...the government. Taxes are deemed a necessity by its government in order to provide infrastructure such as roads, hospitals, welfare programs, national security, pensions and aid in the government’s legal and financial legislation. The Encyclopaedia Britannica states that the purpose of taxation is for Redistribution - transferring wealth from the richer section of society to the less fortunate, Repricing - which is tax imposed on goods and services that are considered hazardous to our health such as tobacco, bleaching products and alcohol; and Representation - which indicates that the citizens demand accountability from their government. Taxation Structure Seventeenth-century French statesman Jean-Baptiste Colbert expressed that “the art of taxation is the art of plucking the goose so as to get the largest possible amount of feathers with the least possible squealing.” Today’s economists have rather different ideas of what constitutes a good tax system. There is a popular belief that a tax system should follow two main principles: fairness and efficiency. Scottish economist Adam Smith laid out these principles in his landmark treatise The Wealth of Nations (1776). Fairness Economists consider two principles of fairness to determine whether the burden of a tax is distributed fairly: the ability-to-pay principle and the benefits principle. Ability-to-Pay Principle The ability-to-pay is a taxation principle which states that taxes should be based...
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...………………………………………………………………. Pg. 2 * Sales Projection ……………………………………………………………..Pg. 3 V. Technical Aspect ……………………………………………………………….. Pg. 4 * Glass Manufacturing * Batch Mixing …………………………………………………… Pg. 4 * Batch Melting ………………………………………………...… Pg. 4 * Shaping Plate Glass …………………………………………….. Pg.4 * Process Flow Diagram………………………………………………...……. Pg. 5 * Material Balance……………………………………………………………. Pg. 6 * Composition of Glass…………………………………………………….… Pg. 6 VI. Financial Aspect ………………………………………………………………. Pg. 8 * Fixed Asset ……………………………………………………..……...…… Pg. 8 * Operating Cost * Fixed Cost …………………………………………………….... Pg. 9 * Annual Depreciation…………………………………………... Pg. 10 * Variable Cost ……………………………………………….…. Pg. 11 * Projected Income …………………………………………….... Pg. 12 VII. Organizational Chart ………………………………………………….…… Pg. 13 I. Project Name Flat Glass Processing Plant II. Project Description A flat glass is a rigid, brittle, transparent material which is produced by fusing it mainly with silica, lime, and soda ash. It can be produced in with range of size with a thickness of 2 to 12mm. The profile envisages the establishment of a plant for the...
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...U.S. Source Income Effectively Connected with U.S. Business Analyze how foreign persons in the U.S. are taxed on trade and business income and suggest an alternative to the current system. Foreign Person: U.S. Source Income There are two types of Aliens. You have the resident alien and the nonresident alien. It is very important to know the different between the two. A resident alien is taxed in the same manner as a U.S. citizen, which means that their worldwide income is subject to U.S. tax. The resident alien must report their worldwide income, such as, interest, dividend, wages, or other compensation for services. They also must report income from rental property and royalties and any other type of income that they received during the taxable year on their U.S. individual federal income tax return. A nonresident alien is an individual from a foreign country who has not passed either the green card test or the substantial presence test. Nonresident alien’s income is dividend up into two categories: U.S. source income that is effectively connected to a trade or business in the United States or U.S. source income that is Fixed, Determinable, Annual, or Periodical (FDAP). Nonresident alien's income that is subject to U.S. income tax is generally divided into two categories; income that is Effectively Connected with a trade or business in the United States or U.S. source income that is Fixed, Determinable, Annual, or Periodical (FDAP) and is not effectively connected with...
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...Under present law, a foreign person or foreign corporation is taxed at a flat rate of 30% on his gross income on his US –source income that is not “connected” with US trade or business. The questions are: • Whether the foreign person is engaged in a US business • If a tax treaty is in effect between the US and the country of the foreign person. If there is an existing tax treaty, the income will not be subject to US tax unless the income is from “permanent establishment” in the US. Trade or Business – Taxpayer engaged in the marketing of goods or services on a regular, continuous and considerable business activity in the US. 1. Performance of personal services- de minimis- foreign persons who is present in the US not more than 90 days during the tax year and receives no more than $3000. 2. Trading in stocks, securities or commodities- through a US broker will not be taxed by US . Congress created several “safe harbor” for trading on the US market and avoid taxes in order to attract foreign investors. A broker, dealers will be taxed because they are regularly engaged in the purchase and sale of stocks for profit or if he maintain an office or other fixed place of business in the US. 3. Other Situation- A. Effect of agency arrangements- b. Partnership, trusts and estates c. Banking- Not all lenders are commercial banks. It will be determined if a foreign person conducting a business by one or more of the activities of: Receiving deposits, making personal loan to the...
