...Opposition to nuclear power stations in Germany was generated by widespread agreement that nuclear power was not in the best interests if Germany society. This is reflected in legislation. However, if a significant proportion of Germany’s electricity supply is sourced from France – in particular, from nuclear power stations that are situated close to the German border – are there moral issues, or is this simply a cruel irony? Answer: By giving up nuclear power at this period of time would mean that Germany would have to rely heavily on non-renewable resources, such as coal, and on buying electricity from France. The electricity produced by France is mostly from their nuclear power stations, which are situated close to the German border. If we look back at the Chernobyl disaster, not only parts of Ukraine were affected but many parts of Belarus were affected too. So, if there happened to be a nuclear station accident in France, then, Germany would be affected too. Therefore, in my opinion, Germany has made the decision to quit from nuclear power too early as mentioned by the president of Germany, Ralf Gueldner, "A quick and rash exit from German nuclear power would raise costs for the whole economy, make us miss climate goals, raise our reliance on fossil fuels and make our power supply less secure, meaning more power imports and problems with network stability," (Pidd, 2011). The operating standards in French nuclear power stations are not necessarily those that would apply...
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...in the Cold War Period 11-41 6.Chapter - 3 : Indo-US Diplomatic Ties in the Post- Cold War Period 42-79 7.Chapter - 4 : Indo-U.S. Economic, Technological and Scientific Co-operation 80-131 8.Chapter - 5 : 9/11 Incident: US Attitude towards Terrorism Vis-à-vis India and Pakistan 132-169 9.Chapter - 6 : India’s Nuclear Links with the USA 170-204 10. Chapter - 7 : Conclusion 205-214 11. Select Bibliography 215-237 Preface Indo-U.S. relations constitute important and influential relations in this world politics. It influences not only the U.S.-Pakistani and the Sino-Indian relations to a great extent; ‘Indo-U.S. relations in the post-Cold War period (1992-2006)’ has been the title of the present dissertation. Beginning against the back ground of the U.S.-Pakistani Arms Assistance Agreement of 1954, the Indo-U.S. relations had witnessed many ups and down in the following years. For example, there had been flourishes in Indo-U.S. relations in the early years of 1960s under the Kennedy Administration. This ascent in relations continued until the mid 1960, when the U.S. changed its South Asia policy and adopted a balanced relationship vis-à-vis India and Pakistan in the subsequent years until 1970. The Seventies saw a pro-Pakistani tilt in the context of the Bangladesh crisis, Indo-Pakistani War (1971)...
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...INDIA’S REGIONAL DIPLOMACY: NEW IMPERATIVES “The supreme art of war is to subdue the enemy without fighting.” -Sun Tzu, The Art of War “Diplomacy is the art of telling people to go to hell in such a way that they ask for directions.” -Winston Churchill Introduction 1. India's regional policy, like its economic and international policies, has been facing continuous adverse criticism. Without well-defined and transparent national interests, a national aim and a proper doctrine to support these, it has ended up with vague and blurred goals. Besides, it has remained geared to the doctrine of nonalignment- a philosophy based on wishful thinking, self righteousness, a convenient substitute for hard thinking and decisions. 2. The old order based on a bipolar world achieved the objective of peace, or limiting the extent of conflicts after the Second World War. However, justice and prosperity eluded the old order because of international interests of superpowers. Presently, the world is experiencing transition to a New World Order, with no super power as the centre of the power hub. What then will the new order seek, now that ‘geo-economics’ has overtaken geo-politics. It is therefore imperative for us to know as to what is the role of India in Asian context, and how India’s regional diplomacy will affect the overall politico-military role of the country. Background 3. India being the largest democracy and the second most populous nation in the...
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...Abstract Topic:-From NAM to Nuclear India This project revolves around India journey from being neutral inert party towards any alliance of super powers, disarmament policy and ideologies of peace to becoming one of the pioneering countries in the field of nuclear weapons developments, nuclear energy deal with the U.S and facing war and aggression from China and Pakistan, two of its neighbouring countries. The Non Aligned Movement (NAM) was created out of the desire to orient India’s foreign policy towards the group of newly decolonized states, hoping to create a larger area of peace by fighting common dangers of imperialism and racialism together.1 Nehru wanted India to be the leader of the developing world, in this way carving out a global role for the country. The principle of India’s leadership was to be based on moral rather than economic power. India’s relations with the superpowers during the cold war were difficult as its non aligned status was never really accepted by the US who saw India as being in the Soviet camp. India’s foreign policy formulation changed first under the United Front governments in the mid 1990s and then more radically under the BJP led NDA alliance in 1998. The backdrop to the changes were the economic reforms which had been started in 1991. India was opening up to the world and economic growth rather than self sufficiency became the major driver for international relations. Today India stands proudly among...
