...PRINCIPLES OF DISEASE I. TERMINOLOGY * Pathology- the study of disease * Infection- the invasion or colonization of the body by a pathogenic microorganism * Disease- abnormal state of health as the result of an infection * If Pseudo aeruginosa infects the eye it can cause a disease termed Pseudomonas keratitis. The etiologic agent (cause) of this disease is: Microbial pathogenesis- the characteristics/traits the microbe has that leads to the disease. II. NORMAL MICROBIOTA * 1 x 10^13 human cells in our body * 1x10^14 bacterial cells on/in our body (permanent residence that under normal conditions do not cause disease) * Areas with normal Microbiota: 1. GI tract 2. Upper respiratory 3. Skin 4. Urogenital Tract * Areas that are relatively sterile: 1. The Nervous System * The blood brain barrier (blood vessel cerebrospinal fluid) 1) Endothelial cells 2) Astrocytes 3) Neurons *A structural impediment with restricted permeability * The lower respiratory tract * Upper respiratory- nasal hairs, mucous membrane, ciliary escalator, alveolar macrophages * In healthy person, microbes shouldn’t be able to make it down that far (past the upper respiratory) * The cardiovascular system (blood) * Septicemia- “blood poisoning,” growth of a pathogenic microorganism in the blood (non-specific term) * Bacteremia- bacteria in the blood * Toxemia- presence of toxin in...
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...A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. It is often construed to be a medical condition associated with specific symptoms and signs.[1] It may be caused by external factors, such as infectious disease, or it may be caused by internal dysfunctions, such as autoimmune diseases. In humans, "disease" is often used more broadly to refer to any condition that causes pain, dysfunction, distress, social problems, or death to the person afflicted, or similar problems for those in contact with the person. In this broader sense, it sometimes includes injuries, disabilities, disorders, syndromes, infections, isolated symptoms, deviant behaviors, and atypical variations of structure and function, while in other contexts and for other purposes these may be considered distinguishable categories. Diseases usually affect people not only physically, but also emotionally, as contracting and living with many diseases can alter one's perspective on life, and their personality. Death due to disease is called death by natural causes. There are four main types of disease: pathogenic disease, deficiency disease, hereditary disease, and physiological disease. Diseases can also be classified as communicable and non-communicable disease. Terminology In many cases, the terms disease, disorder, morbidity and illness are used interchangeably.[2] In some situations, specific terms are considered preferable. [edit]Disease The term disease broadly refers to any condition...
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...STEP 1 Question: Why do poor countries have a predominance of infectious diseases as opposed to the lifestyle-related diseases of wealthy countries? What is your response to the global health inequalities that exist? STEP 2 Historical factors- The historic components like living in neediness inclined zones or in the territories where sufficient administrations are not accessible, have prompted the spread of irresistible ailments. Urbanization has helped affluent individuals to abstain from getting any contamination yet their stationary and inert lifestyle likewise helps the horrible conditions like weight and discouragement. The ordinary practices of ignoring the presymptoms until the sickness investigates, is still pervasive. In addition, the act of permitting any part from the neighbour to treat the patient with their insane information of drug is additionally the purpose behind this contrast in the wellbeing conditions in country and urban nations. Structural factors- The structural variables like the globalization, dissent of human rights and benefits and a lot of people more prompt the expanded rate of movement of mortality because of contaminations in the poor nations. Such nations need water offices, legitimate convenience, sanitation, sustenance, wellbeing administrations and what not. Absence of assets and method for correspondence and their detachment from the urban territories all help the commonness of irresistible ailments. Then again, in the rich nations, regardless...
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...immunization and antibiotics have reduced the prevalence of infectious disease. However, antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms and diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease ,avian influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome(SARS) have emerged. In the developing world successes such as the eradication of smallpox have been balanced or outweighed by the new plagues. Infectious diseases cause nearly 25% of all human deaths. Two billion people one-third of the world’s population are infected with tuberculosis (TB),500 million people catch malaria every year, and 200 million are infected with schistosomiasis. 39.5 million people are living with HIV/AIDS, with 4.3 million new HIV infections in 2006 (65% in sub-Saharan Africa). The eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG) hope to be achieved by 2015. These are: eradicating extreme poverty and hunger, universal primary education, gender equality and empowerment of women, reduction in child mortality,improvement in maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS,malaria and other diseases, ensuring environment sustainability and developing global partnership for development. DEFINITION INFECTION An infection is the entry and multiplication of an infections agent in the tissue of host. lf the infectious agent fails to cause injury to cells or tissue, then infection is asymptomatic. INFECTIOUS DISEASE An infectious disease is any change from a state of health in a part or all of the...
