...and White American Cohorts: 1908-1969 Wendy Y. Carter CDE Working Paper No. 96-22 The Effects of Changing Family Structures on Higher Education for Black and White American Cohorts: 1908-1969 CDE Working Paper No. 96-22 Wendy Y. Carter, Ph.D. Assistant Professor of Sociology Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences Arizona State University West 4701 West Thunderbird Road P.O. Box 37100 Phoenix, AZ 85069-7100 Submission for Population Association of America 1999 Annual Meeting Abstract Social scientists have been concerned with the effect of social origins on educational attainment since the early days of the discipline. One important aspect of social origins that continues to occupy the interest of researchers and the public is the family. The issue of race has also been central to this concern. Recent demographic changes in mortality and marriage behavior have had a profound impact on the increasing proportion of children who will reach age eighteen without both biological parents. This research investigates the effects of trends in family and household structures on the educational attainment for recent black and white cohorts in the United States. We know from previous cross-sectional reports that those who grow up with both biological parents are more likely to attain higher levels of education than those who do not. The weakness of that approach was that it did not account for changes in the effects of family structure over time. This paper addresses...
Words: 15023 - Pages: 61
...elsevier.com/locate/jretconser Generation Y vs. Baby Boomers: Shopping behavior, buyer involvement and implications for retailing Anders Parment Stockholm University School of Business, Stockholm University, Department of Marketing, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden a r t i c l e i n f o Available online 29 January 2013 Keywords: Generational cohorts Generational marketing Market segmentation Generation Y Baby Boomers Consumer behavior Purchase involvement Retail strategies abstract This paper presents some significant empirical findings about generational cohorts and their shopping behavior. Marketing has long relied on the use of market segmentation. While birth age has been a useful way to create groups, it describes segments but does not help to understand segment motivations. However, environmental events experienced during one’s coming of age create values that remain relatively unchanged throughout one’s life. Such values provide a common bond for those in that age group, or generational cohort. Segmenting by ‘coming of age’ age provides a richer segmentation approach than birth age. This study compares two significant cohorts: Baby Boomers and Generation Y, with respect to their shopping behavior and purchase involvement for food, clothing and automobiles. For the three types of products, Baby Boomers value the retail experience and in-store service higher than Generation Y. For Baby Boomers, the purchase process starts with a retailer the consumer trusts, who gives...
Words: 9940 - Pages: 40
...WORKING P A P E R Demographic Trends, Policy Influences, and Economic Effects in China and India Through 2025 JULIE DAVANZO, HARUN DOGO, AND CLIFFORD A. GRAMMICH WR-849 April 2011 This product is part of the RAND National Security Research Division working paper series. RAND working papers are intended to share researchers’ latest findings and to solicit informal peer review. They have been approved for circulation by RAND National Security Research Division but have not been formally edited or peer reviewed. Unless otherwise indicated, working papers can be quoted and cited without permission of the author, provided the source is clearly referred to as a working paper. RAND’s publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. is a registered trademark. Preface In this paper we compare the recent and likely future demographic situations in China and India and their implications. This is a background paper for the chapter, “Population Trends in China and India: Demographic Dividend or Demographic Drag?. in the RAND report, China And India, 2025: A Comparative Assessment, MG-1009OSD, by Charles Wolf, Jr., Siddhartha Dalal, Julie DaVanzo, Eric V. Larson, Alisher R. Akhmedjonov, Harun Dogo, Meilinda Huang, and Silvia Montoya, and contains some of material referenced therein. The RAND report was done under the sponsorship of the Office of Net Assessment with the objective of understanding how China and India will compare to one...
Words: 23169 - Pages: 93
...Index Is Associated with Birth Outcome in a Prospective Cohort of Chinese Women1 Alayne G. Ronnenberg,2 Xiaobin Wang,* Houxun Xing,† Chanzhong Chen, Dafang Chen,†** Wenwei Guang,† Aiqun Guang,† Lihua Wang,** Louise Ryan‡ and Xiping Xu Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA; *Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine and Boston Medical Center, Boston, MA; †Institute for Biomedicine, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, China; **Center for Ecogenetics and Reproductive Health, Beijing Medical University, Beijing, China; ‡Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA KEY WORDS: ● birthweight ● body mass index ● intrauterine growth restriction ● China Although vast improvement has been made in the survival of low birthweight (LBW3 Ͻ 2500 g) and preterm (Ͻ37 completed weeks of gestation) infants, these outcomes remain associated with virtually all causes of neonatal and postneonatal death (1–3). LBW and preterm birth are also associated with infant and childhood morbidity, including asthma (4) and neurodevelopmental delays (3,5). Recent evidence suggests that preterm birth and LBW are also linked to adverse health in adulthood (6), including insulin resistance (7), hypertension (8) and coronary heart disease (9). The potentially serious health consequences of these birth outcomes underscore the public health importance of preventing LBW and preterm birth by identifying and correcting...
