...Anthony Flores MAS 10A 12:00pm Professor Covarrubias, Professor Gamboa 10/15/14 SECTION ONE: Indigenous Mesoamerica b. To what extent has the history of Mesoamerica been taught from a Eurocentric perspective? What theories, ideas, and/or terminology are problematic when trying to assert an Indigenous perspective? (For example: Bering Strait, Malintzin, Cuauhtemoc, Human Sacrifice...there are many more examples!) In the United States the history of Mesoamerica has always been included in textbooks and lectures around the nation. The parts of the history that are included, however, are what is often put into question. While writing any piece or publishing any book there will always be a set bias. There is only so much you can include and many times what is chosen not to be included speaks more volumes then what is included. In secondary education one is taught the history of the Americas in a Eurocentric perspective. Many of the ugly truths are hidden and many of the people we were made to believe were American heroes would largely be construed as villains to many if all the facts were presented. This has a lot to do with why its is not universally presented in such a manner, as many of the facts and ideas paint the roots of the countries foundation as villainous and the indigenous perspective is very intricate to explain. While the barriers of the ideas and terminology may be present it is still inexplicable how the history of Mesoamerica is still taught in...
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...the conversion of the indigenous populations, which then led to a blending of the Catholic tradition with that of the indigenous religions. Catholicism became a part of everyday life for the populations of colonial Mexico and because Catholicism is a hierarchal religious tradition, it reinforced the pre-existing social class structure within the Spanish kingdom. The minorities continued to be excluded from certain aspects of society, including religious positions and education. Both of which were greatly influenced areas of colonial society by the Catholic Church. The church was deeply involved in most, if not all aspects of colonial Mexican life including influencing politics, education, and other local social issues. The Spanish conquest of the Americas was one of great expansion in more ways than one. The Spanish crown not only added new areas of the world to their kingdom but simultaneously spread Christianity throughout this New World. The Catholic Church, a powerful institution in its own right, with the dedicated word of European missionaries, the growth of the religion led to the conversion of much of the indigenous populations in the Americas. The missionaries built missions and had haciendas that created environments in which the Catholic religion was a fundamental incorporation of life, so as to convert the indigenous population. The missionaries also built schools and universities to educate the Spanish colonials. The University of Mexico was one of the first universities...
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...inrooted in the writings done by the Spanish. Espcially a figure whos name is Bartomlme Dailas Casis who was member of Dominican order and was writing in defense of indigouous people and indeed the cause of religion and proptization. He liked all members of churches was driven by political cocerns. Himself in fact had orgiannly been a Reconquista himself who enjoy spoiled of feudal rewards. Spanish interested in colonization. Antonio De Montesinos had a great influence Bartolom. Both of them asserted that the Spanish sovernty rested upon aboriginal people. Also meant their protection and guidance. This would emphasize Spanish brutallty and igore other major factors which wold play a major in the conquest itself. Included indigenous allies. Grandson Ferdenan Isabella asserted that indigenous people cannot be held in slavery and their own governments and recognize apart from Spanish empire. Also considered as wards of Spanish monarchy. Spanish crown stepped in governing any future conquest of indigenous people were to be conducted. This concluded the introduction of The Reconquista requirement. The White legend was able to acquire Christianity and was civilized. Got rid of human sacrifice by the Aztecs. The Spanish used indigenous people’s administrative records. Because indigenous people were integrated into governments. Republicas Deindios only priest can occupy these societies. Under the white legend it was believed all of their cultural practices were wiped...
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...Chapter Summary: The Spanish took over the Caribbean, Mexico, and Peru. They also wanted to conquer the Americas. Most of the native people were forced into slavery or they were swept away by the smallpox. Colonies were made in North America. The Europeans were beginning to mix with the indigenous people, even though there were still social and sexual hierarchies. Silver became quite important, so laborers were sent to mine for silver. There were three different labor systems; one came right after the other. Until the free laborer system got set in place. Europeans began settling in Australia, even though there wasn’t much trade going on at the time. Many more people traveled to the Pacific after Magellan and Captain Cook. I. Colliding Worlds...
