...Infectious Disease What is the stake of the American People and the Government by International Agencies to control Infectious Disease in Developing Countries? More people are at risk of infectious diseases than at any other time on history. Infectious diseases are worldwide problem requiring worldwide attention. Infectious diseases can weaken the strength of a nation's resources. In developing nations this poses even a greater threat. Diseases are threatening the economic stability of many developing nations. 50,000 people die everyday from infectious disease. Rift Valley Fever infects both livestock and humans. Rift Valley Fever is most commonly found in regions of eastern and southern Africa. It also exists in Madagascar and sub-Saharan Africa. The Bunyaviridae family includes the Rift Valley Fever disease. It is primarily spread from infected mosquitoes, who then infect animals. Generally they infect domestic animals, such as buffalo, cattle, sheep, camels and goats. Once the livestock are infected, other mosquitoes can spread the disease. It is also possible that the infection can be spread from other biting insects. The Rift Valley Fever outberak of 1997-1998 in eastern Africa killed both humans and livestock. It economically hurt trase in animals and the dairy indusrty.. the economy was crushed by trade imbargoes. Humans can get Rift Valley Fever in numerous ways. Humans can be infected from the mosquitoes or the bodily fluids of the infected animal...
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...INFECTIOUS DISEASE Public Health Management Infectious Disease At what risks are the people of the United States and its government if the International Agencies control infectious disease in increasing countries? There are many people today at risk of infectious diseases than ever in our history. Infectious disease is an ongoing worldwide issue and requires much needed attention. A nation’s resources can be weakening because of an infectious disease. And emerging nations poses even a greater threat. Diseases threaten economic stability on a daily basis and 50,000 people die each day from an infectious disease. The Rift Valley Fever outbreak of eastern Africa occurred in 1997-1998; this outbreak killed plenty of livestock as well as humans. Economically this outbreak hurt economically, the trade of animals and the dairy industry. Rift Valley Fever is frequently found in the regions of south and eastern Africa. It was also found to exist in Madagascar and the Sub-Saharan. The primary spread of this outbreak is from infected mosquitoes, which in turn infect animals. In general they can infect anything from domestic animals, also buffalo, cattle, sheep, camels and goats. After the livestock is infected then other mosquitoes are able to spread the disease. But it is also possible that other biting insects can spread the disease. Humans are possibly infected from the mosquito or infected animal’s bodily fluids. Such contacts as brushing the infected...
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...Infectious Disease, Biological and its Control “Infectious diseases are disorders caused by organisms”, stated the Mayo Clinic (2014). Knowledge of the germ theory and disease came about in the Nineteenth Century through Louis Pasteur. Pasteur identified that pathogens, such as bacteria, cause disease by attacking the body from the outside, BBC (2014). Following on from Pasteur’s germ theory, Robert Koch in 1876, proved specific pathogens caused specific diseases, Stevenson (2014). Pathogens are biological agents that take the form of bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoa causing infection and illness by challenging our immune system, through killing cells or disrupting the cell function, National Academies (2015). “Only when a microorganism has successfully established a site of infection in the host does disease occur”, Janeaway et al (2001). When working in Mexico, there are certain infectious diseases prevalent, and transmission of these diseases can happen through a variety of methods such as direct contact with other infected humans or animals, indirectly by touching infected objects or via airborne transmission. Reports suggest over one million people die from vector borne diseases every year, such as malaria from mosquitos carrying pathogens from host to host, WHO (2014). Whilst working or travelling, should you succumb to an infection or disease, your body will try to defend itself using non-specific mechanisms, such as mechanical, chemical and biological barriers...