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...March 19, 2012 Much to American anger and displeasure, India is in no mood to reduce its energy ties with Iran. Let us say that the Indian policy makers are cognizant of some of the critical facts concerning Iran. * That the international community has serious misgivings about the peaceful intentions of the Iranian nuclear programme. * That India is formally opposed to a nuclear Iran. * That under American sanctions, in December 2010 India had to terminate the Asian Customs Union (ACU) arrangement to pay for its oil imports from Iran. * That alternative payment arrangements through Germany, Turkey and the UAE were unsuccessful, finally forcing India and Iran to settle for partial rupee payment for oil imports. * That the rupee payment arrangement covers only 45 percent of the oil bill because the trade balance is highly in favour of Iran. * That State-own Shipping Corporation India has refused to ship crude from Iran because it could not find the necessary insurance cover. * That there are growing concerns over a possible Israeli military strike against Iranian nuclear installations. * That India would have learned some lessons from the September 2005 fiasco over the IAEA vote. Not only its anti-Iranian vote was a last minute decision, the manner in which it executed and explained its vote clearly revealed that New Delhi acted under pressure from Washington. This inept handling angered Tehran and displeased Washington. ...
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...Contents Executive Summary 2 1. Introduction 4 2. Demand of power 4 2.1 Energy demand with respect to sector has been continuously changing in India. 5 2.1.1 Agricultural sector 5 2.1.2 Industrial sector 5 2.1.3 Domestic Sector 5 3 Supply of power 5 4. Indian Power sector Growth – Recent and Future 5 5. Transmission and Distribution – 6 5.1 National Power Grid 7 5.2 Losses in T & D 7 5.3 Measures that can be taken to reduce losses are: 8 5.3.1 For Technical losses: 8 5.3.2 For Commercial losses: 8 6. India’s energy mix – Future investment required 8 7. Environmental issues 9 8. Sources of power 9 8.1 Coal 9 8.2 Natural Gas 10 8.3 Hydro power 10 8.4 Nuclear sources of power 10 8.5 Renewable sources of power 11 8.5.1 Solar power 11 8.5.2 Wind power 11 8.5.3 Biomass power 11 9. Regulatory changes 12 10. Disinvestment & consolidation 12 11. Challenges: 13 Appendix: 14 Appendix I 14 Appendix II 14 Appendix III 15 Appendix IV 16 Appendix V 16 Appendix VI 16 Appendix VII 17 References: 18 Executive Summary Availability of power is one of the important ingredients for industrial growth. It is an important infrastructure facility without which any industrial activity cannot be thought of in modern times. In the report, the main parameter used is the increase in the demand of power in India. Assuming a growth of 8%, the projected energy demand will be about 3600 billion kWh, almost 5 times the current demand. Based on the demand growth and the...
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...will its energy consumption, especially as the growth of its manufacturing sector catches up with services and agriculture. With domestic resource production facing various challenges, the general expectation has been that Indian energy imports will continue to grow, and energy security concerns will intensify. The outlook and options for Indian energy independence therefore becomes an important topic. A 2030 outlook is particularly relevant since it is difficult to significantly change energy policy in 5 or 10 years, but almost any boundary conditions can be changed over a 15-year period. Moreover, there have been few if any, in-depth perspectives on this topic for 2030. This white paper builds off the ‘2030 Global Energy Perspective’, McKinsey’s substantial body of research on energy demand and supply, and our understanding of the evolution of the global and Indian energy sectors. We have tried to address some of the basic questions that arise about Indian energy in 2030: Is India’s current energy trajectory sustainable, as is or with some adjustments? To what extent can India aim to achieve energy independence by 2030? What opportunities does India have to increase domestic energy supply and curb demand over and above the current trajectory? How can we make the most of the new global supply dynamics and technologies? This paper is a thought starter, intended to...
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...needs requiring huge investments to meet them. Energy can be classified into several types based on the following criteria: • • • Primary and Secondary energy Commercial and Non commercial energy Renewable and Non-Renewable energy 1.2 Primary and Secondary Energy Primary energy sources are those that are either found or stored in nature. Common primary energy sources are coal, oil, natural gas, and biomass (such as wood). Other primary energy sources available include nuclear energy from radioactive substances, thermal energy stored in earth’s interior, and potential energy due to earth’s gravity. The major primary and secondary energy sources are shown in Figure 1.1 Primary energy sources are mostly converted in industrial utilities into secondary energy sources; for example coal, oil or gas converted into steam and electricity. Source Extraction Coal Processing Preparation Primary energy Coal Open or Deep Mines Secondary Energy Steam Thermal Purification Hydro Coke Nuclear Mining Enrichment Power Station Electricity Natural gas Gas Well Treatment Natural gas Thermal Petroleum Oil Well Cracking and Refining LPG Petrol...