Words: 6181 - Pages: 25
...Discussion Paper on Age of First Invitation for Cervical Screening and Frequency of Invitation of Cervical Screening for Women aged 50 to 64 years Authors: Dr Sharon Hillier, Miss Helen Beer, Dr Shantini Paranjothy, Dr Rosemary Fox, Mr Bryan Rose and Professor Hilary Fielder. Screening Division Public Health Wales NHS Trust Based on papers prepared by Professor Hilary Fielder and Mr Huw Brunt Date: May 2011 Version: 1 Publication/ Distribution: Public Health Wales (Intranet) Welsh Assembly Government Review Date: Review in May 2012 or sooner if new information or evidence is available. Purpose and Summary of Document: The current policy for Wales is that women aged between 20 and 64 years are invited for cervical screening every three years. Scotland invite women aged between 20-60 years every three years. England and Northern Ireland invite women from 25 years of age and reduce the frequency of invitations to every 5 years for those aged between 50 and 64 years. The purpose of this document is to review the evidence on which the age of Cervical Screening Wales, Screening Division, Public Health Wales Discussion paper on age of first invitation and frequency of invitation invitation and frequency of invitation is based and to discuss the implications of changes for the female population of Wales, for Cervical Screening Wales and for NHS Wales. Work Plan reference: Cervical Screening Wales, Screening Division. Date: May 2011 Version 1 Page: 2 of 50 Cervical Screening...
Words: 13948 - Pages: 56
...Altruism, Affiliation and Anxiety in the workplace: A review of generational differences in work attitudes. Madeleine Fogarty Melbourne University Abstract Popular books and articles claim that there are significant differences between the generations in attitudes to work. However, there are relatively few empirical studies that support this claim. This review examines the reasons for the dearth of empirical work, reports on the US and Australasian findings published in the past decade, and suggests a taxonomy of ambition, altruism, affiliation and anxiety to synthesise the diversity of previous research and reach a coherent conclusion: all are on the rise for Gen Y. Directions for future research and recommendations for organisations are discussed. News articles regularly demand that we pay attention to the different needs of the next generation and their attitudes towards work. Last week the Sydney Morning Herald claimed that “Generation Y . . . has high expectations of their employers, seek out new challenges, are not afraid to question authority, value teamwork, seek the affirmation of others, crave attention and want to be included and involved” (Zavos, 2010). Other stereotypes of Gen Y, including Myers & Sadaghiani (2010), pitch them as self-centred, unmotivated, disrespectful and disloyal. There have been many articles and books in “popular literature” that describe differences between the generations, including Strauss & Howe (1991), Howe, Strauss...
Words: 5105 - Pages: 21
...approach the monumental task of studying humans over the course of the life span. Our discussion includes the goals of the scientific community, the recognized framework for studying the life span, what aspects of development warrant extensive examination, and what scientific methods are used to conduct research with humans. Chapter 2 discusses the main developmental theories over the past 100 years, when social scientists, biologists, and chemists focused on studying discrete aspects of human development. Earlier introspective methods about subconscious experience and contemporary measurable evidence about microscopic genetic codes, neurons, and hormones all contribute to our understanding of the human condition. Contemporary researchers are focusing on how to integrate scientific findings and theory from across cultures into a more meaningful whole about human development. CHAPTER 1 Introduction Critical Thinking Questions 1. Developmental change takes place in three fundamental domains: physical, cognitive, and emotional-social. Which domain has been most important for your becoming who you are? Will any one of the domains become more important as you get older? 2. Make a list of three aspects of yourself that have changed over the last 10 years and three that have remained constant. How do you feel about both the “dynamic” and the “static” aspects of yourself? 3. If someone had researched your personal development over time, where would they have noticed the...
Words: 20056 - Pages: 81
...Map projection: a systematic rendering on a flat surface of the geographic coordinates of the features found on Earth’s surface * Ethnocentrism: the attitude that a persona’s own race and culture are superior to those of others * Imperialism: the extension of the power of a nation through direct/indirect control of the economic and political life of other territories * Masculinism: the assumption that the world is and should be shaped mainly by men for men * environmental determinism: a doctrine holding that human activities are controlled by the environment * globalization: the increasing interconnectedness of different parts of the world through common processes of economic, environmental political and cultural change * ecumene: the total habitable area of a country. Sine it depends on the prevailing technology, the available ecumene varies over time. Canada’s ecumene is so much less than its total area. * Geodemographic research: investigation using census data and commercial data (i.e. sales data and property records) about populations of small districts to create profiles of those populations for market research * Geographic information systems (GIS): an organized collection of computer hardware, software and geographical data that is designed to capture, store, update, manipulate and display spatially referenced information * Regional geography: the study of ways in which unique combinations of environmental and human factors produce...
