...Date A non-tariff barrier is a barrier restricting trades that relates to imports. The use of non-tariff barriers is on the rise today, and it overshadows the use of tariff barriers to trade. They help in the protection of the health, safety, sanitation and depletion of natural resources that may affect the wellbeing of the citizens. Though some non-tariff barriers do not directly relate to the regulations of foreign trade, they have a significant effect on the economic activities in the foreign trades. There are various non-tariff barriers United Arab Emirates government imposes, and they have both positive and negative impacts on trade in the region. Non-tariff barriers are characterized by reduced quantities of imports: the imposition of the barriers directly affects imports then it means that there will be an automatic reduction on them. There is also an increase in price of the imports, and this characteristics common because if there is a decrease in quantities then it is automatic that the traders will raise prices of the imported products. Changes in the elasticity’s of demand is also a common characteristic in the non-trade barriers, the barriers affect the slopes of the demand curves since quotas reduce the elasticity. There are also variances in the non-trade barriers, and their effects change as time changes, and they rely on the market conditions at a given time. Uncertainty of the non-trade barriers, it causes uncertainty in the implementation of government policies...
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...additional exports or reducing imports. Quantitative changes in exports and imports require policy changes. Such policy measures are in the form of monetary, fiscal and non-monetary measures. Monetary Measures for Correcting the BoP ↓ The monetary methods for correcting disequilibrium in the balance of payment are as follows :- 1. Deflation Deflation means falling prices. Deflation has been used as a measure to correct deficit disequilibrium. A country faces deficit when its imports exceeds exports. Deflation is brought through monetary measures like bank rate policy, open market operations, etc or through fiscal measures like higher taxation, reduction in public expenditure, etc. Deflation would make our items cheaper in foreign market resulting a rise in our exports. At the same time the demands for imports fall due to higher taxation and reduced income. This would built a favourable atmosphere in the balance of payment position. However Deflation can be successful when the exchange rate remains fixed. 2. Exchange Depreciation Exchange depreciation means decline in the rate of exchange of domestic currency in terms of foreign currency. This device implies that a country has adopted a flexible exchange rate policy. Suppose the rate of exchange between Indian rupee and US dollar is $1 = Rs. 40. If India experiences an adverse balance of payments with regard to U.S.A, the Indian demand for US dollar will rise. The price of dollar in terms of rupee will rise. Hence, dollar...
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...ECFI 644 International Economics Instructor: Dosse Toulaboe By Zhenjie Song (Leo) The Impact of Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers International Trade Introduction In nowadays, tariff and non-tariff barriers have affected the trends and structure of international trade, the geographic direction, and importing and exporting countries relations (Stigler, 1971). This research paper mainly will talk about the tariff, non-tariff, and the relationship and impact of them. Tariff A tariff is simply a tax or duty placed on an imported good by a domestic government. Tariffs are usually levied as a percentage of the declared value of the good, similar to a sales tax. Unlike a sales tax, tariff rates are often different for every good and tariffs do not apply to domestically produced goods. Tariff could be an old and popular method of obtaining revenue from international business and economic activities. Generally, government levy tariffs for three main reasons. The first is that the tariff can protect fledgling domestic industries from foreign competition; the second is that the tariff can protect aging and inefficient domestic industries from foreign competition; the last reason is that the tariff can protect domestic producers from dumping by foreign companies or governments. Dumping occurs when a foreign company charges a price in the domestic market which is "too low". In most instances "too low" is generally understood to be a price which is lower in a foreign market than the price...
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... INSTRUMENTS OF TRADE POLICY Tariffs Subsides Country Focus: Subsidized Wheat Production in Japan Import Quotas and Voluntary Export Restraints Local Content Requirements Administrative Polices Antidumping Policies Management Focus: U.S. Magnesium Seeks Protection THE CASE FOR GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION Political Arguments for Intervention Country Focus: Trade in Hormone-Treated Beef Economic Arguments for Intervention THE REVISED CASE FOR FREE TRADE Retaliation and Trade War Domestic Politics DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD TRADING SYSTEM From Smith to the Great Depression 1947-1979: GATT, Trade Liberalization, and Economic Growth 1980-1993: Protectionist Trends The Uruguay Round and the World Trade Organization WTO: Experience to Date The Future of the WTO: Unresolved Issues and the Doha Round Country Focus: Estimating the Gains from Trade for America FOCUS ON MANAGERIAL IMPLICATIONS Trade Barriers and Firm Strategy Policy Implications SUMMARY CRITICAL THINKING AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONS CLOSING CASE: Agricultural Subsidies Learning Objectives 1. Describe the policy instruments used by governments to influence international trade flows. 2. Understand why governments sometimes intervene in international trade. 3. Articulate the arguments against strategic trade policy. 4. Describe the development...