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...POWER AND ENERGY INDUSTRY IN INDIA 1. OVERVIEW OF INDIA’S POWER SECTOR 1.1 Background India's power market is the fifth largest in the world. The power sector is high on India's priority as it offers tremendous potential for investing companies based on the sheer size of the market and the returns available on investment capital. Contribution from different sources of power generation Gas based 10% Coal based Gas based Hydro Renewable Nuclear Diesel Source: Ministry of Power, Government of India Almost 55 per cent of this capacity is based on coal, about 10 per cent on gas, 26 per cent on hydro, approximately 5 per cent on renewable sources, about 3 per cent on nuclear and 1 per cent on diesel. In the past five years, there has been a much greater emphasis on transmission and distribution reforms. The government aims to provide "power to all" by 2012. To achieve that promise, it will have to add as much as 1,00,000 MW of generation capacity, cut AT&C losses substantially to below 20 per cent, rationalize tariffs and ensure that average revenue realization is greater than the cost of production. It will have to continue to push the process of reform and restructuring and ensure greater private participation, in every segment. In the past few years, there has been considerable growth in power plants based on renewable sources of energy. The Plant Load Factor (PLF) of generating plants has improved consistently over the last 10 years. The share of thermal power...
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...regions and the world at large. This was mainly anchored on its ‘look east policy’ initiated in the early 1990s that saw the country focus on the East Asia and Pacific regions as an economic framework for expanding ties and promoting economic growth. With the new expanded strategic vision – “Look East” policy 2, India has broadened the definition of its security interest in its strategic economic endeavors. It is generally seen that India’s partnership with ASEAN have had an impact on India’s economic, political, and security related involvement ‘in these larger, concentric coalitions around ASEAN…in East Asia and in the Asian Pacific’ (Gujral, 1996, p. 12). The look east policy has integrated a larger regionalization framework and strategy encompassing the Asia Pacific issues (Scott, 2007). WE ARE TECHNOLOGY THESIS EXPERTS! ORDER NOW! WWW.UKESSAYHUB.COM The Indians-ASEAN links do not only have economic frameworks but strategic underpinnings as well. As Scot (2007) has indicated, china has been a factor in all of the India’s initiatives albeit blurred in economic progressions. Some analysts have argued that the growing Chinese economic and military influence in Asia has been the anchorage on the basis of which the strategic molding of ‘look East Policy’ was structured. India’s continued influence has therefore been viewed as providing ‘a balance’ to Chinas growing influence in the region. India’s aspiration to be a major global power is indisputable. For many years,...
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...the Bangladeshi War of 1971, Pakistan was determined to establish its own nuclear weapons programme due to its strategic vulnerability and long-held animosities towards India and this was accelerated when India conducted its first nuclear detonation in 1974. Although India later declared a moratorium on nuclear testing after the first nuclear testing that lasted for 24 years, it was broken in 1998 with the rise of Hindu hardliners party, Bharatiya Janata (BJP). Casting the Pakistani-supported insurgencies in Kashmir as a crisis of national security, military expenditure was increased with the resumption of nuclear weapon testing such as Pokhran-ll and Kirana-l. Provocative statements such as India adopting a “pro-active” policy in Kashmir to crush insurgencies were also directed at Pakistan as a warning to stop its military campaign against India. In retaliation to India’s moves, Pakistan was convinced that India would launch a preemptive strike to capture Pakistan-occupied-Kashmir and hence directed its resources to nuclear testing of Chagai-l and ll despite the threat of sanctions from the international community. The prospect of a nuclear exchange was then escalated onto a new level as seen in Kargil conflict of 1999 where Pakistan believed that the only way to claim back Kashmir was through force. Hence, nuclearisation of the conflict had escalated tensions and fear between both countries since nuclear weapons have potentially large-scale destructive effects, and the unwillingness...