Words: 24912 - Pages: 100
...Forthcoming in: Ursula M. Staudinger and Ulman Lindenberger (eds.), Understanding Human Development: Lifespan Psychology in Exchange with Other Disciplines. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers. 1 Karl Ulrich Mayer, 2002 The sociology of the life course and life span psychology - diverging or converging pathways? 1. Introduction In the last twenty to thirty years both life span psychology and the sociology of the life course have experienced a great and long take off with regard to theory building and conceptualization, methodological advances and empirical studies. Within sociology, but also partly in demography, economics and social policy studies, a cohort and life course perspective, event history analysis and microanalytic longitudinal data have become almost predominant (Mayer 1990, 2000; Riley et al. 1994). Baltes et al. (1999: 473) note, for instance, that life span psychology became more prominent due to, among other reasons, “... a concern with life span development in neighboring social science disciplines, especially sociology. Life course sociology took hold as a powerful intellectual force.” At the beginning of this development there were great expectations that the disciplines involved in this “life course turn” - especially life course sociology and life span psychology - would not only grow together in a parallel trajectory, but that there would be co-evolution in the direction of a truly interdisciplinary or even transdisciplinary paradigm...
Words: 9579 - Pages: 39
...Demography of Germany Concepts, Data, and Methods G. Rohwer U. P¨tter o Version 3 October 2003 Fakult¨t f¨r Sozialwissenschaft a u Ruhr-Universit¨t Bochum, GB 1 a 44780 Bochum goetz.rohwer@ruhr-uni-bochum.de ulrich.poetter@ruhr-uni-bochum.de Preface This text is an introduction to concepts and methods of demographic description and analysis. The substantial focus is on the demographic development of Germany, all data refer to this country. The main reason for this focus on a single country is that we want to show how the tools of demography can actually be used for the analysis of demographic problems. The text consists of two parts. Part I introduces the conceptual framework and explains basic statistical notions. This part also includes a short chapter that explains how we speak of “models” and why we do not make a sharp distinction between “describing” and “modeling” demographic processes. Then follows Part II that deals with data and methods. In the present version of the text, we almost exclusively discuss mortality and fertility data; migration is only mentioned in Chapter 6 and briefly considered in the context of a Leslie model at the end of the text. In addition to providing a general introduction to concepts of demography, the text also intends to show how to practically work with demographic data. We therefore extensively document all the data used and explain the statistical calculations in detail. In fact, most of these calculations are quite simple;...
Words: 109199 - Pages: 437
...(phone) jhughes@bates.edu and Zhang Dandan Division of Economics, RSPAS Australia National University Rm. 5008, Coombs Building 9 Fellows Road, Canberra ACT0200, Australia dandan.zhang@anu.edu.au • Contact author Economic Reform and Changing Patterns of Labor Force Participation in Urban and Rural China By Margaret Maurer-Fazio, James W. Hughes, and Dandan Zhang Abstract In this project, we employ data from the Chinese population censuses of 1982, 1990, and 2000 to examine reform-era changes in the patterns of male and female labor force participation and in the distribution of men’s and women’s occupational attainment. Very marked patterns of change in labor force participation emerge when we disaggregate the data by age cohort, marital status, sex, and rural/urban location. Women have decreased their labor force participation more than men, and urban women much more than rural women. Single young people in urban areas have decreased their labor force participation to stay in school to a much greater extent than single young people in rural areas. The urban elderly have decreased their rates of labor force participation while the rural elderly have increased theirs. We also find evidence of the feminization of agriculture. Key words: China, labor force participation,...