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...Infectious Disease HIV/AIDS Julie Maple HCA/240 October 7, 2012 Elizabeth Day Infectious Disease HIV/AIDS The Human Immunodeficiency Virus was discovered in 1985. HIV is a virus that is transmitted from one person to another by many different ways. For example, HIV can be transmitted by bodily fluids. It could be fluids like blood or semen that transmits the virus, because they came from the infected person into the other person. HIV/AIDS is commonly spread by sexual intercourse. I have also seen people get HIV/AIDS by sharing needles when using them for street drugs. HIV/AIDS reproduces, and as it reproduces, it tears down the body’s immune system, thus leaving the body susceptible to other illnesses and infections. The only environmental factors that could make a person vulnerable to HIV/AIDS would be the lack of recreational activities in the environment. There are also places in our neighborhoods that allow people to use drugs and engage in sexual activity. In my hometown there was this place at the community park called the rock. It was this huge rock that all the “cool” kids went to so they wouldn’t get caught doing their drugs or having sex. With HIV/AIDS there are two inflammatory responses. According to Brown (1995), “the production by B cells of antibodies which circulate all around the body in the bloodstream, and eventually bind to the agent. There are mechanics available which are very good at destroying anything which has antibody bound to...
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...Infectious Diseases Sharelle Taylor HCA 240 Inflammation occurs when there is sickness or some type of injury to the body. Injured cells release a certain chemical that lets the immune system know that there is something wrong. They attract healing cells which are sent out to work on damaged tissue. HIV/AIDS is transmitted through many bodily fluids. These fluids are Blood, Semen, Pre-seminal fluid, Breast milk, vaginal fluids, Rectal mucous. Other body fluids and waste products...
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...When you first think about HIV or AIDS what do you think about? When I was growing up I always thought it was a viral infection or someone who was just sick and would get better. Although you can live with HIV or AIDS and you can go a long time without showing any symptoms, HIV AIDS is a very serious condition and is very contagious. HIV stands for HUMAN IMMUNODEFCIENY VIRUS. HIV is like other versus, including those that cause the flu or the common cold. Your immune system cant get rid of HIV though and a lot of scientists and still trying to find a cure and figure out how HIV is formed or how to stop it from spreading. HIV can hide for a long period of time and the cells in your body and it ends up attacking key part of your immune system, which are your T_CELLS or CD4 Cells. You need those cells to fight a virus but HIV invades them and destroys your immune system. After HIV has destroyed your CD4 cells your body cant fight them any longer and then HIV turns into AIDS. AIDS is Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, which is the final stage of HIV infection and when you reach this stage your immune system is shot which puts them at risk for opportunistic infections. People believe that HIV came from a chimpanzee in Western Africa. Humans came in contact with HIV when they hunted the affected animals. It could have gone as far back as the late 1800’s. HIV has not infected and has spread to every country in the world. Statistics show that 40 million people are currently...
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...Chronic and Infectious Diseases Chronic and infectious diseases are diseases life threatening. A chronic diseases are non-communicable illnesses prolonged in duration, do not resolve spontaneously, and are rarely cured completely such as heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, and arthritis (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009). However, an infectious disease or communicable disease is contagious and caused by a biological agent, such as a virus, bacterium, or parasite also known as pathogens (The Metro Health System, 2002-2012). There are some diseases, such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Characteristics of a chronic disease, examining the relationship between a healthy nutritional diet, and cardiovascular disease, the effects of chronic, and infectious diseases, how exercise affects the immune system, and consumer awareness are the focus of this paper. Characteristics of a Chronic Disease Chronic diseases are often hard to detect because the disease spread slowly. According to UCLA Center for Neurovisceral Sciences and Women's Health (n.d.), “chronic illnesses also have multiple causes varying over time, including heredity, lifestyle factors, exposure to environmental factors and physiological factors” (Chronic Illness). Individuals who smoke cigarettes put him or her at risk of several types of chronic illnesses. “Cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for lower extremity...
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...Infectious and Non-infectious Disease Infectious and non-infectious diseases are two different types of diseases. Infectious disease is caused by an organism or an infective agent, known as pathogens. It can be passed from one person to another directly or indirectly where the pathogen transmits from the environment to people. Whereas, non-infectious diseases are not caused by pathogens, they are inherited. It can only be passed from generation to generation as the disease may be running in the family or it can be genetically inherited. Down syndrome is an example of a non-infectious disease as it is not caused by pathogens. Down syndrome is caused when people have extra chromosome 21 in their cells. People with Down syndrome have 47 chromosomes instead of 46. This report will discuss the relevant information and history of Down syndrome also the cause, symptoms, occurrence, treatments and how severe it is. History Down syndrome was discovered in 1862 by an...