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...Critical Analysis of Indian Energy Policy Framework: Issues and Recommendations KVNKC Sharma1, Raj Vadukul2, Rajdeepsinh Parmar3 1. Author is with the School of Petroleum Management, PDPU, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. (Ph.: +91-7874208344; e-mail: k.spgp15@ spm.pdpu.ac.in). 2. Author is with the School of Petroleum Management, PDPU, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. (Ph.: +91-8866445772; e-mail: raj.vpgp15@ spm.pdpu.ac.in). 3. Author is with the School of Petroleum Management, PDPU, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India. (Ph.: +91-9825516999; e-mail: rajdeep.ppgp15@ spm.pdpu.ac.in). Abstract: With the fall in global oil prices, investments are moving away from renewable technologies for the foreseeable future. This trend is expected to last for a few years wherein we need to depend upon fossil fuels to meet the ever growing energy demands. Effective management of the energy sector has always remained a key agenda and major challenge for Indian government owing to its impact on the nation’s economy and development. India’s over dependence on energy imports also makes her susceptible to global geopolitical shifts and price fluctuations. In the wake of these macroeconomic factors, this paper critically analyses the existing energy policies and regulations to identify gaps and challenges and provides with recommendations towards achieving the country’s energy objectives. We begin the paper by stating India’s energy objectives and studying the present consumption patterns...
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...THE ACCIDENTAL PRIME MINISTER THE ACCIDENTAL PRIME MINISTER THE MAKING AND UNMAKING OF MANMOHAN SINGH SANJAYA BARU VIKING Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Books India Pvt. Ltd, 11 Community Centre, Panchsheel Park, New Delhi 110 017, India Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New York, New York 10014, USA Penguin Group (Canada), 90 Eglinton Avenue East, Suite 700, Toronto, Ontario, M4P 2Y3, Canada (a division of Pearson Penguin Canada Inc.) Penguin Books Ltd, 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England Penguin Ireland, 25 St Stephen’s Green, Dublin 2, Ireland (a division of Penguin Books Ltd) Penguin Group (Australia), 707 Collins Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3008, Australia (a division of Pearson Australia Group Pty Ltd) Penguin Group (NZ), 67 Apollo Drive, Rosedale, Auckland 0632, New Zealand (a division of Pearson New Zealand Ltd) Penguin Group (South Africa) (Pty) Ltd, Block D, Rosebank Office Park, 181 Jan Smuts Avenue, Parktown North, Johannesburg 2193, South Africa Penguin Books Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England First published in Viking by Penguin Books India 2014 Copyright © Sanjaya Baru 2014 All rights reserved 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 The views and opinions expressed in this book are the author’s own and the facts are as reported by him which have been verified to the extent possible, and the publishers are not in any way liable for the same. ISBN 9780670086740 Typeset in Bembo by R. Ajith Kumar, New Delhi Printed at Thomson Press India...
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...Energy Security in India Important facts regarding energy generation capacity and the energy mix for India Source | Percentage | Coal | 57 | Hydro | 18.6 | Renewable | 12.25 | Gas | 8.9 | Nuclear | 2.2 | Oil | 0.56 | Sector | Percentage | State | 40 | Central | 29 | Pvt | 29 | 1. Energy is the prime mover of a country’s economic growth. Availability of energy with required quality of supply is not only key to sustainable development, but the commercial energy also have a parallel impact and influence on the quality of service in the fields of education, health and, in fact, even food security. 2. According to a report by IEA (International Energy Agency), India needs to invest a total of 800 billion dollars in various stages by 2030 to meet its energy demand. India accounts to around 2.4% of the annual world energy production, but on the other hand consumes 3.3% of the annual world energy supply. And this imbalance is estimated to surpass Japan and Russia by 2030 placing India into the third position in terms of annual energy consumption. Therefore, after summing up all the energy issues, energy security has been identified as the only tool to overcome the energy concerns. 3. According to Integrated Energy Policy, for a 9% growth over a sustained period, imports of crude oil in 2031-32 may be between 362-520 million tonnes with import dependence of 91%-94%. For natural gas, it may be 25-135 (Mtoe), which means an import dependence of 20%-57%...
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...Introduction : Rise of India and China India and China are the two most populated countries in the world, each with a little over 1 billion people. Both countries have long and ancient history. Both are unique in having an unbroken stream of ancient culture and civilization for centuries before the dawn of the Christian era. Populations of both countries consist of very highly educated and technically skilled work force. In both countries, there is very large middle class, progressively becoming very hungry for vast quantities of consumer goods. However until the 1980s, their economies were among the poorest in the world. India has been the largest democracy since 1947 but heart-rending sights of extreme poverty can be seen even in the flourishing business capitals. There are no subways, very few highways which results in nightmarish tangle of traffic all the time. China has been under the communist rule since the revolution led by Mao Tse Tung in 1966 and still continues to be under the centralized communist rule. Both the countries operated under centralized planning and kept their economies closed to global markets. However, in the past two decades, the world is witnessing a strange miracle taking place in both the countries. In the early 1980s, first China and later, India, started opening their economies to foreign direct investment and began participating more and more in global trade. The world had never witnessed this rare phenomenon of two relatively poor countries...
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