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...Industrialization, advanced transportation, globalization, multinational corporations, and outsourcing are all having a major impact on the international trade system. Increasing international trade is crucial to the continuance of globalization. Without international trade, nations would be limited to the goods and services produced within their own borders. International trade is, in principle, not different from domestic trade as the motivation and the behavior of parties involved in a trade do not change fundamentally regardless of whether trade is across a border or not. The main difference is that international trade is typically more costly than domestic trade. The reason is that a border typically imposes additional costs such as tariffs, time costs due to border delays and costs associated with country differences such as language, the legal system or culture. Another difference between domestic and international trade is that factors of production such as capital and labor are typically more mobile within a country than across countries. Thus international trade is mostly restricted to trade in goods and services, and only to a lesser extent to trade in capital, labor or other factors of production. Trade in goods and services can serve as a substitute for trade in factors of production. Instead of importing a factor of production, a country can import goods that make intensive use of that factor of production and...
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...amounts of lands to grow the banana trees. Bananas are also a perishable item which increases their maintenance cost. • Economies of scale: Banana Industries have significant economies of scale where minimum efficient scales occur at high input levels. Thus a new entrant must produce high volume to reduce the cost and make profits. If a new entrant with vast land produces fewer bananas then it will be very costly to maintain the banana production. • Licenses: The government regulations may be very stringent requiring various licenses to trade banana in the world market. The licenses would be very expensive to own which is a barrier to new entrants. • Distribution channels: It is required to have a strong distribution system globally to distribute bananas in the world market. This is developed through years of experience in the market. It is impossible to imitate such an effective distribution system by the new entrants. Question 2 Elasticity of Demand There are four general determinants of elasticity of demand. Only three are relevant; the fourth is time. This means that the longer the time period the higher the elasticity...
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...CHAPTER SEVEN GOVERNMENTAL INFLUENCE ON TRADE OBJECTIVES • To realize the rationales for government policies that enhance and restrict trade • To interpret the effects of pressure groups on trade policies • To understand the comparison of protectionist rationales used in high-income countries with those used in low-income countries’ economies • To comprehend the potential and actual effects of governmental intervention on the free flow of trade • To understand the major means by which trade is restricted and regulated • To grasp the business uncertainties and business opportunities created by governmental trade policies CHAPTER OVERVIEW A government’s political objectives are sometimes at odds with its economic proposals to improve a nation’s market efficiency and international competitiveness. Chapter Seven begins by discussing the reasons why and the ways in which governments intervene in the international trade process. It then examines the economic and the noneconomic effects of those actions upon participants in that process. Finally, the chapter considers the principle instruments of trade control, including both tariffs and nontariff barriers, and concludes with a discussion of ways in which firms can deal with adverse trading conditions both at home and abroad. CHAPTER OUTLINE OPENING CASE: TEXTILE AND CLOTHING TRADE [See Fig. 7.1.] The United States and Europe have a long history of protecting their domestic textile and garment manufacturing...
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...planned economy? Describe the link between central planning and communism. A: A centrally planned economy is one in which a nation’s government owns most of the land, factories, and other economic resources and plans nearly all economic activity. Karl Marx popularized the idea of central economic planning in the nineteenth century while promoting his belief in communism. Marx argued that market economies cannot be reformed—governments must be overthrown and economies replaced with more equitable “communist” systems. 3. Q: Identify several factors that contributed to the decline of centrally planned economies. A: Factors included: (1) failure to create economic value, (2) failure to provide incentives, (3) failure to achieve rapid growth, and (4) failure to satisfy customer needs. 4. Q: Describe China’s experience with central planning, and the challenges it faces. A: China always reserved a place for private initiative even in the early days of its implementation of communism in 1949. Families in rural areas owned their own land. Each family’s crop production in excess of that dictated by central planners could be consumed by the family or sold on the open market. In 1979, the Chinese government strengthened work incentives in agriculture by allowing families to grow whatever crops they wanted and to sell the produce at market prices. The government also legalized township...
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...Pacific State University EC512 International Economic Development Assignment # 9 By Phattaranit Prabpai Q1. The effects of international trade on a country’s development are often related to four basic economic concepts: efficiency growth, equity and stability Briefly explain what is meant by each of these concepts as it relates to the theory of international trade. The whole economic basis for international trade rests on the fact that countries do differ in their resource endowments, their preferences and technologies, their scale economies, their economic and social institutions, and their capacities for growth and development. Developing countries are no exception to this rule. Some are very populous yet deficient in both natural resources and human skills, at least in large regions of the country. Others are sparsely populated yet endowed with abundant mineral and raw material resources. Still others are small and economically weak, having at present neither adequate human capital nor the material resources on which to base a sustained and largely self-sufficient strategy of economic and social development. A statistical summary of recent LDC trade performance and patterns. There follows a simplified presentation of the basic neoclassical theory of international trade and its effect on efficiency, equity, stability, and growth. We then provide a critique of pure free-trade theories in the light of both historical experience and the contemporary realities...
