...Colonialism in India can be marked by the arrival of Europeans, specifically the Portuguese lead by Vasco De Gama in 1600’s. True control over parts of India though and those to took the largest control were the Brits. Originally lead by the British East India Company the marks of British rule can be seen in India as early as 1674 when the British East India Company established Calcutta as their base of activity and had to suppress native revolts to maintain control (Agatucci, 1998). In much of the early time in colonial India land was fought over between the natives, the Dutch, French, and British. By the late 1700’s most of the colonized portions of India were ruled by the British East India Company and therefore indirectly the British Crown (Agatucci, 1998). By the mid 1800’s English education and many British systems of internal structure caused many Indian’s to fear the loss of cultural identity. One interesting way that Great Britain gain control of Indian provinces was through Dalhousie’s Annexationist Policy, it gave Britain the right to govern any India state where there was no natural heir to the throne, so as native rulers died Britain would gain control of the provinces (Agatucci, 1998). In 1876 Queen Victoria was declared Empress of India further cementing Great Britain’s ruler over India (Agatucci, 1998). India’s Nationalist and Independence movements where a slow boiling thing; it was more of a long standing resentment and fear that brought about India’s...
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...Revolution in India Gandhi and the Quit India Movement In 1942 the people of India found themselves in an extremely serious situation. On December 8, 1941, the government of the United Kingdom declared war on the Empire of Japan. This came following the Japanese attacks on Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong as well as the Japanese attack on the United States on Pearl Harbor. World War II was clearly inevitable and India was still under British rule. Britain was going to need help from India to take on the Japanese. The people of India knew they were going to be forced into the war with the rest of The United Kingdom. India, however, had lost their trust in the British. The Congress in India did not support the war and wanted independence. In August of 1942 Mahatma Gandhi, along with several other key member, urged The British Empire to “Quit India.” Gandhi wanted the British out and to leave the fate of India in the hands of God. In 1942 the pressure on India from the British to join the war was mounting. The Japanese were approaching the border of India and seemed poised to make an attack at any time. The British desperately tried to unite all parties in defense of the country. They needed to mobilize Indian troops and resolve the deadlock. They sent Sir Stafford Cripps to India in March of 1942. He had a proposal for Gandhi and the Indian Congress that included an interim British Government and a final constitutional settlement after the war ended. ...
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...the Partition of India? By Kallie Szczepanski, http://asianhistory.about.com/od/india/f/partitionofindiafaq.htm Victims of the Delhi Riots are removed from the streets after the Partition of India, 1947 Hulton Archives / Getty Images Question: What was the Partition of India? Answer: The Partition of India was the process of dividing the subcontinent along sectarian lines, which took place in 1947 as India gained its independence from the British Raj. The northern, predominantly Muslim sections of India became the nation of Pakistan, while the southern and majority Hindu section became the Republic of India. Background to Partition In 1885, the Hindu-dominated Indian National Congress (INC) met for the first time. When the British made an attempt to divide the state of Bengal along religious lines in 1905, the INC lead huge protests against the plan. This sparked the formation of the Muslim League, which sought to guarantee the rights of Muslims in any future independence negotiations. Although the Muslim League formed in opposition to the INC, and the British colonial government attempted to play the INC and Muslim League off one another, the two political parties generally cooperated in their mutual goal of getting Britain to "Quit India." Both the INC and the Muslim League supported sending Indian volunteer troops to fight on Britain's behalf in World War I; in exchange for the service of more than 1 million Indian soldiers, the people of India expected political...
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...The Second World War had a great impact on India's fight for independence. At the start of the war Churchill expressed his reliance on India and commented that he wants “to see the British Empire preserved for a few more generations in its strength and splendour” which he wrote in a letter to the viceroy of India this suggests Britain’s need for a strong empire ruled by the British government with no space for independence. Churchill's views where also shared by the British public however the events of the war changed this view enabling India's independence. Indian congress suffered a split which improved its ability to gain support from the British government “India became a cornerstone for the decolonisation process after the spring of 1942”. The British public opinions also changed due to British economic situation as well as the pressure from the USA. Furthermore the uprise of the Indian National army and the Quit India movement also had short term significance. At the outbreak of World War II, the Indian League voted for neutrality. When India came under Japanese attack, the Congress ordered for a democratic government in return for their cooperation in the second world war. The left wing of congress refused to support Britain during ww2 and staged a congress revolt while Bose raised the Indian National Army in order to gain Indian independence by supporting the Axis powers. This however weekended the position of the congress. The muslim league stayed loyal to the British...
