...Content 1. Company info • Brief coy history • Current coy’s standing - Share price, organization breakdown / subsidiaries coy, Mainstream revenue, Vision and mission, world wide economy in regards to the same industry. (Porter’s Five Forces Framework, financial ratios to supplement the quantitative analysis, Balance sheet, P & L) • Compare with competitors – with in Porter’s five. • Current issues facing the company, the industry it operates in, and estimate the impact of the issues on the company’s future earning. 2. Estimation of the value of the company’s shares Impt Note : Define assumptions Dividend valuation model (DDM • CAPM • estimate beta adjust using appropriate methodology • Justify proxies used for the risk-free rate and the market portfolio. Indicate any advantages or disadvantages if there are any. • estimation of the expected market risk premium • Free cash flow to equity model • Price/Earnings Ratio model • Price/Book Value Ratio model • Net tangible asset backing model Equity Risk Premium: • Use historical returns, with the difference in annual returns on stocks and bonds over a long time period comprising the expected risk premium, looking forward. • Assume that expected return on the market portfolio is related to a Macroeconomic variable, e.g., GDP. Then use the expected changes in the macroeconomic variable, with appropriate probabilities to estimate expected return on the market portfolio. Subtract the RFR from the expected return...
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...PESTLE Analysis (PEST analysis) The PESTLE acronym. Political Economic Social Technological Legal Environmental PESTLE Analysis is a simple technique which can be used in a fairly sophisticated way, particularly when it is combined with Risk Analysis, SWOT Analysis, an Urgency/Importancy Grid and expert knowledge about the organisation and its external factors. PESTLE Analysis is normally used to help organisations identify and understand the external environment in which they operate and how it will operate in the future. I believe that a version of PESTLE Analysis can be used by the individual for personal development planning. Some people will argue that this is a use for which it was never designed and for which it may be inappropriate. My answer to that is to “try it, it does work for PDP”. The shorter version is a PEST Analysis – missing out Legal and Environmental factors. At the end of this document is an explanation of the use of PESTLE for organisational change. How PESTLE may be used for PDP For PDP purposes view yourself as being ‘the organisation’ – an organisation subject to external factors, and internal factors. 1 For each of the 6 PESTLE factors brainstorm and identify 5-10 things which, based on existing knowledge, may change or are likely to change over the short term, medium term and long term. 2 Then assess/evaluate their likely impact/affect/relevance/importance on/to/for you. · Then narrow these down and rank them for importance/priority...
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...TOOLBOX: 1) Inventory Management - Inventory Turnover Ratio = Costs of Goods Sold/ Inventory If inventory turns over 6 times, how many days does it stay on the shelves or in the warehouse? These are annual figures: 365/7 = 60 days on the shelves. Need a better specific Mission Statement. 2) Costs that do no change with volume of output are called -Fixed Costs Costs that change when volume changes are called -Variable Costs 3) Fishbone Analysis 4) Low Urg/Low Impt – Low Urg/High Imp High Urg/Low Impt – High Urg/High Imp 5) Present Value and Future Value PV x C^n = FV When comparing investments....pick the one that has a larger present value. 6) PORTER 5 Porter 5 does not cover the opportunities part of the SWOT ad Market Growth Potential. 7) HILO METHOD: Finds Slope (FC, VC) [(Total Cost From Later Year - Total Cost from Year Before Later)] / [(Units from Later Year /-Units from Year Before Later)] = VC FC = Total Cost – (VC)(UNITS) 2012 Units: 800 Total costs: 7000 2011 Units: 500 Total costs : 6100 [7000/6100] / [800/500] = $3/unit ( VC 3(800) 2400 ... 7000-2400 FC= 4600 8) BREAKEVEN POINT BE = [FC/[P-VC] BE ( Given a total profit ) = [FC+TP]/[P-VC] QUESTION: How many units must you sell to earn $100 000 in profit 4600+ 100 000/ [5-3] = 104600/2 = 52 300 9) FINANCIAL STATEMENT BALANCE SHEET - ASSETS = LIABILITIES + EQUITY INCOME STATEMENT- NET INCOME = REVENUE MINUS EXPENSES CASH FLOW STATEMENT ...