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...production. They make choices about: o What to produce o How to produce o For whom to produce - What to produce is answered by consumers according their demand for goods & services - How to produce is answered by the businessmen. They will choose the production method, which reduces their costs to reach the higher profit. - For whom to produce – firms produce goods & services which consumers are willing and able to buy. Role of government 1. To pass laws to protect businessmen & consumers 2. To issue money 3. To provide certain services – police 4. To prevent firms from dominating The market and to restrict the power Of trade unions 5. Repair and maintain state properties Advantages: Goods and services go where they are most in demand and free market responds quickly to people’s wants + wide variety of G&S No need for and overriding authority to determine allocation of goods&services Producers and consumers are free to make changes to suit their aims Competition and the opportunity to make large profits, greater efficiency, innovation Disadvantages: It mis-allocates resources(to those with more $) It creates inequality of incomes It is not competent in providing certain services It leads to inefficiency (market imperfection) It can encourage the consumption of harmful goods - drugs e.g. Cuba, China, former Soviet Union State (government) owns all...
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...development objectives) often suffer from competing and overlapping priorities both among donors and between donors and national governments. Ensuring effective collaboration among donors and government agencies in developing countries is a prerequisite for improving the governance, monitoring, assessment and management of forests. Developed countries also face challenges associated with competing domestic policy goals that undermine efforts to achieve sustainable forest management. Therefore, more effective communication and coordination across sectors and countries is needed for a sustainable future. In this project we concludes with four broad strategies for a sustainable future: • Plant trees and invest in ecosystem services. • Promote small and medium forest-based enterprises, and gender equity. • Use wood for energy; reuse and recycle wood products. • Enhance communication, and coordinate development. About half the forest managed by Forestry Tasmania are available for sustainable timber production. A network of formal and informal reserves on State forest protects values such as flora, fauna, soil, water and cultural heritage. Our operations are independently certified under the Australian Forestry Standard (AFS) which sets stringent environmental, social and economic criteria for forest management and production tracking. The supply curve represents the relationship between the price and the quantity supplied of a product. As the price/value of a product rises...
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...objectives • Describe the policy instruments used by governments to influence international trade flows. • Understand why governments sometimes intervene in international trade. • Articulate the arguments against strategic trade policy. • Describe the developments of the world trading system and the current trade issues. • Explain the implications for managers of developments in the world trading system. This chapter focuses on the political systems and tools of trade policy. The major objective of this chapter is to describe how political realities shape the international trading system. With an introduction to tariffs, subsidies, and the development of the world trading system, the chapter describes the evolution of the World Trade Organization and its impact on the global business environment. While in theory many countries adhere to the free trade ideal outlined in Chapter 5, in practice most have been reluctant to engage in unrestricted free trade. The US continues to restrict trade in technological and militarily sensitive products as well as in textiles, sugar, and other basic products in response to domestic political pressures. OUTLINE OF CHAPTER 6: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE Opening Case: United States Cotton Subsidies and World Trade Introduction Instruments of Trade Policy Tariffs Subsidies Import Quotas and Voluntary Export...
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...on imports especially capital goods such as machinery and transport equipment. The THREE (3) ways on how the economy can reduce imports are as follow: 1) Import Substitution Policy Import substitution policy is a policy that promotes the replacement of foreign imports with domestic production. By implementing this policy, Malaysia attempts to reduce its foreign dependency through the local production of industrialised products until they reach a level of development when they are able to compete in the global market (Wikipedia 2013). According to Lee (2005), this type of industrial policy accompanied by tariff protection, import restrictions and sometimes government procurement favouring locally produced products is targeted at government investments such as Proton (car) and Perwaja (steel). Another long-term solution for import substitution policy is through encouragement of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in Malaysia. Malaysia is a politically stable nation with good legal system, well-developed infrastructure, abundance of workforce and has attractive incentives for investors (Chakra 2009). FDI in Malaysia will boost Malaysia’s capital market, enabling Malaysia to acquire up-to-date technology and skills that will grow our domestic industrial market. 2) Exchange Rate Policy Government can affect the domestic output and prices by...
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...Table of Contents At a glance 2 Company Overview 3 SWOT Analysis 4 Entry Strategies 6 Entry Restrictions8 Political and Cultural Values................................................................................15 Economical Conditions..........................................................................................16 Extrinsic and Intrinsic Motivational and Hygienic Factors..............................17 CSR Programs.......................................................................................................18 Marketing MIX......................................................................................................20 IMC Campaign......................................................................................................28 Contingency Strategies..........................................................................................29 Reference................................................................................................................30 AT A GLANCE Name: Hewlett-Packard Company Type: Public Traded as: NYSE: HPQ S&P 500 Components Industry: Computer hardware Computer software IT services IT consulting Founded: January 1, 1939 Founder(s): Bill Hewlett, Dave Packard Headquarters: Palo Alto, California, United States Area served: Worldwide Key people: Ralph Whitworth (Interim Chairman) ...
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...materials that serve a universal need the world over such as market for commodities (aluminum, oil, and wheat), industrial products (commercial jet aircraft), computer software, and financial asses Firms follow eachother around the world so greater uniformity replaces diversity Globalization of production: sourcing of goods and services from locations around the globe to take advantage of national differences in the cost and quality of factors of production (i.e. labor, energy, capital) Vizio and the market for flat panel tvs Production for flat panel displays migrates around the globe to low-cost locations. US consumers have benefitted from the falling prices of flat panel TVs Taken advantage of globally dispersed supply...
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