INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY
ANS 1
Keyboard
Most common and very popular input device is keyboard. The keyboard helps in inputting the data to the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are some additional keys provided for performing some additional functions.
Keyboards are of two sizes 84 keys or 101/102 keys, but now 104 keys or 108 keys keyboard is also available for Windows and Internet.
The keys are following Sr. No. | Keys | Description | 1 | Typing Keys | These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digits keys (0-9) which generally give same layout as that of typewriters. | 2 | Numeric Keypad | It is used to enter numeric data or cursor movement. Generally, it consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the same configuration used by most adding machine and calculators. | 3 | Function Keys | The twelve functions keys are present on the keyboard. These are arranged in a row along the top of the keyboard. Each function key has unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose. | 4 | Control keys | These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four directional arrow key. Control keys also include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc). | 5 | Special Purpose Keys | Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen. |

Mouse
Mouse is most popular Pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device. It is a small palm size box with a round ball at its base which senses the movement of mouse and sends corresponding signals to CPU on pressing the buttons.
Generally, it has two buttons called left and right button and scroll bar is present at the mid. Mouse can be used to control the position of cursor on screen, but it cannot be used to enter text into the computer.
ADVANTAGES
* Easy to use * Not very expensive * Moves the cursor faster than the arrow keys of keyboard.

ANS 2.
This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than main memory. These are used for storing Data/Information permanently.CPU directly does not access these memories, instead they are accessed via input-output routines. Contents of secondary memories are first transferred to main memory and then CPU can access it. For example, disk, CD-ROM, DVD, etc.
A hard disk drive (HDD) is a data storage device used for storing and retrieving digital information using rapidly rotating disks coated with magnetic material. An HDD retains its data even when powered off. Data is read in a random-access manner, meaning individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order rather than sequentially. An HDD consists of one or more rigid rapidly rotating disks with magnetic heads arranged on a moving actuator arm to read and write data to the surfaces. A Hard Disk is divided into tracks and sectors, Data on this hard disk is positioned into these tracks and sectors so they can be easily read by the heads and also to help reduce fragmentation on the hard disk. Below are 2 diagrams depicting how a hard disk is divided into tracks and sectors. Data on a hard drive are accessed by two methods:
1. Fixed Head: Hard Disks with fixed heads have a read/write head for each track on the hard disk, since there is no moving of heads to access data, the data access time is generally faster for Fixed head Hard Drives.
2. Moving Head: A moving head hard disk is one in which one or more read-write heads are attached to a movable arm which allows each head to cover many tracks of information

Optical Disks
Optical disk is an electronic data storage medium from which data is read and written to by using a low-powered laser beam. It is flat, circular, plastic or glass disk on which data is stored in the form of light and dark pits. There are three basic types of optical disks: Read-only optical disks, Write once read many Optical disks and Rewritable Optical disks. Two main types of optical disks are:
CD - is an abbreviation of compact disk, and is a form of data storage that can transfer data up to the speed of 7800 KB/s. A standard 120 mm CD holds up to 700 MB of data, or about 70 minutes of audio. There are two types of CD: CD-ROM and CD-RW, CD-ROM are stands for CD-Read Only Memory and they function the same way Read Only Memory Does. CD-RW Stards for CD-Rewritable, these disks can be erased and rewritten at any time.

ANS 3
Internet protocols are various kinds of Online connections for various things on the internet. They assist within the retrieval, transfer, exchange and installing of files, or information on the web. Without these methods, the web wouldn’t be, as you may know it today because many browsers wouldn’t work with no permission of those methods. You will find various kinds of Internet protocols each serving another purpose. They are
1. Email transfer protocol
This Internet Protocols enables for that use and accessibility to email, it’s exactly what the publish office would be to letters. It includes three other methods which make transfer and access from the emails fundamental essentials simple mail transfer protocol (SMTP), the web message access protocol (IMAP) and also the Publish office protocol 3 (POP3). The IMAP and POP3 would be the methods where you can receive emails as the SMTP can be used when delivering emails to ensure the “transfer” part. These 3 methods take root in many browsers.
2. NNTP
This protocol can be used like a server of Usenet forums which are devoted to business forums which have different subjects of debate. These forums are divided to subjects, subjects or genres. This protocol provides a platform where they may be talked about and sights exchanged.
3. File retrieval methods
Because the title suggest, this methods permit you to retrieve information from the web to the pc or in the computer to the web. Though it’s now redundant, you could utilize it to see the files should you understood the title from the file or qualities about this.
4. FTP (File Transfer Protocol)
The file transfer protocol is really a protocol that enables you to definitely move one file out of your computer to a different on the web. You may also log onto a pc remotely and connect to the files inside it with authority in the other computer. This protocol also enables installing of programs from the web.
5. HTTP
This protocol enables web servers to exhibit and display all of the facets of a web page. They form part one of each and every website so that all webpages or website. This protocol causes it to be simple for the file transfer protocol to complete its work.