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...Constitution of India came into force on 26 January 1950 replacing the Government of India Act (1935) as the governing document of India.[1] The Constitution was passed by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 but was adopted on 26 January 1950 with a democratic government system, completing the country's transition toward becoming an independent republic. 26 January was selected for this purpose because it was this day in 1930 when the Declaration of Indian Independence (Purna Swaraj) was proclaimed by the Indian National Congress. It is one of three national holidays in India, the other two being Independence Day and Gandhi Jayanti. Contents [hide] 1 History 2 Celebrations 2.1 Delhi Republic Day parade 2.2 Beating Retreat 3 Gallery 4 Chief guest 5 See also 6 References History[edit] President Rajendra Prasad (in the horse-drawn carriage) readies to take part in the first Republic Day parade on Rajpath, New Delhi, in 1950. India achieved independence from British rule on 15 August 1947 following the Indian independence movement noted for largely peaceful nonviolent resistance and civil disobedience led by Mahatma Gandhi. The independence came through the Indian Independence Act 1947 (10 & 11 Geo 6 c 30), an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom that partitioned British India into the two new independent Dominions of the British Commonwealth (later Commonwealth of Nations): India and Pakistan.[2] India obtained its independence on 15 August...
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...The Indian Mutiny should be renamed the ‘First Indian War of Independence’, How far do you agree? Before one can answer the question, was the Indian Mutiny a war of independence it would be best to define what a war of independence actually is. The oxford dictionary defines independence as “Free from outside control; not subject to another’s authority”. From this we can extrapolate that a war for independence would be a war to remove the authority currently governing India, the British, and to garner the ability to govern themselves, essentially freedom from those ruling them. This would imply that the revolt would be a unified nationalistic cause under a single leader or a group of leaders co-operating. However India’s mutiny lacks a clear cut leader or coherence between those who were proclaimed to be leading the rebellion. Lastly the mutiny was not on a national scale, only parts of the country revolted subsequently throwing the identification of the Indian mutiny as a war of independence into disarray. One interpretation of the 1857 Indian Mutiny claims that the incident was a direct reaction to company insensitivities and the forceful imposition of British culture in preceding years, and was, clearly, by virtue of this, ‘a war of independence’. The first 50 years of the 19th century saw company rulers take an active foothold in attempting to liberalize Indian society with traditional, British Judeo-Christian values, to manufacture, in the words of Thomas Macauley, ‘a class...
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...Energy India: Towards Energy Independence 2030 January 2014 Copyright © 2014, by McKinsey & Company, Inc. India: Towards Energy Independence 2030 January 2014 4 India: Towards Energy Independence 2030 Introduction India is the world’s fourth largest economy1 as well as the fourth largest energy consumer. India imports a substantial portion of its energy — 80 per cent of its oil, 18 per cent of its gas, and now even 23 per cent of its coal. As the Indian economy continues to grow, so will its energy consumption, especially as the growth of its manufacturing sector catches up with services and agriculture. With domestic resource production facing various challenges, the general expectation has been that Indian energy imports will continue to grow, and energy security concerns will intensify. The outlook and options for Indian energy independence therefore becomes an important topic. A 2030 outlook is particularly relevant since it is difficult to significantly change energy policy in 5 or 10 years, but almost any boundary conditions can be changed over a 15-year period. Moreover, there have been few if any, in-depth perspectives on this topic for 2030. This white paper builds off the ‘2030 Global Energy Perspective’, McKinsey’s substantial body of research on energy demand and supply, and our understanding of the evolution of the global and Indian energy sectors. We have tried to address some of the basic questions that arise about Indian energy in 2030: Is India’s...
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...India was partitioned at Independence on the 15thof August 1947 into two distinct nations. A newly established and principally Muslim state of Pakistan and a Hindu dominated India. (Shirin Keen , 1998) This occurred due to the fact that Indians were unable to establish a compromise between Hindu desires for one nation under majority rule and Muslim wishes for a separate state. The pressure from the rising wave of nationalism made running the empire politically and economically challenging and increasingly not cost effective. European capital investment declined in the years of war and India went from a debtor country in the WWI to a creditor in WWII. British’s strategy of a gradual devolution of power, its representation to the Indians successive constitutional acts and a deliberate Indianisation of the administration, gathered a momentum of its own. India moved towards self-government. (Dr.Chandrika Kaul, 2011) The timing of independence owed a great deal to WWII and the demands it put on the British government and people. The United States foreign policy pressured the end of western subjugation and imperialism. It was only a matter of time before India gained its freedom. Protests and rioting also played a role. (Dr.Chandrika Kaul, 2011) In this essay I will discuss why India broke up in 1947 and how does the violence of the break up speak to some of the benefits of imperial rule. The conflict between India and Pakistan originated as a clash between Indian and Muslim nationalism...