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...8 of the U.S. Constitution, the U.S. Civil War, and the 16th Amendment. Article I section 8 of the U.S. Constitution authorizes the power, The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States. ("Constitution of the United States - Official") This is all well and good, however things start to get a little heated in America come 1861. Unfortunately we split and Civil War began and come 1862 America needed a way to finance a war against itself. Thus came the federal income tax, also know as the Revenue Act. Though the Civil war contributed to one of the greatest social victories of mankind it has led to the beginning to America’s loss of liberty. (Edwards) In April 1865 Uncle Sam Removed the chains of slavery in the U.S. on African Americans then in 1913 applied them to all Americans the 16th Amendment. Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration. ("Bill of Rights") From that point till now our government has instituted more taxes, raised income tax rates, increased national debt and expanded national governments role in society. This great expansion has lead to great burdens on American people and American industry. These tax institutions...
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...document allocating burdens (taxes) and benefits (expenditures). Budgeting is concerned with translating financial resources into human purposes. A budget is also a series of goals with price tags attached. 2. Deficit: An excess of federal expenditures over federal revenue in a fiscal year. In other words, the national government spends more money that it receives in taxes. 3. Revenues: The financial resources of the government. The individual income tax and Social Security tax are two major sources of the federal government’s revenue. 4. Expenditures: Government spending of revenues. Major areas of federal spending are social services and national defense. 5. Income tax: Shares of individual wages and corporate revenues collected by the government. Enacted to pay for the Civil War by Congress; however, it was called the first step to a “communist march.” The Sixteenth Amendment explicitly authorized Congress to levy a tax on income. Furthermore, this is generally progressive—pays more and higher rates as it continues. 6. Excise tax: a tax levied on the manufacture, transportation, sale, or consumption of a good—for example, those on gasoline. 7. Progressive tax: A progressive tax is one that makes those with more taxable income not only pay more taxes, but also pay higher rates of tax on that income—some argue this is the fairest type of tax, because those who have the most money pay the higher rates. 8. Flat tax: A flat tax is one that allows everyone...
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...R e s e a rc h IR TU in Abstract— Taxes are a substantial means of providing the financial resources of a country. After the fall of communism, many countries applied the system of progressive income tax, which was earlier applied in Western Europe. But it soon turned out to be a system that discouraged economic growth. Therefore, some of these countries since 1994 have established the system of flat tax. Flat tax implies the application of a single-level tax system. Flat tax is applied in consideration of the supposition that all income should be taxed only once during their circulation, precisely when they are owned. Flat tax system refers to the unification of taxes in two taxing plans: personal income tax, which is levied on the total income of the individual and corporate tax, which is levied on the profits made by the companies. Flat tax was firstly applied in Albania during 2008 after two years of debates. The tax refers to the application of a 10% levied on the profit or on the total personal income. Keywords, flat tax, progressive tax, rates taxes, tax system in Albania, the consequences of taxation The notion of taxation has been known since the establishment of states. A social organization, as primitive as it may be, requires sufficient financial means to accomplish its goals. Taxes are a substantial means of providing the financial resources of a country. They occupy the leading place in the public income of modern countries. The great part of our neighboring...
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...rate that is constant regardless of the given income level. Types of proportional taxes include most excise taxes, general sales taxes, and employment taxes (FICA and FUTA). All of these taxes are a fixed percentage and are not subject to change. A tax is progressive, however, if a higher tax rate coincides with a higher tax base. Examples of this include the Federal income tax, Federal gift and estate taxes, and most state income tax rate structures. Those that make a higher income are given a higher tax rate on their federal income tax than those who make a lower income. 23. a. The “piggyback” approach is when states impose a flat rate on adjusted gross income as used for Federal income tax purposes. It makes use of what was done for Federal income tax purposes. However, some states will “decouple” from this piggyback approach to avoid major revenue losses. Congress will sometimes pass tax deductions, and often times states cannot afford to take the revenue loss from these deductions. b. There are very few states left that allow for a deduction of Federal income taxes. Alabama, Iowa, and Louisiana are the only three that allow for a full deduction of these taxes, and various other states allow for partial deductions of the tax. c. Most states allow for their residents some form of tax credit for income taxes paid to other states. 47. a. Revenue neutrality. Revenue neutrality means that for every new tax law that lowers taxes, there must be off-setting revenue to make up...