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...Choose two unrelated disease mechanisms and discuss all stages of prevention methods for each one. A disease is the alteration of a normal state of an organism which impairs or in a similar way interrupts the usual activities of the vital functions. It can be seen by means of signs and symptoms and each and every disease carries distinguished observations. Since a disease is associated with signs and symptoms, it can be interpreted to be a medical condition. It can also be acquired by environmental factors like for example infectious diseases. Apart from the physical factors which may affect an individual during a disease, the latter may also be affected mentally and emotionally like for example by showing deviant behaviour which may later on affect not only the affected individual but also other people surrounding him/her. There exist three different types of disease. ‘Localised diseases’ affect just one part of the body. Athlete’s foot and conjunctivitis are two examples. The second type of disease is called ‘disseminated disease’. This type of disease is able to spread from one part of the body to another like for example carcinoma which can easily radiate from one organ to another and metastasize. The third and final type of disease is the ‘systemic disease’ which involves the spreading of disease throughout the whole body. Such examples include diabetes, influenza and high blood pressure. Some diseases are contagious which can be transmitted from...
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...discuss the detriments of health from the chickenpox virus. The epidemiologic triangle will be outlined as it depicts the chickenpox virus. The aspect of the community health nurse will be discussed and information on a national organization for infectious diseases will be provided. Chicken pox and shingles are caused by the virus varicella-zoster. The varicella-zoster virus is spread through the air by coughing or sneezing and can also be spread by touching the blisters or inhaling particles from the blisters ("CDC," n.d.). Chicken pox (varicella) is a highly contagious virus. The reactivation of the chickenpox virus (varicella-zoster virus) is called shingles. It usually is dominant in the nervous system for years or decades. Shingles (varicella-zoster) is spread through direct contact with fluid from the blisters and causes chickenpox if the person who comes in contact with the fluid from the blisters has never had the virus ("CDC," n.d.). Early symptoms of chickenpox may include fever, fatigue, irritability, loss of appetite and body aches with the appearance of itchy red rash usually occurs one to two days later. The rash usually last about five to ten days and heals with scabs ("National Foundation for Infectious Diseases," n.d.). Shingles symptoms are manifested as a painful vesicle filled rash to one side of the body. This usually occurs on the trunk or face. Numbness may be present for several days prior to outbreak. Shingles blisters scab over in about seven...
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...INFECTIOUS DISEASE Public Health Management Infectious Disease At what risks are the people of the United States and its government if the International Agencies control infectious disease in increasing countries? There are many people today at risk of infectious diseases than ever in our history. Infectious disease is an ongoing worldwide issue and requires much needed attention. A nation’s resources can be weakening because of an infectious disease. And emerging nations poses even a greater threat. Diseases threaten economic stability on a daily basis and 50,000 people die each day from an infectious disease. The Rift Valley Fever outbreak of eastern Africa occurred in 1997-1998; this outbreak killed plenty of livestock as well as humans. Economically this outbreak hurt economically, the trade of animals and the dairy industry. Rift Valley Fever is frequently found in the regions of south and eastern Africa. It was also found to exist in Madagascar and the Sub-Saharan. The primary spread of this outbreak is from infected mosquitoes, which in turn infect animals. In general they can infect anything from domestic animals, also buffalo, cattle, sheep, camels and goats. After the livestock is infected then other mosquitoes are able to spread the disease. But it is also possible that other biting insects can spread the disease. Humans are possibly infected from the mosquito or infected animal’s bodily fluids. Such contacts as brushing the infected...
