...Distillation of Water Distilled water is water that has had many of its impurities removed through distillation. Distillation involves boiling the water and then condensing the steam into a clean container. Distilled water finds its use in a wide range of applications where the natural dissolved salts that water normally contains are not desirable. Some of these are topping up lead acid batteries, preparing aseptic solutions in hospitals, automotive cooling systems, steam irons, etc. Distilled water is not however, considered to be suitable for human consumption on a regular basis simply because it lacks the natural beneficial minerals that ordinary drinking water contains. Required materials: Beaker Rubber cork / tubing Bunsen burner Tripod stand Stand with clamp Basin filled with sand Impure (muddy) water Distilling flask with thermometer Liebig’s condenser with stand Step-By-Step Procedure 1. Pour the muddy water into the distilling flask. 2. Use the stand to hold the flask in place, supported by the tripod stand. 3. Place the burner below this. 4. Connect the pout of the distilling flask to one end of the Liebig’s condenser. 5. Position the Liebig’s condenser using its stand so that it slopes downward slightly; its pout (other end) must open directly above the beaker. 6. Bring the muddy water to a boil and collect the condensed liquid for observation. Note * Place the distilling flask in a sand basin before heating it – this will prevent vigorous boiling and damage thereof...
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...Bituminous Material Bituminous materials or asphalts are extensively used for roadway construction, primarily because of their excellent binding characteristics and water proofing properties and relatively low cost. Bituminous materials consists of bitumen which is a black or dark colored solid or viscous cementitious substances consists chiefly high molecular weight hydrocarbons derived from distillation of petroleum or natural asphalt, has adhesive properties, and is soluble in carbon disulphide. Tars are residues from the destructive distillation of organic substances such as coal, wood, or petroleum and are temperature sensitive than bitumen. Bitumen will be dissolved in petroleum oils where unlike tar. Importance and background of Bituminous Material: Bitumen is an essential component of any pavement and is used widely throughout the world. It can be termed as the building block of the pavements without which all the pavement materials would behave independently and thus will be deemed useless. Almost ninety percent of bitumen is used in road construction. It is usually available in dark colors ranging from brown to black. The main purpose of bitumen in flexible pavements is to strongly bind and hold the other pavement components together and provide a smooth and leveled surface for the moving vehicles. Bitumen is a naturally occurring material and is found in large quantities in the solid or semi solid forms of petroleum. It is also manufactured artificially in vast...
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...THE DIFFERENT RESOURCES ON EARTH Human beings, animals and plants need food, water, air and shelter in order to survive. The Earth has the resources needed to sustain life. The resources are air, water, soil, minerals, fossil fuels and living things. Air is needed by all living things to survive. The atmosphere is a layer of air that envelops the Earth. Air is a mixture of gases. Air contains gases such as oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are two very important gases that support life on Earth. a. Oxygen i. Used for respiration by living things ii. Used in combustion of materials iii. Used in industries iv. Released during photosynthesis. b. Carbon dioxide i. Used by green plants to carry out photosynthesis ii. Used in fire extinguishers iii. Released during respiration and combustion. Water covers a total of about three quarters of the Earth. The sources of water are oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, rainfall and ground water. Importance of water a. To animals/human i. It provides a medium for chemical process and body metabolism ii. It is the main component of the blood iii. It transports nutrient to all cell in the body iv. It caries excretory products to the kidneys for excretion. v. It helps to control the body temperature. b. To plants i. It helps to maintain the turgidity of plant cells. ii. It is used in photosynthesis. iii. Need for the germination of seeds. Water 1. 2. 3. Science Form 1 note GOOD LUCK Teacher zaidi@maher2010 ...