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...2 LO 1 LO 2 LO 3 LO 4 Financial Statements, Taxes, and Cash Flow W hen a company announces a “write-off,” it frequently means that the value of the company’s assets has declined. AFTER STUDYING THIS CHAPTER, YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO: Differentiate between accounting value (or “book” value) and market value. Distinguish accounting income from cash flow. Explain the difference between average and marginal tax rates. Determine a firm’s cash flow from its financial statements. For example, in the first quarter of 2009, luxury homebuilder Toll Brothers said it was writing down $157 million in assets, much of which was a reflection of the reduced value of land the company owned. Of course, Toll Brothers was not the only homebuilder suffering. Hovnanian Enterprises announced it would take a $132 million write-off, and Centex Corp. announced a $590 million writeoff. At the same time, D. R. Horton, the largest homebuilder by volume, had a much smaller write-off of only $56 million. However, D. R. Horton had already written off $1.15 billion in the fourth quarter of 2008. So did stockholders in these homebuilders lose hundreds of millions of dollars (or more) because of the write-offs? The answer is probably not. Understanding why ultimately leads us to the main subject of this chapter: that all important substance known as cash flow. Visit us at www.mhhe.com/rwj I 22 n this chapter, we examine financial statements, taxes, and cash flow. Our emphasis is not on preparing...
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...easily operated with one employee Affordability for the owner and consumer Business training and start-up marketing include Snap Fitness clubs that have been open for 2 years as of December 31,2012 o (13%) have more than 740 members o 387 (50%) have more than 469 members o 523 (68%) have more than 305 members. This paper will identify the estimation of Snap Fitness’ start-up and variable costs with the inclusion of a cost-volume-profit analysis, the measures needed to achieve net income, its various variable costs, and an analysis on why opening a franchise with Snap Fitness would be a good idea. Estimation of Snap Fitness’ Start-up and Variable Costs (Section A) In determining what Snap Fitness estimated variables are, one needs to look at the monthly fixed costs. Currently, each location of Snap Fitness spends $4,000 in fixed operating expenses and $2,000 to lease equipment. The total of each location’s fixed cost is $6,000. To break even for their monthly fixed costs, a location needs to have a minimum of 300 members. Dividing $6,000 by the 300 members lets the franchise owner know that each member should pay at least a membership fee of $20. However, Snap Fitness currently offers a $26 membership fee for those who do not wish to sign a contract. With the fact that to break even each member only needs to pay $20 it allows for a...
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...Why Fairness Matters Progressive Versus Flat Taxes Robert J. Shapiro April 1996 Pro gres s iv e FOUNDATION Why Fairness Matters: Progressive versus Flat Taxes Progressive Foundation The Progressive Foundation works to develop and promote a new progressive political philosophy and governing agenda for America based on individual liberty, equal opportunity, civic responsibility, and nonbureaucratic governance. The substantive work of the Foundation revolves around some of the most difficult challenges facing America in the 1990s: assuring upward mobility for working Americans in the new world economy; resolving the great American dilemma of race; restoring a civil society and strengthening the social ties that foster a sense of community; finding America’s proper role in the post-Cold War world; and rethinking the size, shape, and mission of government in an Information Age. The Foundation explores public controversies over cultural questions—race, ethnicity, gender, religion, morality, and civic education—that are often ignored in conventional political discourse. The Foundation’s Project on Tax Reform and Economic Growth works to develop a tax reform program that is consistent with a progressive distribution of the tax burden, and can help promote stronger job and business formation, greater productivity, and higher family incomes. This report is the first of two new reports outlining the essential features of such a tax reform program. The preface contains more...