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...Emerging and Remerging Infectious Disease: A Global Challenge Liberty University Emerging and Remerging Infectious Disease: A Global Challenge Emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases is a danger to the stability of nations and the world. Governments, international organizations and individual health professions have renewed their focus on current health care policies in an effort to reduce the threat of emerging infectious diseases (Simmerman, 2012). The basic definition of an emerging or re-emerging infectious disease is a disease whose incidence has increased in a defined time period and location. If the disease was unknown in the location before, the disease is considered to be emerging. However, if the disease had been present at the location in the past and was considered eradicated or controlled, the disease is considered to be re-emerging ("Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases," n.d.). Some of the diseases identified as emerging and re-emerging are the Avian influenza (H5N1), West Nile virus, Monkey pox, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), which an increase in outbreaks was noted in early 2003 (Simmerman, 2012). Emerging infections are caused by pathogens that are present in the environment and when these opportunistic pathogens are given the right conditions, they are able infect new host populations. Another major factor is infections that are antimicrobial drug resistant. In order to meet the challenge of these infections healthcare providers...
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...Monoleucliosis Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is an acute, benign illness that is self-limiting. IM is caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and cytomegolovirus (CMV), commonly affecting both, children and adults. Other infectious agents can be caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), cytomegalovirus, adenovirus, herpes virus, influenza A and B viruses, rubella virus, and hepatitis A virus. Typically, the presentation of this syndrome includes malaise, fever, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, and unusual lymphocytosis. The presenation can also present with symptomatic pulmonary involvement (Buttaro, Trybulski, Bailey, & Sandberg-Cook, 2011). EBV-IM is contracted through oropharyngeal secretions through kissing and sharing utensils. Transmission through bodily fluids, most commonly blood has also a mode of transmission. The virus infects the oral epithelial cells and then spreads to the B...
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...Assignment 1: Infectious Disease Case Study Due Week 3 and worth 150 points You have been assigned the responsibility of updating your organization’s leadership on what should be done for the next flu season. Recent reports from the CDC have indicated that due to shortages in the flu vaccine, 50 percent of the population who are at risk of contracting the virus will not receive the inoculation for several months. Prepare a report that you will submit to leadership regarding the points outlined below. Use the Internet to research current health care industry data on “Influenza” current trends, treatments, and protocols to assist you in preparing the report. Prepare a four to eight (4-8) page report in which you: Identify the transmission and symptoms of the flu, treatments that are currently available, and how your organization can help mitigate the spread of this disease. Develop four (4) questions or concerns that you anticipate that leadership in your organization will ask you in regard to possible side effects of the treatments. Provide the rationale behind your four (4) questions. Propose three (3) lessons that have been learned from past flu seasons that will underscore the importance of preparing for the upcoming flu season and why these lessons will be beneficial. Propose two (2) recommendations (and your rationale) to leadership on how to cope with the shortage of the flu vaccine. Compose an infection control policy for the local community. Use at least...
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...Infectious Diseases: The Greatest Crisis of the world ____________ A Thesis Presented to The Division of The Arts and Sciences Voorhees College ____________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science ____________ Acknowledgements I am whole-heartily thankful to my Professors at Voorhees College for their tremendous effort in my maturilication through Voorhees College. Lastly I would like to acknowledge all of the people who had any hand in the completion of this thesis. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION * What are infectious Diseases? * Types of infectious diseases * Worldwide distribution of infectious diseases * * CHAPTER 2: THE LEADING CAUSES OF DEATH IS THE WORLD * Top Countries * Top Diseases * CHAPTER 3: MOST DISEASES ARE PREVENTABLE * Why are statistics so high * Minorities prevalence, morbidity, and mortality * How to prevent yourself from being a statistic * Understanding the emotional burden brought upon families who suffer from infectious Diseases * * CHAPTER 4: TRANSMISSION OF DISEASE: COUNTRY TO COUNTRY * Thorough testing while entering and exiting countries * Childhood and adult Immunizations * * CHAPTER 5: FOOD BOURNE PATHOGES * How do they affect America...