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...Tones of Equivalent(MMTOE) (survey 2005). In 2004, the consumption of oil and gas formed a major percentage in the world energy consumption basket. In India, however, coal still dominates the major source of energy. Indian oil and gas industry has emerged as significant contributor in growth of Indian economy. After establishment of New Exploration Licensing Policy (NELP) in 1997 efforts were made to strengthen the industry which include acquisition of oil and gas assets in India and abroad, identifying new oil and gas fields, improving techniques to enhanced oil recovery. Despite of several efforts made by Indian government, India has not made any major breakthroughs in the field of oil and natural gas that has hold a place of key importance in India’s economy. The prospects of Indian oil industry are for more exciting than any other, which India being among the least explored countries in the world at a well density of 20 per 10000 km2. India is the third largest oil consumer in Asia, even though on per capita basis the consumption is mere 0.1 tone per year, the lowest in the region. the 26 sedimentary basins only eight have been explored so far. The petroleum industry has three major components: Upstream,...
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...on the topic ‘Distillation Process’. I would also show my gratitude towards my Programme Leader Dr. Monika Thakur and our HOD Dr Amarinder Singh Bawa for including such a project in my course curriculum which gave me a chance to gain knowledge as much as I can in this field. Thank you Varun Gadodia BTech Food Technology IV semester Amity Institute of Food Technology Introduction This report examines the distillation process. This will enable the reader to understand the necessary components along with distillation calculations. Distillation is a process that separates two or more components into an overhead distillate and bottoms. The bottoms product is almost exclusively liquid, while the distillate may be liquid or a vapour or both. The separation process requires three things. First, a second phase must be formed so that both liquid and vapour phases are present and can contact each other on each stage within a separation column. Secondly, the components have different volatilities so that they will partition between the two phases to different extent. Lastly, the two phases can be separated by gravity or other mechanical means. Distillation differs from absorption and stripping in that the second phase is created by thermal means. The report also high lights the important equipments/methods used for distillation as well as its...
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...acid. It is Odorless, Colorless and freely soluble in Ethanol, Methanol and Acetone. Other Important properties of Adipic acid is shown in Table 1.From Industrial perspective it is used mainly in Nylon-6, 6 production. About 2.5 billion kilograms of this white crystalline powder are produced annually. In US it is mainly produced by three companies at four manufacturing plants, with nearly two-thirds of the total production, 860,000 tons capacity occurring at DuPont's two Texas facilities. The use of adipic acid in food items have started in recent times and this has created a demand of purer product. Properties | Value | Boiling Point (760mm Hg) | 337oC | Melting Point | 152oC | Flash Point (closed cup) | 196oC | Solubility in water (15oC) | 1.4 gm/100ml | Density (20oC) | 1.36gm/cm3 | pKa1 &pKa2 | 4.43 & 5.41 | pH of Satd. Sol. (25oC) | 2.7 | Viscosity (160oC) | 4.54cP | Relative Vapor Density | 5.04 | 2. Manufacturing processes Adipic...
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...HEALTH, SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT TITLE: FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION PROCESS CONTENTS 1. Title………………………………………………………………………….1 2. Summary…………………………………………………………………….3 3. Introduction of Case Study…………….…………………………………….4 4. Risk Scenario Development…….…………………………………………...5 5. Justification of Fault Tree Analysis…………………………………………6 6. Procedures of Fault Tree Analysis…………………………………………..7 7. Fault Tree Analysis…………………………………………………………8 8. Possible Risk Associated with Hazards….………………………………...11 9. Accident Consequences…………………………………………………….13 10. Method to Control the Risk………………………………………………...15 11. Solution to Minimize the Risk……………………………………………..17 12. Conclusion………………………………………………………………….18 13. References………………………………………………………………….19 SUMMARY Figure 1: Fractioning Column (Copyright of science-resources.co.uk, 2009) Figure 1: Fractioning Column (Copyright of science-resources.co.uk, 2009) Crude oil is one the most important non-renewable sources on Earth. Demand for this black viscous liquid is growing every day in this era if modern technology. Electricity, vehicles and synthetics are among the major consumers of petroleum fluids or crude oil. Crude oil could be referred to as the ‘black gold’ due to its expensive price and complicated production process. Unlike gold, crude oil naturally is useless in its primary form. A process called fractional distillation or petroleum refining need to be carried out onto the crude oil to separate...
