...Response to Trilemma or Dilemma ? In today’s economics, government effects by policies, exchange rate and capital mobility are key factors of today’s macroeconomics. Today’s economists are also discussing that situation deliberately to show the importance of that to the world. For instance, if we discuss the centre countries’ monetary policies, we can easily show that in the international trade monetary policy becomes more valuable for them than other countries. In addition to this, floating exchange rate regimes and sustainability of exchange rate are further important discussions to focus. Therefore, monetary policies and their effects on world are strictly connected each other which can be easily analysed thus far. In my response paper, I will give the analysis of the two paper; Helene Rey’s Dilemma not Trilemma: The Global Financial Cycle and Monetary Policy Independence (2013) and Obsfeltd, Shambaugh and Taylor’s The Trilemma in History: Tradeoffs among Exchange Rates, Monetary Policies and Capital Mobility (2004). Firstly, I will give the summary of this two papers and secondly, argue and compare two papers. At final, I will discuss the important points at my point of view. Summary of two papers; Dilemma and Trilemma First of all, “impossible trinity” aka “trilemma” had a great impact in macroeconomics. So many economists are still discussing its importance and writing papers about its importance. In Obstfeld, Shambaugh and Taylor’s paper (2004), they analyse the trilemma’s...
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...Question 1 Introduction In economics there are two main schools of thought; these schools differ in their belief of what policies are best suited to attain full employment in the economy. Keynesians tend to favour demand side policies and are more prone to intervene in the market and therefore prefer to use fiscal policy whilst monetarists believe adjustments in money supply is more appropriate in stabilising the market ,therefore preferring monetary policy. In this question I will discuss the views of Keynesians and monetarists regarding the effectiveness of monetary and fiscal policies in controlling aggregate demand through the IS-LM framework. I will first provide a brief description of the curves explaining their formation and what they represent and then I will go on to examine monetary and fiscal policy within the IS-LM framework. Finally, I will examine the views of monetarist and Keynesians regarding the effectiveness of both policies in raising the level of national l income and also consider the extreme cases. The IS-LM model was initially developed by John Hicks in 1937 but was made popular in 1949 by Hansen in order ‘to provide a framework for analysing the factors determining the level of aggregate demand’. The IS-LM model is a short run model of the determination of output. It shows the unique combination of income and interest rates that lead to an equilibrium in both the goods and money market at the same time (Begg, 2008). The IS-LM model is presented...
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...The foundation in the behavior of a monetary policy is hugely impacted by a stable money demand. Because it facilitates a change, which is policy driven in monetary aggregates to have influences that can be predicted on output, interest rate and price. Due to the importance of money demand, a lot of theoretical and empirical research has been done specially on developed countries such as United States and United Kingdom. In this paper, money demand for the United States is analyzed in relation to household wealth and inflation. “Housing wealth and U.S. money demand” by Ivo J. M. Arnold and Sebastian Roelands and “On the welfare cost of inflation and the recent behavior of money demand” by Peter N. Ireland; are the two literatures used for analyzing money demand. Arnold and Sebastian (2010) use state level date from the year 1977 to 2008 in order to estimate a panel model for United States money demand. Housing wealth was included in the money demand function to see the relationship between monetary aggregate and housing wealth. The foundation in the behavior of a monetary policy is hugely impacted by a stable money demand. Because it facilitates a change, which is policy driven in monetary aggregates to have influences that can be predicted on output, interest rate and price. Due to the importance of money demand, a lot of theoretical and empirical research has been done specially on developed countries such as United States and United Kingdom. In this paper, money demand...