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...Starbucks | Financial Statement Analysis | Final Project | | Ryan Goguen, Che-Wei Chang, Yu-Ching Lin | 2013/3/11 | [請在此處鍵入文件的摘要。摘要通常是文件內容的簡短綜覽。請在此處鍵入文件的摘要。摘要通常是文件內容的簡短綜覽。] | Starbucks—Background Information Starbucks (“The Company”) began with a single store in 1971 in Seattle’s Pike Place Market, serving whole bean and ground coffee, tea and spices. As of July 1, 2012, the world-renowned coffee shop brand operates nearly 18,000 retail stores in 60 countries. Gordon Bowker, one of three founders, initially named the Company “Peqoud” after the doomed whaleship in Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick. However, the partners rejected the name, and the founders later agreed upon the name “Starbucks” after the chief mate, also in Moby Dick. Today, with millions of customers served daily, Starbucks offers a wide range of products, including coffee, handcrafted beverages, merchandise and fresh food. The company handpicks its coffee from some of the finest coffee farms in Latin America, Africa and Asia. Its beverage menu consists of fresh-brewed coffee, hot and iced espresso beverages, Frappuccino coffee and non-coffee blended beverages, smoothies and Tazo teas. Through the Company’s entertainment division and Hear Music Brand, Starbucks also retail books, music and film. The Company not only prides itself in the quality products but also the physical stores, where the customers could enjoy their drinks with the company with soothing music playing in the background. Each store...
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...that the government imposes on taxpayers, which may be an individual or a legal entity. If a taxpayer evades paying tax, then he can face punishment in the court of law. There are three charging tax system methods that the government uses to levy taxes; these are the progressive method, the regressive method and the progressive method. The proportional system charges a constant rate regardless the amount of salary a person earns. The regressive tax is whereby the income of an individual goes up, and the tax to pay decreases, while as in the progressive taxpayer. If congress approves a new tax that will fund scientific research to find an alternative fuel sources, and everyone pays $200, then this is the proportional tax that is same as the flat tax. The system is deducting everyone $200 regardless of their income status in that the rich and the poor all contribute a fixed charge. In this project, the proportional tax system is the best method to fund this project. In the consideration, in a benefit principle point of view, the poor benefit much on the government operations like the ongoing scientific research, and so they are to pay accordingly. More so the rich in the economic growth and investment perspective, the rich with more income will invest in the capital goods. Investments and in this case, capital goods stimulate and promotes growth in the economy; thus, this benefits all members in the society. So the rich are to pay fewer amounts of tax in order to invest their money...
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...Chapter 3 Understanding Financial Statements, Taxes, and Cash Flows 3-1. To find the net income, we must subtract all relevant expenses from revenues: cost of goods sold, operating expenses, interest, and taxes. Following the template from Checkpoint 3.1, we find the following for Sandifer Manufacturing Company: [pic] Sandifer was able to generate $438,750 in net income from its sales of $4.5M. The $438,750 is now available to pay out to shareholders (dividends), and/or to reinvest in the business (retained earnings). 3-2. We just learned (in Problem 3-1) that Sandifer has $438,750 to allocate to dividends and reinvestment. If it chooses to reinvest $50,000, then it will have ($438,750 − $50,000) ’ $388,750 to pay out as dividends (a [$388,750/$438,750] ’ 88.6% payout ratio). 3-3. Marifield Steel Fabrication earned net income of $500,000, then paid out a dividend of $300,000. This left ($500,000 − $300,000) ’ $200,000 to be retained by the firm to finance growth. However, earnings per share is based on net income, not reinvested earnings. Thus, the firm’s EPS is: [pic] 3-4. Barrington Enterprises earned $4M in taxable income. Using the corporate tax rates given in Section 3.3 of the chapter, we find the following: [pic] Barrington’s total tax liability is $1,360,000, for an average tax rate of ($1,360,000/$4,000,000) ’ 34%. The chart above is very close to that in Section 3.3. However, we will explain the...
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...Personal Financial Plan Part 1 Laura Grundowski Abstract This paper will discuss the beginning of my personal financial plan. It will also outline said plan into a budget that will be put to use throughout the next few months. Budgeting is a vital part of managing one’s personal finances. When beginning to budget one must pinpoint the sources of cash inflows and cash outflows. Having knowledge of your personal financial situation is also necessary in managing personal finances. If done right, personal financial statements provide information on current financial positions and help pave the way for financial success. Goal setting is most successful for me when I begin with short term goals. For short term, one of my goals is to establish a short vacation fund with which I can go on a birthday weekend vacation somewhere up north. I estimate that I will need roughly $400 by January 1st, and that I will need to save $34 per week for the next few months to achieve this goal. A second short term goal is to save pay off my $400 credit card balance on my Capital One. I estimate that I can make payments of about $80 per month for the next 5-6 months to pay the balance in full with additional interest that will accumulate. My intermediate goal is to begin saving for a wedding. Once my credit card bill is paid off, I can switch the $80 payment from the credit card to this goal. At the time of purchase, I expect to have saved $4,800. Although I will have some help from my parents...
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