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...services that are sold, rented or supplied to others. 7. business analysis – review of sales… 8. cognitive dissonance – buyer discomfort 9. convenience stores – limited line of high-turnover convenience goods 10. Culture – most basic cause of person’s wants/behavior 11. Demand – relationship bet price and no. of units 12. demographic – div. market into segments based on age, educ, income, race, etc 13. differentiated mktg Large segments with specific marketing mixes. 14. Discount - straight reduction 15. economic situation - Affects real spending and consumer confidence in borrowing. 16. Esteem – recog, status 17. Experience - a type of product that combines a service or physical product with a memorable experience 18. family – most impt cust buying org 19. Industrial – prod bought by indiv for further processing 20. Innovators – 1st adopters 21. labeling – printed info 22. learning – permanent changes 23. lifestyle – person’s pattern of living 24. line filling- adding prod w/in current range 25. line stretching – adding prod outside of current range 26. logistics/supply chain - Planning, implementing and controlling the physical flow of goods, services and related information from points of origin to points of consumption to meet customer requirements at a profit. 27. mass marketing - No segments and single marketing mix. 28. motivation – strength of the drive toward an action 29. optional-product - separate options available for the main product 30. packaging –...
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...CHAPTER 5 – BUSINESS LEVEL STRATEGY Business level strategy – an action plan the firm develops to describe how it will compete in its chosen industy or market segment – how it will compete on a day to day basis – purpose is to create value for target customers in an area more than anyone else, most effective when everyone understands it (clear, specific statement of value) and it is implemented with zeal and efficiency. It is a function of the basic of competitive advantage (in cost or performance characteristics/uniqueness) and competitive scope (breadth of target market it wishes to serve) Types: 1. Cost leadership – broad, large share of market segment – action plan to produce goods/services at the lowest cost, standardized products appeal to the “average” consumer – must keep primary and support activities such as production, distribution, service costs low a. usually firms have well established economies of scale – continuously improving efficiencies in operations etc. to drive costs lower and lower – difficult for potential entrants b. Also usually have strong engineering skills, efficient manufacturing processes, access to cheap RMs, and performance evaluation systems that reward employees based on quantity of output c. Outperforming in the value-chain d. Low profit margins – often difficult to compete on the basis of price e. Careful of the bargaining power of buyers (buy a large amount of output) and suppliers (supply a large...
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...1)Sources of Industrial Growth a)Industrial Technologies i)Most impt tech development was new iron + steel production techniques- Henry Bessemer and William Kelly invented process to turn iron to steel, possible to produce large quantities and dimensions for construction, RRs ii)Steel industry emerged in Pennsylvania and Ohio (Pittsburgh notably)- iron industry existed, fuel could be found in PA coal iii)New transportation systems emerged to serve steel industry- freighters for the Great Lakes, RRs used steel to grow + transported it (sometimes merged w/ one another). Oil industry also grew b/c of need to lubricate mill machinery b)The Airplane and the Automobile i)Development of automobile dependent upon growth of two technologies: creation of gasoline from crude oil extraction, and 1870s Eur development of “internal combustion engine”. By 1910 car industry major role in economy ii)First gas-car built by Duryea brothers 1903, Henry For began production 1906 iii)Search for flight by Wright Bros lead to famous 1903 flight. US govt created National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics 1915 to match Eur research c)Research and Development i)New industrial technologies lead companies to sponsor own research- General Electric established first corp lab 1900, marked decentralization of govt-sponsored research. At same time cnxn began btwn university research + needs of industrial economy- partnership btwn academic + commercial d)The Science of Production i)Principles of “scientific...
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...Chapter 10- 13 Exam 3 Chapter 10 Introduction Interface Design defines how the system will interact with external entities (e.g., customers, users, other systems) * User interfaces- part of the system with which users interact. * Based on our layers based design approach, the user interface of the human- computer interaction layer is independent of the data management layer. * But it is dependent on both the problem and domain and physical architecture layers. * System interfaces- exchange information with other systems. * Typically designed as a part of a systems integration effort. * Physical architecture and data management layers. * Defines the way in which the users interact with the system and the nature of the inputs and outputs that the system accepts and produces. * Depending on the type of device that the human-computer interaction layer is deployed on will set both opportunities and constraints as to what user interface features can be included. * Ex. Deploying the human computer interaction layer on both a smartphone and a desktop computer will cause two different Chapter 10 6 principles-summarized ““design priniples are” what are the steps of the user interface -what is the process “step 1?” 1st -scenario development 2nd -navigation structure design “whats the purpose” -shows the screens reports, etc 3rd -interface standard design -decided things like interface metaphors, templates, objects...