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...------------------------------------------------- Slide #1—Monetary Policy: An Introduction Most central banks have the long-run primary goal of “price stability”. In order to achieve such goal, monetary policy is implemented whenever needed in order to promote sustainable growth and low inflation in the economy. Monetary policy exerts its influence on real economic activities through various channels over time, with some changes taking place almost immediately and some taking a long period of time to come up to the surface. An in-depth understanding of these various channels through which the monetary policy transmits itself is essential to make the implementation of the policy most effective and efficient. This presentation seeks to give an overview of these five key transmission channels, and their implications on the economic activities of Korea and the United States. ------------------------------------------------- Slide #2—Transmission Mechanism of the Monetary Policy The monetary transmission mechanism, as the diagram here on the slide illustrates, is the process through which changes in monetary policy instruments such as monetary aggregates or short-term policy interest rates affect the rest of the economy and, in particular, output—real production—and inflation. The monetary policy affects output and prices through its influence on key financial variables such as interest rates, asset prices, exchange rates, and credit, and although not a financial variable...
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...Approach, argues that monetary factors played an important causal role, both in the worldwide decline of prices and output, and in their eventual recovery during the Great Depression. Bernanke also asserts that monetary shocks, or declines in the money supply, induced by the countries being on the gold standard were fundamental in causing the Great Depression and showing that nominal shocks indeed had real effects. Using research about the international gold standard during the Great Depression Era from Eichengreen, Bernanke was able to implement a comparative analysis of the experiences of different countries to reveal the importance of monetary forces (i.e. money supply)...
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...Coordinating Public Debt Management with Fiscal and Monetary Policies: An Analytical Framework 1. Introduction There is growing consensus that public debt management should be integrated into a broader macroeconomic framework of analysis, but to date, there is little literature that places it into a coherent analytical framework. Following Anderson (1999), Wheeler (2004) and Jensen (mimeo) this paper proposes a sovereign asset and liability management (ALM) framework for integrating debt management to the overall macroeconomic framework of analysis. Existing literature on optimal fiscal and monetary policies is well established. However, they have largely been developed in isolation (see for example, Chari and Kehoe, 1999, Blanchard and Fisher 1989) or where their interactions are examined, such as Sargent and Wallace (1981, 1993) the focus has been on the consequences of uncoordinated policies. The literature on debt management, on the other hand, has mostly developed in support of fiscal or monetary policies:2 for example, Barro (1995) identified the role of debt management in tax smoothing, and Calvo and Guidotti (1990) identified the role of debt management as a commitment device in ensuring a time consistent monetary policy. The objective of this paper is to fill the gap in the literature and to establish public debt management as a separate policy with a different objective from those of fiscal and monetary policies, and to integrate public debt management into a broader...
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...To understand the important role that business plays in the economy and its influence on your standard of living, imagine a world in which you personally had to produce everything you consume. You would have to grow your own food, sew your own clothes, cook all of your meals, and build your own car, computer, cell phone, house, and furniture. It would be impossible to actually complete all of these activities on your own. Only a fraction of these activities could be completed because it takes a lot of time and resources to learn how and to build a car, computer, house, and so forth. Time and resources are scarce, and people have to make choices about how they spend them. Because business is present in the economy, we are able to consume and enjoy many more goods and services than we otherwise could if we had to produce everything on our own. You eat food that is grown and often prepared by someone else. Your clothes are sewn by someone else. Your car, MP3 player, computer, and cell phone were produced by someone else. The movies you watch and the music you listen to were all created by someone else. If you produced everything on your own, you would have little access to medical and dental care. These items are a part of everyday life and would not be available if not for markets and business. For-profit and nonprofit organizations play important roles in the economy. For-profit organizations produce goods and services, and provide employment with the primary goal of generating...
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...EXECUTIVE SUMMARY — Given the importance of nominal bonds in investment portfolios, and in the design and execution of fiscal and monetary policy, financial economists and macroeconomists need to understand the determinants of nominal bond risks. This is particularly challenging because the risk characteristics of nominal bonds are not stable over time. In this paper the authors ask how monetary policy has contributed to these changes in bond risks. They propose a model that integrates the building blocks of a New Keynesian model into an asset pricing framework in which risk and consequently risk premia can vary in response to macroeconomic conditions. The model is calibrated to US data between 1960 and 2011, a period in which macroeconomic conditions, monetary policy, and bond risks have experienced significant changes. Findings show that two elements of monetary policy have been especially important drivers of bond risks during the last half century. First, a strong reaction of monetary policy to inflation shocks increases both the beta of nominal bonds and the volatility of nominal bond returns. Positive inflation shocks depress bond prices, while the increase in the Fed funds rate depresses output and stock prices. Second, an accommodating monetary policy that smooths nominal interest rates over time implies that positive shocks to long-term target inflation cause real interest rates to fall, driving up output and equity prices, and nominal long-term interest rates to increase...