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...used to help better understand a diseases process, how they work, and how they are transmitted. This helps us to better treat the disease. The process of epidemiology is lengthy but must be followed accurately to ensure correct diagnosis and treatment. Epidemiology is used when a new disease is found and when a disease reappears in high numbers. A common disease in the elderly is congestive heart failure (CHF). The epidemiology process can be used to better understand the disease, what causes it and how to treat it. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), “Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-related states or events (including disease), and the application of this study to the control of diseases and other health problems. Various methods can be used to carry out epidemiological investigations, such as surveillance and descriptive studies that can be used to study distribution and analytical studies are used to study determinants (WHO, 2011). Epidemiology tries to determine what causes disease and what people can do to prevent disease. Epidemiology was first used when scientists tried to discover causes of diseases, such as smallpox and polio (Cornell University, 1993). Epidemiology is no longer limited to transmissible diseases. Epidemiology usually cannot prove a cause of a disease; it can only show certain risk factors that correlate with a higher rate of a specific disease. For example, epidemiology could...
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...a lifelong viral infection that can lead to major problems down the road. There are no vaccines or known cures to this virus but proper prevention and a healthy immune system are the best defense. While the Epstein-Barr virus causes about 90% of the cases of Mononucleosis, a minority of cases are caused by human cytomegalovirus, another virus in the herpes family. Community health nurses have a responsibility to educate about ways to prevent this infection and manage its ramifications. Mononucleosis is spread via the transfer of bodily fluids infected with the Epstein-Barr virus, especially saliva, from an infected host to another susceptible person. This often occurs during kissing, resulting in the virus's nickname of "Kissing Disease" among patient's. But it can also be transmitted by the sharing of drinks and utensils, via blood or semen during sexual acts or from blood transfusions or organ transplants. By the age of 40, 95% of adults have been exposed to, and carry, this virus forever in their system. Once the virus is acquired, it usually takes four to six weeks for symptoms to appear but children are often asymptomatic. Although the active infection of mononucleosis usually clears up in about 1-2 months, Epstein-Barr virus remains dormant in the body for life. Epstein-Barr is common in children as well. About 50% of 5 year olds in the USA carry this virus, although they rarely develop symptoms of mononucleosis. Teenagers and young adults are more likely...
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...has been communicable diseases (Maurer, 2013). With the advancement we have today in healthcare treatments, access to medical care and an expanded knowledge and understanding of diseases, it has lead to a significant decrease in the mortality rate sustained from communicable illnesses. Diseases such as hepatitis, tuberculosis, HIV, and influenza are all communicable diseases, meaning they can be spread from one person or thing to the next. This writing will present hepatitis B and how it affects individuals and the community. The roll of the community health nurse will be discussed in regards to hepatitis B. Description of Hepatitis Hepatitis is simply an inflammation of the liver that is typically caused by a virus. It can be infectious or non-infectious. Viral hepatitis is contagious and is caused from a viral infection leading to liver inflammation. There are two types of hepatitis B. Acute hepatitis B is short lived, and chronic hepatitis B which produces long-term illness. Individuals who are exposed to hepatitis B in infancy or childhood likely will develop chronic hepatitis. Those who are exposed as adults will develop antibodies and typically have an acute hepatitis infection. Hepatitis B is contracted when a person comes in contact with infected blood semen or other body fluids enters their bodies. If a person has an exposure to hepatitis B, hepatitis B immune globulin (HBIG) can be given to suppress the development of the disease. In an acute infection...
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...Diversity Impact on Healthcare Organizations LaWanda D. Williams Kaplan University Health-care is one of the fastest-growing sectors in the world, and international trade in health services has created economic and diplomatic opportunities for both medical personnel and countries especially those that are low- or middle-income. The Infectious Disease Threat and Implications for the United States, health threats and issues have continued to have significant impacts on the world stage. Highly publicized virulent infectious diseases---- including HIV/AIDS, a potential influenza pandemic, and “mystery” illnesses such as the 2003 outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) –remain the most direct health-related threats to the United States, but are not the only health indicators with strategic significance. Chronic, non-communicable diseases; neglected tropical diseases; maternal and child mortality; malnutrition; sanitation and access to clean water; and availability of basic healthcare also affect the US national interest through their impacts on the economies, governments, and militaries of key countries and regions. The greatest infectious disease challenge for the US since the beginning of the decade has been the potential emergence of a severe influenza pandemic. Although the H5N1 avian influenza virus remains primarily a threat to poultry, it and other such viruses continue to evolve and expand their geographic range. The timing and magnitude of the next influenza pandemic...
