debbie MacInnis and Don Morrison for their generous donations of time and support to my dissertation research, upon which this paper is based. Special thanks to Jennifer for her insight and editing skills in creating this version of the paper. This research was funded in part by the Procter and Gamble Marketing Innovation Fund. Particular thanks to Chris Allen for his efforts in facilitating my relationship with P & G. Abstract Emotional advertisements have a substantial impact on consumer attitudes, as well as upon purchase intentions. However, research on the influence of emotional appeals on memory has been somewhat mixed, with some researchers asserting that they result in poor consumer memory, while others argue that if tested properly, they have a substantial impact. The current research addresses these mixed results by relying on an accessibility/diagnosticity framework to explore the effect of emotions on consumer implicit and explicit memory. Explicit memory performance is...
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...STEREOTYPES 1. Introduction People are living within societies in which having different cultural background. Cross-cultural literacy is difficult to undertake due to the stumbling block such as generalization that people make and stereotypes that people have. Stereotyping is the way to use the fixed images of people belonging to a group, which have a tendency to categorize people based on a group they belong to rather than processing the information individually. Generalization usually comes before stereotyping, in order to generalize certain group of people. For example, all Italian loves spaghetti, and Maria is Italian, hence in conclusion Maria loves spaghetti. In that case, people are stereotyping Maria, which in fact Maria might or might not love spaghetti as she comes from North Eastern part of Italy whose has Germanic Austrian background. In fact, stereotyping leads to arrange some conception map in a way of thinking in which aimed to facilitate the progress of information. Stereotyping can be considered normal when faced with a new situation. Stereotyping triggers the mindset that has been collectively programming to set up that each group has the same pattern, which in fact it may be different with the perception to certain things. In the worst case, stereotyping may lead to possibility of racism, exclusion and personal discrimination towards ethnic identity, culture, occupation, age, sex, education grounds and some more. However, this essay later will just...
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...TRAUMA AND ITS EFFECTS ON HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Quinta S. Anderson Liberty University Trauma and the Effects on Human Development Trauma has a way of effecting everyone, but in different ways. The term trauma often described both the traumatic event and the early distress that it could cause. Several researchers describes traumatic events as unexpected events, such as exposure to natural or manmade disaster, or observing violent crimes, events that are more lingering in nature, such as participating in combat or being the victim of physical and or sexual abuse or assault. Another name for traumatic events is called traumas. Traumas can also be classified as the scope that can have a huge impact on an individual (Shaw, 2009). The Effects of Trauma on Neural Development Researchers have found the correlation of trauma and the effects it has on the human brain. The amygdala and hippocampus are parts of the limbic system that helps process the sequence of one’s life story. During the normal course of an individual’s life, the amygdala and hippocampus are able to process both the event and the emotions attached to a traumatic event. The amygdala records the emotions and bodily sensations of an individual. After the emotions and bodily sensations have been recorded, they are retrieved by the hippocampus. The hippocampus role is to add cognitive meaning and place the information that is processed into appropriate context. As soon as the hippocampus has stored the context, the information...
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