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...On “Monetary Policy of Bangladesh” Course Code: Course Title: Macro Economics Submitted to: Submitted by: Date of submission: 15 August, 2012 Table of Contents |Titles |Page Number | |Table of Contents |02 | |Introduction |03 | |Definition of Monetary policy |03 | |Importance of Monetary Policy |03 | |Type of Monetary Policy |04 | |Tools to implement the monetary policy |04 | |Bodies of Monetary Policy |05 | |Monetary Policy in Bangladesh |05 | |Instruments of Monetary policy in BD...
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...------------------------------------------------- The Monetary Policy of Bangladesh Introduction The policy adopted by the central bank for control of the supply of money as an instrument for achieving the objectives of general economic policy. With the shifts of the policy stance of the government in various phases, necessary adjustments were made in the country's monetary policy. The principal function of the Department is to help the bank in the formulation of monetary and credit policies and also to assist it in discharging its duty as adviser to the Government on economic and financial matters. To this end, the department keeps the top executives of the bank fully informed of latest economic development both at home and abroad, in a regular and systematic manner. For this purpose the Department keeps a close watch on trends in the domestic economy as well as on international economic developments with particular reference to monetary, fiscal and trade problems and policies. Domestic and international economic developments are brought within the compass of comprehensive reports and reviews which are submitted for perusal of the Governor, Deputy Governor, and Senior Executives of the bank, as also the bank’s Board of Directors. Monetary Policy Monetary policy is the term used by economists to describe ways of managing the supply of money in an economy. Monetary Policy is the management of money supply and interest rates by central bank to influence...
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...have independent monetary and financial policies. This led to the collapse of the East Africa Currency Board (EACB) in mid 1960s. Structure of the Bank Responsibility for determining the policy of the Central Bank is given by the Central Bank of Kenya Act to the Board of Directors. The Board consists of seven members: - the Governor, who is also its chairman - the Deputy Governor, who is deputy chairman - the Permanent Secretary to the Treasury who is a non-voting member - five other non executive directors All members are appointed by the President to hold office for a term of four years and are eligible for reappointment. In the case of the Governor, appointment is for a maximum of two terms of four years each and can only be terminated by a tribunal appointed by the President to investigate his conduct. The executive management team comprises the Governor, the Deputy Governor and nine heads of department who report to the Governor. The Bank operates from its head office in Nairobi and has branch offices in Mombasa, Kisumu and Eldoret. The Central Bank Act and it's relations with the Government The Central Bank of Kenya Act of 1966 set out objectives and functions and gave the Central Bank limited autonomy. Since the amendment of the Central Bank of Kenya Act with effect from April 1997, the Central Bank operations have been brought into line with the changed situation in Kenya caused by economic reforms. There is now greater monetary autonomy. Though...
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...Executive Summary The topic of this paper is mainly discussed on the causes of inflation by explaining how the sustained inflation occurs as well as the role of played by monetary policy in the inflation process. The author in this paper agreed that sustained inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon and this has been agreed by both monetarist and Keynesian assumption. Besides that, the author also mentioned that we need to understand why inflationary monetary policy occurs. This paper also examines the inflation issue faced by United States and accommodating policy which has been used in order to achieve high employment target. Contractually, expectation is an important element in the anti-inflation policy to minimize the cost and output loss due to unemployment. Thus, a non-accommodating policy may be optimal to prevent the sustained inflation. The structure of this working paper began with executive summary followed by the assumptions of the paper and key concepts as well as the empirical evidence provided by the author. The author also provides some suggestions on how the monetary policy can be conducted to deal with the inflation process. Background/Assumptions of the paper Frederic S. Mishkin, the author of the working paper of ‘The Causes of Inflation’ is currently teaching at the Columbia Business School since 1983. This working paper was published in September, 1984 in National Bureau of Economic Research. He is also...