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...78) New Delhi, India Cause of death Shooting Nationality Indian Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (Hindi: मोहनदास करमचन्द गांधी; Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી; 2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948) was a leader of nationalism in British-ruled India. He is more commonly called Mahatma Gandhi;[1] mahatma is an honorific meaning "high-souled" or "venerable" in Sanskrit. He was first called this in 1914 in South Africa. He is also called Bapu in India (Gujarati endearment for "father", "papa"). He was the Martyr of the Nation since 1948. Rabindranath Tagore gave him this name.[2] Gandhi was one of the most important people involved in the movement for the independence of India. He was a non-violent activist, who led the independence movement through a non-violent protest. Early life Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869 in Porbandar, Gujarat, India.[3] Several members of his family worked for the government of the state. When Gandhi was 18 years old, he went to England to study law.[4] After he became a lawyer, he went to the British colony of South Africa where he experienced laws that said people with dark skin had fewer rights than people with light skin. He decided then to become a political activist, so he could help change these unfair laws. He created a powerful, non-violent movement. During Gandhi's life, India was a colony of the United Kingdom, but wanted independence. As an activist In 1930, Gandhi led the Salt March. When he returned to India, he helped cause...
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...Gandhi was a non-violent leader of Indian independence. He worked tirelessly to improve the rights for Indiana immigrants in South Africa. In South Africa is where he learned his passive resistance against injustice. When he returned to India, after being in South Africa, it was not long before he was in the forefront of the struggle for independence from Britain. He protested many of the injustices in British ruled India. His protest of the tax on salt landed him in jail, in 1930. Gandhi also protested the railroads, built by the British. He said they contributed to the greed and poverty of India. Making a select few rich and paying the large amount of laborers next to nothing. In 1906, Gandhi started his peaceful, non-violent revolution. Gandhi declared he would go to jail, or even die, before submitting to the British, ridiculous laws. Many times his peaceful demonstrations were met with violent resistance. Which reiterated the fact the British was oppressing the people of India. These demonstrations resulted in mass arrests of the protestors. Still, that did deter Gandhi and his followers from peacefully protesting British rule. Gandhi and his followers ended British rule over India. They did so without delivering a single blow. Their peaceful protests proved effective in the independence of India and liberating its people from oppression. Through Gandhi’s gentleness and determination, the people of India were freed. Many people considered him a saint...
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...Indian nationalism in the period 1845-1947 in changing Britain’s relationship with its empire in India. There are many factors that led to the change of Britain’s relationship with its empire in the period 1845-1947. Such as the influence of key individuals including Gandhi, Jinnah and Nehru. The effects of both the First and Second World War on Britain which included its political situation and economy which was in turmoil due to the war. International pressure from countries such as the US whom Britain became reliant on during and after WW2. The consequences of key events such as the Indian mutiny and the Amritsar massacre which both brought about new policies and changed the way the country was governed. Nationalism was the most important factor in the period 1845-1947 in changing Britain’s relationship with its empire in India, as some of the factors listed above such as the Indian mutiny, and the support of key individuals were a result of nationalism. The Indian mutiny was very significant in changing Britain’s relationship with its empire in India in the period 1845-1947 to a great extent. Nationalism was the leading cause behind the mutiny as the British failed to realise the importance of Indian culture and religion. The mutiny was one of the first notable events that lead to a change in the relationship of Britain and India as it brought about great change in the way India was governed. The mutiny was caused due to ‘…political grievance and religious fears.’The British...