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...world (poor countries in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and South America). Third world regions reflecting on poorer countries including areas such as Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and South America have a predominance of infectious diseases as opposed to the lifestyle related diseases of those in First world, and second world countries with considerations. It is shown by the Global Health Council (2011) that Infections are prevalent in developing countries such as those mentioned above, where co-infection is the most common. The adverse impact of infectious diseases is most severe among the poorest people, who have the fewest resources to draw from. This is due to reasons including limited or no access to integrated health care, prevention tools and medications. Statistics disclose that approximately 15 million people die each year due to infectious diseases, and once again nearly all live in developing third world countries (Global Health Council, 2011). As a future health care practitioner I think to myself, how can one person make such a difference in the world? How can one person change the world and make it a better place for everyone? Although I live in one of the best countries in the world where treatment is available and people have fewer infectious diseases then other counties, I don’t know how I could help as many people as I would like to. As stated by the National Institutes of Health (2010), the World Health Organization estimates that more than one billion...
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...Taurean Bullard March 4, 2012 What is the infections agent (pathogen) that causes this infectious disease, the name of the bacteria, virus, or parasite? Staphylococcus Aureus is the infectious pathogen that can cause a variety of illnesses from minor skin infections like boils, carbunkles, cellulitis, impetigo, abcesses and of course staph infection. This pathogen can also lead to life-threatening diseases such as pnuemonia, menengitis, toxic shock syndrome, bacteremia, and sepsis. How is this infectious agent transmitted through food or water? This infectious agent can be transmitted by skin, soft tissue, respiratory, bone, joint, endovascular to wound infections. It is also carried in the respiratory tract, nasal passages. It can also be transferred onto clothes, bedding and on the skin of carriers. If someone that is a carrier doesn't wash their hands properly then the staph can easily get into any food or drinks they handle and thus be transferred to someone else. Infections may spread through contact with pus from an infected wound, skin-to-skin contact with an infected person by producing hyaluronidase that destroys tissues, and contact with objects such as towels, sheets, clothing, or athletic equipment used by an infected person. What is an example of a real life outbreak of this foodborne illness in the United States? There was an outbreak of Staphylococcus Aureus at the World's Fair Park event site July 30, 2005. This event took place in Knoxville...
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...Infectious Diseases Conditions Plague Cause: Yersina pestis ------------------------------------------------- Treatment: Streptomycin (aminoglycoside) and Ciprofloxacin (Fluoroquinolone) ------------------------------------------------- CNS INFECTIONS Meningitis New born cause: Group B streptococcus, Gram-negative enterics, Listeria monocytogenes 2-24 months’ cause: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria Meningitidis, Haemophilus Influenzae 2-50 years causes: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis 50+ causes: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, Listeria monocytogenes, Gram-negative enterics Meningococcal Meningitis Cause: Neisseria meningitidis – gram-negative Treatment: * Penicillin/Ampicillin (beta-lactam) * (Chloramphenicol can be substituted in history of penicillin hypersensitivity) * Close contacts – Rifampicin 2 days * Vaccines for prophylaxis – not for serogroup B, sialic acid is identical to the human form Pneumococcal Meningitis Cause: Streptococcus pneumoniae – gram-positive Treatment: * Cefotaxime (3rd generation cephalosporin/beta lactam) – 10-14 days * (If resistance to Cefotaxime – Vancomycin (tricyclic glycopeptide) and Rifampicin) * Adjunctive treatment with Dexamethasone Haemophilus Influenzae Meningitis Cause: Haemophilus influenzae – gram-negative Treatment: * H. influenzae vaccine is available * Cefotaxime (3rd gen cephalosporin/beta lactam) * Adjunctive treatment...
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