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...free and buy articles in the Udini store. Learn more Academic research, news, and trade news from authoritative publications - See what's in stock Free tools keep your work in one place, with beautiful reading and notes - Learn more No subscription required - pay per article, project or month - Get started for free Full Version unlimited access with print and download $ 37 00 Trial Access read full document, no print or download, expires after 72 hours $ 4 99 More infoBuy Share Share with Twitter Share with Facebook Share with LinkedIn Search 150 million articles from 12,000 publications Social Sciences > Economics Essays on monetary policy and currency unions: The case of the East African Community ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 2011 Dissertation Author: John M. M Ssozi Abstract: Efficient conduct of monetary policy in a currency union demands that partner states have similar business cycles, inflation convergence and strong economic ties. The first essay investigates inflation convergence, which is important for a number of reasons: avoiding inflation bias and is an indicator of structural similarities. The essay goes beyond the traditional pairwise unit root tests and applies an unobserved dynamic factor model to test asymmetry in inflation variation. Convergence is measured by the percentage of variation in inflation that is common across countries. The results suggest inflation convergence in the EAC. The main contribution of this essay is the use...
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...Assignment On The Role of Monetary Policy: Bangladesh Perspective * Introduction 3 * Impotance of Monetary Rule 3 * Objectives of Monetary Policy 5 * Functions of Monetary Policy 5 * Economic Growth 6 * Bangladesh Monetary Policy 7 * Note Issuing Processes 7 * The Broad Discussion of Monetary Policy Objective 9 * Strategy of Monetary Policy 11 * Conclusion 13 INTRODUCTION: Monetary Policythe policy adopted by the central bank for control of the supply of money as an instrument for achieving the objectives of general economic policy. With the shifts of the policy stance of the government in various phases, necessary adjustments were made in the country's monetary policy. The Department of Research in the Bangladesh Bank plays an important role in the formulation of economic policies of the country. The principal function of the Department is to help the bank in the formulation of monetary and credit policies and also to assist it in discharging its duty as adviser to the Government on economic and financial matters. To this end, the department keeps the top executives of the bank fully informed of latest economic development both at home and abroad, in a regular and systematic manner. For this purpose the Department keeps a close watch on trends in the domestic economy as well as on international economic developments with particular reference to monetary, fiscal and trade problems...
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...INTEREST RATES 3.4. EFFECT OF INTEREST RATE RISE 3. MONETARY POLICY 4.5. MEANING 4.6. OBJECTIVE 4.7. TOOLS 4.8. IMPORTANCE 4. 2009-10 5.9. OBJECTIVE OF MONETARY POLICY 5.10. POLICY STANCE 5.11. ANALYSIS 5.12. OBSERVATION 5. 2010-11 6.13. OBJECTIVE OF MONETARY POLICY 6.14. POLICY STANCE 6.15. ANALYSIS 6.16. OBSERVATION 6. 2011-12 7.17. OBJECTIVE OF MONETARY POLICY 7.18. POLICY STANCE 7.19. ANALYSIS 7.20. OBSERVATION 7. CONCLUSION 8. RECOMMENDATION 9. BIBLIOGRAPH INDIAN ECONOMY: AN OVERVIEW India is a South Asian country that is the seventh largest in area and has the second largest population in the world. India covers an area of 3,287,240 square km and its population stands at 1.215 billion people in 2010. Understanding the Indian Economy Large, dynamic and steadily expanding, the Indian economy is characterized by a huge workforce operating in many new sectors of opportunity. The Indian economy is one of the fastest growing economies and is the 12th largest in terms of the market exchange rate at $1,430.02 billion (2010 India GDP). In terms of purchasing power parity, the Indian economy ranks the fourth largest in the world. However, poverty still remains a major concern besides disparity in income. The Indian economy has been propelled by the liberalization policies that have been instrumental in boosting demand as well as...
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