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...316 million people residing in the U.S.; the Latino population accounted for 17% of this number—that’s 54 million Latinos residing in the U.S. in the year 2013, especially concentrated in the Southwest. From 2012 to 2013 there was an increase of 2.3 million people living in the U.S.; Latinos accounted for 48% of this number—that’s an increase of 1.1 million Latinos. In respect to all members of the Latino household, the median annual income was $39,000 in 2012; twenty-nine percent of these people were living in poverty. Sixty-four percent of Latinos had at least a high school diploma in 2012; seven percent had at least a bachelor’s degree....
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...Encounter I. Patterns of Indigenous Life 1. Geography and environment prompted Indigenous Americans to adopt different forms of social organization 1. Nonsedentary peoples 1. Mobile communities 2. Hunters and gatherers 3. Relatively simple social organization 4. Examples include 1. Chichimecas of northern Mexico 2. Pampas of Argentine grasslands 1. Semisedentary peoples 1. Often lived in forests 2. Relied on some agriculture as well as hunting 3. Built villages, but moved frequently 4. Employed “shifting cultivation” agriculture to take advantage of thin forest soil 5. Examples include Tupí people of Brazil 1. Fully sedentary 1. Permanent settlements 2. Often on high plateaus, rather than forests or grasslands 3. Stability allowed for complex societies 4. Employed irrigation to sustain agricultural base 5. Sometimes developed into city-states or empires 6. Highly stratified societies 7. Examples 1. Aztec empire 2. Maya empire 3. Inca empire 1. Empires of the Americas 1. Aztec empire 1. Aztec refers to the empire, not the people 2. In modern-day Mexico 3. Ruled by the Mexica people 4. Nahuatl-speaking ...
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...La Malinche played a crucial role in forming what is presently known as Mexico. During the century XVI the indigenous princess was born into an aristocratic family until she was sold “como un esclava a los aztecas.” Quickly the beauty and intelligence of La Malinche set herself apart from the other slaves. Thus when the Spanish conquistador, Hernan Cortes, arrived Malinche was presented as a useful present. Her previous knowledge of the Nahuah and Mayan languages and her rapid proficiency in Spanish made her Cortes’s ideal translator and consultant. La Malinche continuously proved her loyalty throughout the Spanish conquest. Not only did Malinche warn Cortes of possible ambushes (emboscadas) but she also convinced gente to form an alliance against Montezuma, the Aztec emperor. Over time, Malinche formed a relationship with Cortes and eventually gave birth to his son. The son of Malinche and Cortes marks beginning of the mestizo race, which dominates the population of Mexico in this day in age. Malinche “fue testigo del fin de una civilizacion y el augue de otra nueva y se convirtió en la madre simbólica del Nuevo group étnico” que shapes Mexico today. The role of La Malinche in the construction of present day Mexico is both revered and condemned. Historically, the consensus was that the traitorous alliance between Malinche and the Spanish conquerors was unforgivable. Recently, however, many have attempted to rewrite the unjust reputation of la “Eva Mexicana...
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...to build a wall on the Mexican border if they receive the power of running the country. Looks of disgust and assumptions towards cultural holidays. Celebrations such as the Day of the Dead, Day of Independence –in Mexico- and issues with immigration have various stereotypes placed upon them. Are they true? The misconceptions of this celebrations and reasons behind these actions do not signify or give the correct information of these events.The main three points would be the more popular assumptions made towards Mexican people and cultural...
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...Mexico is located in North America the capital is Mexico City. Mexico borders North by the United States and Southeast by Belize and Guatemala. Mexico also borders, West by the Pacific Ocean and East by the Gulf of Mexico. As of 2018, the current population is 131.9 million. The current female population is 66.8 million that makes up 50.7% of the population and the male population is 65 million, which makes up 49.3% of the population. The growth rate is 1.37% and the life expectancy is 76 years. The official language is Spanish. Mexico is the country with the most Spanish speakers in the world. Spanish is 92.7% and indigenous languages 5.7%, indigenous 0.8% and unspecified is 0.8%. Indigenous languages include various Mayan, Nahuatl, and other regional languages. As for religion, the majority are Roman Catholic at 82.7%, Pentecostal 1.6%, Jehovah’s Witness 1.4%, other Evangelical Churches 5%, other 1.9%, none 4.7% and unspecified 2.7%. As for climate, Mexico has a rainy and dry season. During May through September or October its rainy season, which increases the risk of tropical storms and hurricanes. During the rest of the year it’s less or no rain. Temperature varies from 43ºF to 80ªF...