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...Chapter 5: Water and Seawater • Water has many unique properties, both chemical and physical. • Salts and other dissolved compounds in seawater. • Ocean water salinity, temperature, and density vary with depth. Water's structure defines its many properties • Atoms – building blocks of all matter • Subatomic particles – Protons – Neutrons – Electrons • Number of protons distinguishes chemical elements Water is a molecule • Strong covalent bonds between one hydrogen (H) and (two) oxygen (O) atoms • A single molecule of water is stable. • H20 is dipolar – Bent shape gives water its unique properties • Dipolar nature leads to molecules attracting each other Hydrogen Bonding • Polarity results in attraction between molecules. • Also, attraction to ions in water. Hydrogen Bonding • Hydrogen bonds are weaker than covalent bonds but strong enough to contribute to: – Cohesion – High surface tension Hydrogen Bonding -High solubility of compounds in water -Unusual thermal properties of water -Density of water Water as a solvent • Water molecules attract other polar molecules. • This attraction produces an ionic bond. • Water can dissolve almost anything – universal solvent Water’s thermal properties • Water in all three phases is present at the Earth’s surface. • Water moderates the Earth’s heat budget. Heat, Freezing and Boiling Points • Heat – energy that is transferred • Temperature – average kinetic...
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...Wine - historical & Archaeological OVERVIEW INTRODUCTION: Archeological studies of alcohol can provide deep insight into societies past and present. Around the world and throughout time, humans demonstrate a nearly universal proclivity towards alcoholic beverages. As cultural anthropologist David Mandelbaum writes, cultural attitudes towards alcohol vary around the world from adoration to proscription of drink, but there are few cultures [1]that completely ignore alcohol (Mandelbaum 1965: 281). Distillation of hard spirits happened only in recent times and for much of human history, wine and beer[2] were the only alcoholic beverages available for common consumption (if a bar or tavern was present in a particular culture). Archeological evidence shows that while during the last 10,000 years alcohol consumption was common, it was also uniquely culturally contextual. Dutch archeologist Marijke Van der Veen claims that “[studying] the production, preparation, consumption, and disposal can help identify the social context of food” (Van der Veen 2006: 407). A more traditional archeological approach focuses less on the production of food due to its “transient nature”.[3] Ethnographic research can provide more information about consumption practices as can historic sources, but we need more information from actual artifacts found at sites around the world. With artifacts, we can provide a more conclusive picture of how different cultures produced, consumed, valued or...
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...EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAVES USING ULTRASONIC-ASSISTED SOLVENT EXTRACTION METHOD ZA ISKANDAR B MOHD DIKUI UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG EXTRACTION OF ESSENTIAL OIL FROM MURRAYA KOENIGII LEAVES USING ULTRASONIC-ASSISTED SOLVENT EXTRACTION METHOD ZA ISKANDAR B MOHD DIKUI A report submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Chemical Engineering (Gas Technology) Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Natural Resources Universiti Malaysia Pahang APRIL 2009 v ABSTRACT The objective of this research is to extract essential oils from M. koenigii leaves by using ultrasonic-assisted solvent extraction method. The major constituent of M. koenigii has been reported as caryophyllene and 3-carene which is responsible for the aroma and flavor. This research has focused on the influence of ultrasonic, various natures of solvents, sonication times and also drying method towards the extraction of M.koenigii essential oil. Two types of solvents are used in this research which is ethanol and hexane. In this research, the methods of drying, grinding, extraction, separation and analysis are used and the sample is separated from solvents by using a rotary evaporator to get the essential oil. The sample was analyzed by using a GC-MS to identify the component of M. koenigii essential oil. In this research, the most suitable solvent to produce higher percentage yield is by using ethanol...