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...War of Independence 1857 and the Role of Urdu and Persian Newspapers Dr. Seemi Naghmana Tahir ∗ & Dr. Munir Ahmed Baloch ∗∗ Abstract Much has been written on the causes and consequences of the War of Independence 1857, as one of the most significant events of the history of Subcontinent. Both historians and fiction writers have drawn conclusions from diverse perspectives of the War. But still many of its facets seem to be enveloped in ambiguity. The role of press during the War is one of those dimensions which still need further exploration and analysis by the researchers and historians of today. This paper seeks to develop a causal relationship between the difference in Hindu-Muslim stance during the War and the role of Urdu and Persian newspapers in shaping the public opinion in general, and of Muslims of India in particular. The paper would also focus on the British attitude and actions against the ‘Native Press’ during and after the War, as one of the indicators of the impact and strength of this press. The reflections of the contents of some important newspapers would also be included to help in analyzing this press as main representative or spokesman of the Muslims of Subcontinent. ∗ ∗∗ Professor of Mass Communication & Dean, Faculty of Education and Humanities, University of Balochistan, Quetta. Professor of History & Director, Area Study Centre for Middle East, University of Balochistan, Quetta. 26 Pakistan Journal of History and Culture, Vol.XXX, No.1, 2009 ...
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...Bhagat Singh . Bhagat Singh | Bhagat Singh as he appeared in 1929 after cutting his hair in Lahore to escape detection by police | Born | (1907-09-28)28 September 1907 Jaranwala Tehsil, Punjab, British India | Died | 23 March 1931(1931-03-23) (aged 23) Lahore, Punjab, British India | Religion | Atheist | Bhagat Singh (IPA: [pə̀ɡət̪ sɪ́ŋɡ] ( listen); 28 September 1907 – 23 March 1931) was an Indian socialist considered to be one of the most influential revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement. He is often referred to as "Shaheed Bhagat Singh", the word "Shaheed" meaning "martyr" in a number of South Asian and Middle Eastern languages. Born into a Sikh family which had earlier been involved in revolutionary activities against the British Raj, as a teenager Singh studied European revolutionary movements and was attracted to anarchist and Marxist ideologies. He became involved in numerous revolutionary organisations, and quickly rose through the ranks of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) to become one of its main leaders, eventually changing its name to the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) in 1928. Seeking revenge for the death of Lala Lajpat Rai at the hands of the police, Singh was involved in the murder of British police officer John Saunders. He eluded efforts by the police to capture him. Soon after, together with Batukeshwar Dutt, he and an accomplice threw two bombs and leaflets inside the Central Legislative Assembly. The...
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...forever thank him for. There are two significant changes that occurred as a result of Gandhi’s actions: Indian’s gaining full independence and when he led the Salt March to protest against Britain. Mohandas Gandhi was shocked by the treatment of Indian immigrants in South Africa, so he joined the struggle to obtain basic rights for them. (BBC, 2013) He developed a non-violent way to address the wrong doings with speeches and protest, which attracted millions of followers, including the South African government. During his time, Gandhi led three major movements that he turned into political weapons. They were the Non-Cooperation Movement, the Civil Disobedience Movement, and the Quit India Movement. (Indian independence movement, n.d.) The Civil Disobedience Movement caused for the whole nation to join Gandhi in his fight against the British. This started the negotiating of the Indian Independence, but at this point the British were still not ready to let go. (Maps of India, 2004) After 15 more years, and a few more arrest, Gandhi finally had the chance to talk to Britain’s new government about the independence the nation craved. He sensed they wanted more power, so he distanced himself from the negotiations. Even so, the government eventually conceded too many of Gandhi’s demands, which led to the Indian Independence Act 1947. (Indian independence movement, n.d.) opposition One of Gandhi’s protests that was a significant political change was the Civil Disobedience Movement...
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...the Second World War on India? The Second World War had a profound effect on India, politically, economically and socially: I will be examining this and how the war ultimately bought about India as an independent nation. This essay will examine the short-term significance of Second World War on India (1939-47). September 3rd 1939 Viceroy Linlithgow, with no consultation or warning, committed over 300 million Indians to war with an enemy they knew little about. India had a long history of being ruled by Britain since it established a trading post there in the 17th century, and this declaration showed how they were still part of the British Empire. Whilst many rejected fascist ideologies, for the predominately Hindu populace, for whom engagement in violence was in direct contravention of their religion’s teachings, involvement in European war was deeply resented. “Nowhere do these great principles of morality and justice mean more than in India”. This statement, by Viceroy Linlithgow, following his declaration of war, illustrates how imperialistic and short-sighted Britain was to their relationship with India as these ‘principles’ had no place in how India was governed. For nearly 200 years the British Empire had suppressed India into submission, turning it an east-empire trading dock. This shows that even though India had been a huge help in the First World War many British officials still believed in India still being treated similarly to India 200 years ago. For Linlithgow...
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