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...divided passage that attests the unpredictability of living in the psychic, social, and social territory some place in the middle of México and the United States. With Gloria Anzaldúa calling the United States/Mexico border "una herida abierta", an open wound, is actually justifiable. The agony and delight of the borderlands, maybe no more noteworthy or lesser than the feelings mixed by living anyplace contradictions proliferate, societies conflict and merge, and life is existed on an edge; which originate from a wound that won't mend but is perpetually recuperating. These grounds have dependably been here; the waterway of individuals has streamed for a considerable length...
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...and the racialization of the Mexican population living in the Southwest. In 1848 the United States and Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ending the Mexican America War. The United States government stated that Mexicans who lived within the newly controlled territory of the Southwest would become American citizens. However, a year later after the treaty had been signed, the United States government lied and broke its promise of allowing equality to the newly controlled Mexican population living within the southwest. California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Texas were some of the states newly controlled by the United States government. The United States government began the process of...
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...Developing Countries Many people confuse the term of developing nation and third world country. Some countries have a more developed economic system, but that does not mean it is a third world country. Other people try to use these terms as a ranking scheme for the states of developing countries according to the One World Nations page. The web page dictionary.com describes a third world country as “country is a country in which the predominant culture and society is made up of mostly minority groups and where poverty is abundant”. The only difference between a developing country and a third world country is the ability or the chance the country has to come up from the economic instability they are in. An example of a developing country is Mexico. Mexico has been struggling for a long time already to come up from that developing phase. Many people might think that Mexico is not one of the many developing countries, but it is. Mexico has the six characteristics that define a developing country the first one being low levels of living standards. During the mid-90s, there was a huge problem with the indigenous people that still live in Oaxaca Mexico. The Mexican government wanted to take their lands away to build manufacturing companies there. Most of the people that lived there were poor and their only way of creating income was by the form of agriculture which is the second characteristic of developing countries. They did not receive much help from the government for their schools...
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...North America, part of the Americas, was named after Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci. Though all of the regions have very different histories, the people all most likely originated from the same area. Nomadic civilizations first migrated through the Bering Strait into Canada. These first people in Canada included the Inuit, the Iroquois, and the Sioux. Europeans first discovered the continent when they reached what is now Greenland and continued traveling south. Jacques Cartier named the country Canada after the enslaved guides spoke the word kanata, the Iroquoian word for village. The French were the first to set up settlements in Canada in 1604. Throughout the 1700s, French and British forces were trying to gain the most land in North America. This lead to the British gaining Canada in 1759. Canada ultimately gained independence in 1867. The country grew from coast to coast over the next one hundred years to become large country that it is today....
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...came from various backgrounds. Some were originally priests, soldiers, scientists, it didn’t matter what you were previously, they all were driven and motivated by the same things. There were many conquistadors from Spain that were successful, including people such as Francisco Pizarro and Hernan Cortes, known for exploring the Americas, as well as conquering the Aztecs and Peru. These conquistadors benefited and took advantage of many things over the native...
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...THE EVOLUTION OF TECHNOLOGY: COMPARING COMMUNICATION METHODS OF MODERN SOCIAL NETWORKS TO RURAL INDIGENOUS GROUPS [DO NOT CITE WITHOUT PERMISSION OF THE AUTHORS] 1 ABSTRACT “It has become appallingly obvious that our technology has exceeded our humanity” (Einstein 1875-1955). This quote by Albert Einstein shows the vast technology changes experienced by humanity. The early indigenous tribes and groups had developed systems of communication and networks to conduct their daily activities (ie. trade, etc) with the use of technological resources which were far inferior compared to modern day. They created social networks to communicate and share common interests during their interactions. A social network defined is a social structure that encompasses individuals and organizations who become connected through sharing of common interests, for example in friendship, beliefs, knowledge, etc. In the modern era, post 1950s, humankind had begun to see a sharp climb in technology uses to ease daily tasks and activities. They created a social structure such that much of the interaction and creation of social networks revolves around the use of technology as a resource. Technology in the modern era has begun to be viewed as a means of effective communication and function for a majority of individuals. The comparison between rural indigenous groups of the past and the modern era communication methods can be studied to see whether technology has increased level of communication. ...
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