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...------------------------------------------------- FIFTH SEMESTER BAS 311 | Methods of Food Analysis | 2 0 3 4 | | TheoryUNIT – I Introduction to Food Analysis: Rules & Regulations of Food Analysis, Safety in Laboratory. Sampling and sampling techniques, sample preparation for analysis. Basic principles of spectroscopy: UV-VIS molecular absorption spectrometry, atomic absorption & emission spectrometry, fluorescence spectrometry, Atomic mass spectrometry, IR spectrometry.UNIT – II Separation Science: Basic principles of chromatography, HPLC, GC, TLC, Super critical fluid extraction chromatography UNIT-III Analysis of liquids: Total liquids concentration, Solvent extraction; Non-solvent liquid extraction methods; instrumental methods. Determination of liquid composition. UNIT-IV Electrophoresis methods, Chemical methods; enzymatic methods; physical methods; immunoassays; analysis of polysaccharides fiber. Analysis of proteins Determination of overall protein concentration; protein separation and characterization; methods based on different adsorption characteristics separation due to size differences; separation by electrophoresis. UNIT-V Radiochemical Methods: Use of radio isotopes, viscosity and consistency measurements of food, measurement of rheological properties. | | | Practical 1. Introduction to Food Analysis Techniques and calibration of glasswares 2. Sampling techniques and methods of sample preparation. 3. Experiment using principles...
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...information on the chemistry and physics of water, it’s melting a freezing points and how various differing chemical compounds are utilized to promote a change of state. For example, just plain salt can be used to raise the melting point of water or lower the freezing point. Salt lowers the temperature at which water freezes. Salt absorbs moisture and forms ions when dissolved in water. In the case of snow or ice, when salt lowers the melting or freezing point of water, it serves as a freezing point depressor. Other substances that dissolve in water also lower the freezing point of the solution. The amount by which the freezing point is lowered depends only on the number of molecules dissolved, not on their chemical nature. This so called freezing point depression is described as a colligative property of water. This property is one that depends on the number of ions that a substance produces when placed in solution. The more ions a substance produces when in solution in water, the more effective it is in lowering the freezing point of water. Salts such as sodium chloride and calcium chloride which ionize are useful in de-icing. However there are other variables to be considered such as the effects of these salts on grass, pavements, cars, concrete and living animals in the area. As for the methodology of this project, this science fair experiment also serves to acquaint students with the essential processes of sciencing such as the importance of the use of a control, of identifying...
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...AN INDUSTRIAL TRAINING REPORT ON GODAVARI BIOREFINERIES LTD. SAKARWADI UNDER GUIDANCE OF MR. SACHIN SASKAR IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF BE CHEMICAL DEGREE OF UNIVERSITY OF PUNE DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING AISSMS COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, PUNE -1 2012 – 13 SUBMITED BY |SR.NO |NAME OF STUDENTS | |1. |BADJATE ANIKET | |2. |BORKAR SWAPNIL | |3. |BHAVE VAIBHAV | |4. |KAMBLE ROHIT | |5. |JADHAV ABHISHEK | |6. |DATIR SANJAY | |7. |CHOUDHARI JIGAR ...
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...Table of Contents 1. PAKISTAN STATE OIL (PSO) ..................................................................................................................3 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................3 1.2 History . .....................................................................................................................................................3 1.3 Their Businesses ...................................................................................................................................4 1.4 Mission .......................................................................................................................................................5 2. QUALITY CONTROL LABORATORIES ................................................................................................5 2.1 Working Procedure of Labs: ............................................................................................................6 3. POL Products being tested at PSO Laboratories .......................................................................9 3.1 PMG (Premium Motor Gasoline) ..............................................................................................................9 3.2 HSD (High Sulfur Diesel) ........................................................................................................................
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...Topic: Comparative analysis of portable water of Dhaka City Course: ENV 107 Section: 34 Semester: Summer 2016 Prepared by Istiaque Rahman ID: 1611345630 Prepared For Dr. Md. Tajuddin Sikder M. Sc. In Environmental Sciences (JU), Ph. D in Environmental Science (Hokkaido University, Japan) Department of Environmental Science and Management North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh ABSTRACT Comparative examination of different samples of portable water sources of water in Dhaka city was carried out with a view to assess the different sources of water and determine the water quality of the different sources. The sources of water examined are MUM drinking water, NSU drinking water, NSU tap water, distilled water, Pepsi and waste water. Many parameters were taken in consideration to test the water including physical conditions such as smell, color, turbidity and chemical conditions such as pH, DO, E.coli, TDS and NaCl present in the samples. Finally, a comparative analysis was done to assess the water quality of each samples based on the results from the experiment done. INTRODUCTION Importance of Water: With two thirds of the earth's surface covered by water and the human body consisting of 75 percent...
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