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...SEGMENTATION – TARGETING – POSITIONING Fragmentation of mass markets segments Consumers: variety of needs & preferences Marketers: offer variety of choices via multitude of marketing offerings Marketing segmentation: Needs Action Linking market needs to an org’s marketing program Market needs Segmentation/Targeting MM A market segment: Group of consumers with homogenous profile & common needs will similarly respond to a marketing program Segmentation – targeting – positioning 1 Using market-product grids: see how Reebok use different Reebok shoes to reach segments of customers with different needs Single product multiple market segments e.g. TIME magazine multiple geographical mkts multiple products multiple segments firm offers variations of the basic product to high-end and low-end users e.g. GAP with Old Navy, Banana Republic segments of one mass customization built to order Segmentation – targeting – positioning 2 How to segment and target markets: 1. Group potential buyers into segments 2. Group products into categories 3. Develop a Market-Product Grid and estimate size of the market 4. Select target markets 5. Take marketing actions to reach target markets Segmentation – targeting – positioning 3 Criteria used in defining segments: 1. profitability 2. similarity of needs of potential buyers within a segment 3. differences of needs and buyers across segments 4. potential of a marketing action to reach a segment 5. simplicity...
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...FUNCTIONS OF BRAIN PARTS - AMYGDALA: memory, emotion, aggression - HYPOTHALAMUS: basic biological functions (hunger thirst, temperature, sexual arousal, emotion - MEDULLA: vital functions (breathing, heart rate) - CEREBELLUM: coordinated movement, language, thinking - THALAMUS: switching station for sensory info; memory - SPINAL CORD: transmits signals between brain & rest of body CORTICAL HOMUNCULUS (Sensory & Motor) - picture representation of the anatomical divisions of primary motor & primary somatosensory cortex - “distortion” not based on size of body part greater representation = greater sensitivity - areas have to do with motor neurons DORSAL ANTERIOR -------(< ‘ )-------POSTERIOR (ROSTRAL) (CAUDAL) VENTRAL LATERAL -------- < : )8( MEDIAL )~ -------- LATERAL METHODS OF LOCALIZATION - assign specific functions to particular places in the cerebral cortex - LESION STUDIES: any pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of brain tissue - SURGERY: Wada Test (anesthetize one hem), Tumor Removal, Split Brain - INFERENCE STUDIES (talk while balancing broom) - FUNCTIONAL IMAGING - PET (positron emission tomography): track blood flow associated w/ brain activity; used to assess physiology, including glucose & oxygen metabolism, and presence of specific neurotransmitters - SPECT (single photon emission...
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...STUDY NOTES FOR GFOA BUDGETING EXAM A. SOURCE: LOCAL GOVERNMENT FINANCE – CONCEPTS & PRACTICES Chapter 4 – Operating Budgets: A budget can be a process, a document, an accounting ledger, a plan, or a system. Local gov’t budgeting process unique – product of geographical, historical, economic, political and social factors peculiar to that jurisdiction. Budgeting is a unified series of steps to line and implement four functions: ❑ policy development – as policy instrument, CEO and legislative body need to articulate the goals, objectives and strategies that underline the budget – the flip side of proposing policy changes is accountability ❑ financial planning – includes gov’t financial condition; current/past-year trend financial act. by dept or prog; formal revenue est; look to the future to anticipate events/conditions; ensure debt service remains under control (while debt service receives first draw on municipal exp, financial plan set a rational debt service level for multi-year period ❑ service/operations planning – blueprint that governs the amount of service provided ❑ communications – way for decision makers to communicate changes in priorities, rationale for decisions and changes to vision in the future The final step in securing a framework w/in w/c the needs of policy setting, financial planning, service planning and communications can work is the development of quantitative performance measures. Environment/actors dictate the extent...
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...Reaction Paper On Stage Play Sub. By: Babaran, Vina C. Bsbam22 Sub.To: Mr. Sammy E. Marcos Instructor Ticket No. 1075 Reciept No. 63817 STARS (JP Lopez) Characters: Cindy Liper as Wilma Jerie Sanchez as Juday Patricia Lopez as Norma Ken Sadsad as Edward Junelyn Villareal as Jolens Jm Encinas as Boyet SUMMARY: There were 2 known person in showbiz , who are old friends,but because of their feelings on a guy they became enemy for a long time..even if they are neighbors they have been outdoing & became worst.E ven if their maids (yaya) are in the same situation and same thought. This 2 known person in showbiz have a sons who promised them to bring them in United States . And when their sons came home from America , they are trying to say that their son is better than the other. And when they are fighting / quarilling again ,their sons admitted that they have re3lationship , and intend to live abroad and because of that unexpected news ,they felt guilt, they realize and awakened that fighting against each other is no good thing to offer. And lastly they became friends all over again. REACTION: This play is so fuuny.. because each one of them delivered their role nice & energetic. Most specially Norma & Wilma ...