ANS 5 (PLEASE CHECK IN TEXT BOOK ONCE) 1. Select the worksheet that you want to protect. 2. On the Review tab, in the Changes group, click Allow Users to Edit Ranges.

NOTE This command is available only when the worksheet is not protected. 3. Do one of the following: * To add a new editable range, click New. * To modify an existing editable range, select it in the Ranges unlocked by a password when sheet is protected box, and then click Modify. * To delete an editable range, select it in the Ranges unlocked by a password when sheet is protectedbox, and then click Delete. 4. In the Title box, type the name for the range that you want to unlock. 5. In the Refers to cells box, type an equal sign (=), and then type the reference of the range that you want to unlock. 6. For password access, in the Range password box, type a password that allows access to the range. 7. For access permissions, click Permissions, and then click Add. 8. In the Enter the object names to select (examples) box, type the names of the users who you want to be able to edit the ranges. 9. Click OK. 10. To specify the type of permission for the user who you selected, in the Permissions box, select or clear theAllow or Deny check boxes, and then click Apply. 11. Click OK two times. 12. In the Allow Users to Edit Ranges dialog box, click Protect Sheet. 13. In the Allow all users of this worksheet to list, select the elements that you want users to be able to change. 14. In the Password to unprotect sheet box, type a password, click OK, and then retype the password to confirm it.

ANS 6
A.Slide Sorter in PowerPoint is a nice feature that allow us to make global changes to the PowerPoint presentation as well as reviewing the overall presentation with small slide thumbnails.
This Slide Sorter view can be very helpful for presenters or presentation designers who are completing the PowerPoint presentation design and need to do an overall check about how well or bad the final presentation will look. Although the slide sorter is also very useful in the middle of the presentation design process since allow you to see a global scope for your presentation and sort slides easily by dragging and dropping the slides.
Slide Sorter is available in PowerPoint 2007 and 2010 and you can access it by looking at the Viewtab.
In summary, slide sorter feature can be helpful for: * View all of your slides as small thumbnails or miniature images * Create animated transitions between slides with a global scope * Rearrange the order of the slides in your PowerPoint presentation * Rehearse and set the timings of slide timings in your presentation
This is one of the features that you can use in PowerPoint to organize your slides.
B. Design Template: The specific “look” of a slide or group of slides. A design template can be very basic - with black text on a white background - or it can be very colorful and complex. Typically, PowerPoint presentations have the same design template for all slides, although it is possible to select a different design template for each slide. Later, I’ll show you how to select different design templates.

ANS 7
A Firewalls : Access controls are common form of controls encountered in the boundary subsystem by restricting the use of system resources to authorize users, limiting the actions authorized users can take with these resources and ensuring that the users obtain only authentic system resources.
Current systems are designed to allow users to share their resources. This is done by having a single system simulate the operations of several systems, where each of the simulated system works as virtual machine allowing more efficient use of resources by lowering the idle capacity of the real system. Here, a major design problem is to ensure that each virtual system operates as if it were totally unaware of the operations of the other virtual systems. Besides increased scope exists for unintentional or deliberate damage to system resources / user.s actions. The route is resource sharing through virtual systems through need for isolation through need for access controls. Access controls associate with authentic users the resources, which the users are permitted to access and the action privileges, which the users have with reference to those resources.
It acts as a part of the operating system. Now a days, special systems or firewalls are used to protect network from an un-trusted one. In that effect it has a routing ability.
Firewall is a device that forms a barrier between a secure and an open environment when the latter environment is usually considered hostile, for example the Internet. It acts as a system or combination of systems that enforces a boundary between more that one networks. * Secures a computer network from hostile intrusions. * Firewalls can monitor and record information. This can be of value in determining who is accessing what type of information. * Firewalls can be used to complement or supplement content and email filtering solutions. * Firewalls can automatically block most email viruses and malwareattacks even before they start. * Firewalls can be set up to allow access for certain users to access certain information but prevent others from doing so. * Firewalls can also calculate usage of the internet, i.e. who spends most time using the internet and how this affects the performance of the network. * Some firewalls can cause constraints or bottlenecks on the network as they concentrate security in one area. * Organisations need to have a written policy or procedure that outlines what information can be accessed by employees and by whom. A firewall can be used to enforce these policies.