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...between 1950 and 2010 the gap between life expectancy in the Tropics and the Rest of the World has narrowed. Over this period life expectancy in the Tropics increased by 22.8 years to 64.4 years and infant mortality reduced by 36%. The rate of change of mortality and morbidity has increased over the last two decades influenced by a range of different factors. Underlying life expectancy data are aggregated data, collected by the WHO to document the changing patterns of mortality. Table E3.1 provides the top ten causes of mortality in rank order over the last decade. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) accounted for two-thirds of global deaths in 2011 and infectious diseases for one-third. In 2000 the relative proportions were 60% NCDs and 40% infectious diseases. This rapid shift reflects the massive scale up in recent efforts to prevent and treat a number of major infectious diseases. Although improvements in maternal and child mortality have been made these still remain unacceptably high. In 2011, 6.9 million children under the age of five died, 99% of these in low and middle income countries. Malaria, despite the enormous scale up in control activities still accounted for 14% of the under-five mortality in the Tropics. There are differences in the age at which mortality occurs stratified by income. In high income countries 70% of deaths occur in the over 70s and only one in 100 occurs in an individual under 15 years of age. In low income countries...
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...Athlete's foot (see Dermatophyte) is a common contagious fungal infection of the skin that causes scaling, flaking, and itch of affected areas. Symptoms are caused by fungi such as Epidermophyton floccosum or fungi of the Trichophyton genus such asTrichophyton rubrum[1] or Trichophyton mentagrophytes.[2] This condition is also known as ringworm of the foot,[3] tinea pedis,[3] tinea pedum,[4] and moccasin foot[5]). The disease is typically transmitted in moist communal areas where people walk barefoot, such as showers or bathhouses, and requires a warm moist environment, (e.g., the inside of a shoe) to incubate. The condition typically affects the feet, but may infect or spread to other areas of the body such as the groin and tends to spread to areas of skin that are kept hot and moist, such as with insulation, body heat, and sweat. The fungal agents responsible for infection may be picked up by walking barefoot in an infected area or using an infected towel. Infection can be prevented by limiting the use of occlusive footwear and remaining barefoot.[6] Globally, it affects about 15% of the population Bacteria (i/bækˈtɪəriə/; singular: bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a fewmicrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most habitats on the planet. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs,radioactive...
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...considered non-desirable. In any type of institution, be it, a business, school, industry, laboratory or even the common workplace, safety plays a major role in ensuring activities run smoothly and no-one gets hurt while doing their job. Safety encompasses protection from a wide host of potential hazards which could be physical, financial, emotional or biological. In the common workplace health is a major concern and infection control is the main aim of a safety handbook. Biosafety in the work setup starts by assuming every individual is a potential source of infection. Basic techniques such as scheduled cleaning of the workplace and regular hand washing by staff go a long way in ensuring infection control and biosafety of workers. All workplaces should ideally possess appropriate safety apparatus e.g. a first aid kit with an employee having necessary expertise in first aid. Provision of necessary safety equipments e.g. gowns, gloves and goggles is also essential in as far as biosafety in the workplace is concerned. General Principles Disease is caused by organisms termed pathogens. There are various pathogens that are located routinely in work setups. These include bacteria, fungi, viruses, prions or protozoa. When these manage to enter your body or attach onto your skin, disease arises. It usually takes a certain incubation time before symptoms appear depending on the nature of the particular pathogen. Therefore an infected individual may unknowingly be spreading disease to other...
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...Communicable Disease: Chickenpox Grand Canyon University: NRS 427v December 10, 2014 Communicable Disease: Chickenpox The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2010) defines a communicable disease as “an illness caused by an infectious agent or its toxins that occurs through the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent or its products from an infected individual or via an animal, vector or the inanimate environment to a susceptible animal or human host.” There are numerous communicable diseases being studied, treated, prevented, and diagnosed around the world. For the purpose of this paper, one communicable disease in particular will be examined, chickenpox. This paper will address chickenpox as a communicable disease, determinants of health leading to chickenpox, how chickenpox relates to the epidemiologic triangle, the role of the community nurse in their treatment and prevention of chickenpox, and organizations involved on the national level. Epidemiology Chickenpox is a reaction to a virus by the name of varicella-zoster virus. The varicella-zoster virus is also known to cause a reaction called shingles later in the adult life. Chickenpox causes patients to have an itchy blister-like rash. Other symptoms that are a fever, sleepiness, decrease in appetite, and headache (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2012). These symptoms can develop a day or two before the rash (CDC, 2012). Chickenpox can spread easily from an infected...
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