Words: 12223 - Pages: 49
...Vaccines, Do They Cause Autism in Children? Michael L Eisenmenger Western Governors University Vaccines, Do They Cause Autism in Children? Vaccinations have been used for centuries to prevent the spread of some of the most dangerous diseases in humans. In 1998, a research study from Dr. Andrew Wakefield was published in the journal Lancet, suggesting common vaccinations were the cause of autism in children (Brink. 2013). That study has since been retracted by the Lancet and Dr. Wakefield has had his medical license revoked. However, the rates of vaccinations have declined because of the study and new outbreaks of diseases once considered eradicated are killing children. Research has shown that vaccines are not a cause of autism in children because the preservatives suspected of causing autism have been removed from them, research studies have shown no link between the two, the original research has been proven false, and the diagnosis of autism has changed. Ever since the debate of vaccines being a cause of autism has started, the ingredient thimersol has been one of the focus’ of study. Thimersol is a preservative that was used in vaccines until 2001. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has stated, “In 2001, thimersol was removed or reduced to trace amounts in all childhood vaccinations except one type of influenza vaccine, and thimersol-free alternatives are available for influenza vaccines.” (CDC, 2014) Thimersol contains the type of mercury...
Words: 1938 - Pages: 8
...procedures . gulanttherapy. ale needle and syringe. ion with a pertussis-containing Raneously AM Oral Poliovim s re not available concerning th e I studies with TETRAMUNE di d arcinogenic mutagenic poles— - -MOM Obesity and Stature in Adolescenc e and Earnings in Young Adulthoo d Analysis of a British Birth Cohor t James D . Sargent, MD, David G . Blanchflower, PhD NE This product is not recomI been established. t Use (Td) is recommended. R e (DT) should be substituted in Ise) is based on a full course o f months of age in three separate on systemic symptoms within Objective: To examine the association between obe- sity and stature at various ages and earnings in young me n and women at age 23 years . Design : We estimated the effect of obesity on earnings xns Toddlers (107 doses) by constructing a series of ordinary least-squares regression equations in which the dependent variable was the natural logarithm of hourly earnings at age 23 years . We report the coefficients for obese subjects compared with those for the nonobese subjects and for height while con trolling for a number of other factors that are known t o affect pay . Setting : A birth cohort of 12 537 respondents at age 2 3 i9 to 7500 doses) in the Kaiser rilhin 60 days) and emergency sons for seeking care include hioli6e and pneumonia). One rs after immunization and was ipisades were reported witlk n A DTP and HbOC at separat e e several weeks . Although not ry...
Words: 7087 - Pages: 29
...Original Article Maternal awareness of health promotion, parental and preschool childhood obesity (6, n=200)=17.32, p=0.008). Maternal awareness of health promotion on healthy eating appeared to have a protective effect against overweight/obesity in three year old children (odds ratio=0.38, 95% CI=0.20 to 0.70). Furthermore, a higher proportion of overweight/obesity mothers had no awareness of health promotion as compared to 2 (4, n=200)=13.29, p=0.01). Maternal awareness of health promotion appeared to also have a protective effect against overweight/obesity in mothers (odds ratio=0.51, 95% CI=0.28 to 0.95). Conclusions: maternal awareness of health promotion on maternal and preschool childhood obesity. Additionally, this study showed that overweight and obese preschool children had parents who were also overweight and obese. 2 Aim: preschool childhood obesity, as well as maternal awareness of public health promotion on healthy eating with parental and preschool childhood obesity. Methods: Data were collected by measuring the height and weight of two hundred randomly selected three-year old children and their parents. Details of the early feeding and dietary styles and level of health promotion awareness were assessed in faceto-face structured health interviews with the parents. Results: between childhood obesity and parents’ obesity (r=0.2; p<0.001). A higher proportion of overweight and obese preschool children showed that their mothers lacked awareness of health promotion...
Words: 4084 - Pages: 17
...GOD! Our Families and Relatives Our Friends And also Ourselves ACKNOWLEDGEMENT TO OUR PARENTS Who understood and supported our ideas and choices, may they never stop on supporting us. We also thank them for the encouragement that they give us. The familial advices that we should never forget along the way to adulthood TO OUR BROTHERS To those of us that have brothers and or sisters, we greatly thank them for any probable help and any assistance. For those plenty times that they have spent with us and how they kept us awake when we did the research. TO OUR SUPPORTIVE RESEARCH ADVISER; Mr. RAZA On the behalf of us researchers we would like to commemorate this thesis as a gift and proving article as a testimony on how much of a great instructor to us, we would like to extend our thanks to you by getting high grades. TO OUR FRIENDS We would not be here without our beloved friends whom accompanied us on trying times and of good times, without them, everyday life would be boring and dull. We thank them for giving our lives a happy one, our memories of you will never dwindle. TO THE MARITIME/GENERAL INSTRUCTORS THAT WE ADMIRE Furthermore, our greatest inspiration, the ones that thought us all that we know, may they never stop giving the quality education that we all need and also that sincere, charismatic, professional and caring personality, we will always be great full of your teachings. We owe so much from you. PREFACE ...
Words: 2799 - Pages: 12