ANS 9
An information system is a collection of hardware, software, data, people and procedures that are designed to generate information that supports the day-to-day, short-range, and long-range activities of users in an organization. Information systems generally are classified into five categories: office information systems, transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and expert systems. The following sections present each of these information systems.
1 Expert Systems
An expert system is an information system that captures and stores the knowledge of human experts and then imitates human reasoning and decision-making processes for those who have less expertise. Expert systems are composed of two main components: a knowledge base and inference rules. A knowledge base is the combined subject knowledge and experiences of the human experts. The inference rules are a set of logical judgments applied to the knowledge base each time a user describes a situation to the expert system.
Although expert systems can help decision-making at any level in an organization, nonmanagement employees are the primary users who utilize them to help with job-related decisions. Expert systems also successfully have resolved such diverse problems as diagnosing illnesses, searching for oil and making soup. Expert systems are one part of an exciting branch of computer science called artificial intelligence. Artificial intelligence (AI) is the application of human intelligence to computers. AI technology can sense your actions and, based on logical assumptions and prior experience, will take the appropriate action to complete the task. AI has a variety of capabilities, including speech recognition, logical reasoning, and creative responses. Experts predict that AI eventually will be incorporated into most computer systems and many individual software applications. Many word processing programs already include speech recognition.

2Decision Support Systems Transaction processing and management information systems provide information on a regular basis. Frequently, however, users need information not provided in these reports to help them make decisions. A sales manager, for example, might need to determine how high to set yearly sales quotas based on increased sales and lowered product costs. Decision support systems help provide information to support such decisions. A decision support system (DSS) is an information system designed to help users reach a decision when a decision-making situation arises. A variety of DSSs exist to help with a range of decisions. A decision support system uses data from internal and/or external sources. Internal sources of data might include sales, manufacturing, inventory, or financial data from an organization’s database. Data from external sources could include interest rates, population trends, and costs of new housing construction or raw material pricing. Users of a DSS, often managers, can manipulate the data used in the DSS to help with decisions. Some decision support systems include query language, statistical analysis capabilities, spreadsheets, and graphics that help you extract data and evaluate the results. Some decision support systems also include capabilities that allow you to create a model of the factors affecting a decision. A simple model for determining the best product price, for example, would include factors for the expected sales volume at each price level. With the model, you can ask what-if questions by changing one or more of the factors and viewing the projected results. Many people use application software packages to perform DSS functions. Using spreadsheet software, for example, you can complete simple modeling tasks or what-if scenarios

ANS 10
Human–computer interaction (HCI) involves the study, planning, and design of the interaction between people (users) and computers. It is often regarded as the intersection of computer science, behavioral sciences, design and several other fields of study.
Because human–computer interaction studies a human and a machine in conjunction, it draws from supporting knowledge on both the machine and the human side. On the machine side, techniques in computer graphics, operating systems,programming languages, and development environments are relevant. On the human side, communication theory, graphic and industrial design disciplines, linguistics, social sciences, cognitive psychology, and human factors such as computer user satisfaction are relevant. Engineering and design methods are also relevant. Due to the multidisciplinary nature of HCI, people with different backgrounds contribute to its success. HCI is also sometimes referred to as man–machine interaction (MMI) or computer–human interaction (CHI).
Attention to human-machine interaction is important because poorly designed human-machine interfaces can lead to many unexpected problems. A classic example of this is the Three Mile Island accident, a nuclear meltdown accident, where investigations concluded that the design of the human–machine interface was at least partially responsible for the disaster.[3][4][5] Similarly, accidents in aviation have resulted from manufacturers' decisions to use non-standard flight instrument and/or throttle quadrant layouts: even though the new designs were proposed to be superior in regards to basic human–machine interaction, pilots had already ingrained the "standard" layout and thus the conceptually good idea actually had undesirable results.
HCI (Human Computer Interaction) aims to improve the interactions between users and computers by making computers more usable and receptive to users' needs. Specifically, HCI has interests in: * methodologies and processes for designing interfaces (i.e., given a task and a class of users, design the best possible interface within given constraints, optimizing for a desired property such as learnability or efficiency of use) * methods for implementing interfaces (e.g. software toolkits and libraries; efficient algorithms) * techniques for evaluating and comparing interfaces * developing new interfaces and interaction techniques * developing descriptive and predictive models and theories of interaction