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...Cheney’s Law -Cheney found GWB to help him -> GWB brought in Alberto Gonzalas (Fredo)- top lawyer -Gonzales had no experience in govt law; David Addington dominated Gonzales -9/11 Cheney said the country should be ruled by men not laws; They wanted to gather as much power to the president as possible; John Yoo (go to guy who says yes to everything the VP said to do ) -John Yoo worked in office of legal council (most impt govt office you’ve never heard of) -Democrats controlled Senate and they did not want to give power to the President; Saw it as completely unchecked president authority -> Congress limited the President -Secret memo signed by John Yoo; Memo said in times of need the president could do whatever necessary -Behr Richard Prosper- war time prosecuter in Rwanda; brought lawyers to come up with a recommendation to deal with the prisoners -Colin Powel/Condeliza Rice/Lawyers had all been kept out of the loop -Conservative Law Professor Jack Goldsmith joined the Defense Department; went to Guantanamo -> trial on what would happen to prisoners of war; Addington and Lawyers okays interrogation on POW -Bybee Memo said the President could do whatever necessary to fight war on terror -Yoo’s definition of torture-intentional inflicting pain on someone in order that was equivalent to organ failure -American detainees- conditions should change -Goldsmith and Yoo were rising stars; co-authored magazine; OLC head resigned and John Yoo didn’t get the job; Attorney...
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...PROCESS THEORIES (goal setting and reinforcement theory) § Goal Setting Theory o Goals that are specific, difficult (but attainable), accepted and are accompanied by feedback, will motivate performance the best. Specific means measurable somehow. Difficult means that people need to exert some amount of effort over what they are used to doing. Accompanied by feedback means telling them how they’re doing. o It works because it focuses attention. They tend to work harder. BUT they may try to achieve these goals to the exclusion of other important things. So be careful that things don’t work to well. § Reinforcement Theory o Types of reinforcement: § Positive- encourages behavior in the future by rewarding behavior · Claim this is better than Punishment because it tells you what to do, not what not to do § Extinction–you remove the reward when a person engages in the behavior. They therefore become less likely to perform that behavior. § Punishment – you give something negative in response to certain bad behavior · Guidelines for using punishment: o Punishment should be delivered immediately or as rapidly as possible so that the employee will see the link between the bad behavior and the punishment o Give moderate, appropriate levels – punishment should fit the crime…if you give to little, it has no effect, if to much, it may lead to people questioning you. o Focus on behavior not person – this helps them to...
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...A PROJECT REPORT “ User buying behavior towards Perfume ” Submitted for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award PGDM ACADEMIC SESSION (2009 – 2011) SUBMITTED TO:Prof. Shweta JainSUBMITTED BY:Prabhakar Rahul Enroll (2009PGDM031)Puneet Arora Enroll (2009PGDM033)Amit Bharti Enroll (2009PGDM004)PGDM (MARKETING AND HR) Table of contents 1. Introduction2. Hypothesis3. Research methodology4. Data analysis and interpretation5. Conclusion6. Suggestion and recommendations.7. Bibliography8. Annexure CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In this research we have survey the product performance and buyingbehavior of the fragrance of perfumes, which are used by people of allages. During this research we have interacted with people of all ageswho use perfume. After this research we came to know how peopleperceives these products on the variables like price, fragrance,advertisement, satisfaction, packaging, brand loyalty etc. We also cameto know which particular brand of perfume is most preferred by peopleof different age groups. In this research we have surveyed that howfrequently and how much perfume they use, whether they buy small, bigor family pack. Trend of ongoing changes in their likings has beenshown in the report. In this report we have tried to explain the entireresearch and facts product wise. Objective of the study This project is based on user behavior towards Perfumes. Objectives of the study are: 1.The other objective...
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...AsiaMarketing in Asia – Understanding Buyers and Markets, Chapter 5: Understanding Consumer Behaviour Consumer Purchase Decision Process – Purchase Decision Process Purchase Decision Process Stages | | 1. Problem Recognition | * Perceiving a difference between a person’s ideal and actual situations big enough to trigger a decision | 2. Information Search(seeking value) | * Suggests criteria to use, yielding brand names that might meet criteria, dvping consumer value perceptions * Internal search: scan memory for previous experiences w pdts and brands * External search criteria: insufficient past exp or knowledge, high risk of making wrong purchase decision, low cost of gathering information * Primary sources: (1) personal sources (2) public sources (3) marketer-dominated sources (info from sellers) | 3. Alternative Evaluation(assessing value) | * Evaluative criteria: factors consumer takes into consideration when evaluating product, represents objective and subjective attributes of a product/brand * (1) suggesting criteria to use for purchase, yielding brand names that meet criteria, developing consumer value perceptions * Firms identify and capitalize on both attributes to create best value * Consideration set: group of brands that a consumer would consider acceptable from among all the brands in the product class of which he or she is aware * Evaluative criteria results in consideration set | 4. Purchase Decision(buying value) | *...
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