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Information Technology in India: A look into how the Information Technology in India has come about over the Years Jessica Majeski, Lindsey Pavilonis, Mantsane Rantekoa, Long Nguyen, Miriam Moore DeVry University Online February 13, 2011

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Contents
Introduction to Information Technology in India………………………………………………...4 The Culture of India….....................................................................................................................5 Government……………………………………………………………………………….....5 Political Structure Government structure Economy……………………………………………………………………………………..6 Economic situation post Independence Economic crisis and impact of introduced reforms Education and Religious System of India……………………………………………….......7 History of Information Technology In India and it’s Development….........................................7 Four Periods of Information Technology…...........................................................................7-9 Pre-mechanical Mechanical Electromechanical Electronic Information Technology history in India..............................................................................9-10 No separate IT industry in 60’s and 70’s Tata Consulting Services (TCS) Indian IT professionals in U.S. Corporations sourcing IT services to India IT companies Leading growth engine for India The Specific Impact That Technology Has Had Upon the Culture of India…………………...10 The Impact of Information Technology on India’s Government…………………………..10-11

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Positive and Negative Impacts The Impact of Information Technology on India’s Economy…………………………..….12-13 Positive and Negative Impacts The Impact of Information Technology on India’s Educational System……………………….13 Positive …………………………………………………………………………….13-14 Negative Impacts…………………………………………………………………..14-15 The Impact of Information Technology on India’s Religious System……………………….….15 Positive………………………………………………………………………….….15 Negative Impacts…………………………………………………………….……..16 The Moral and Ethical Issues Brought About By Information Technology in India and How India Has Dealt With These Issues………………………………………………………………………16 Censorship………………………………………………………………………………….16-18 Security and privacy……………………………………………………………………..…18-20 Conclusion……………………………………….…………………………………………………20-21 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………………..22-24

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Introduction to Information Technology in India
Information technology has had a huge impact on the development of India. From computers, to software programs, to the internet India has helped to make it possible for the nation to communicate in many new and different ways. The development of these new and different programs and systems has helped India to become a little wealthier of a country than it used to be. There has been no other industry in India to perform so well against the global competition. According to Embassy of India, their article on India’s Information Technology Industry, India exports software and services to nearly 95 countries around the world (Embassy of India, 2011). As a result of India’s big growth of information technology within their country a majority of all of the computers, software and services purchased in the world come from India. India has also made sure that they provide trained experts in the various IT areas to offer technical support to customers who have issues with programs and services that they are offering. India has a large number of English speaking, highly skilled specialist in the computer field in their country which makes it better for them when it comes to information technology outsourcing. Information technology is one of the biggest job creators in India and has helped the national economy a great deal. It has impacted India’s government, economy, educational system, and also the religious systems in India in both positive and negative ways. Even though the positives are far more and seem to outweigh the negatives. This report will begin by explaining to you the information technologies that have impacted India so much. We will first explore the ways in which information technology has positively impacted India’s government and also how it has negatively affected India’s government. Then we will go into how the economy has been impacted by information technology in India both in the positive and the negative ways. We will also explore how the education system has been impacted by information technology and even how it has affected the religious system. We want to also go into how India has dealt with different issues that have come about from information technology. For example, one issue would be India’s dependency of technology and how India has dealt with that. Then we will explore inappropriate

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material/ censorship and if this has been an issue in India since the information technology system has started booming. Privacy and security is of course another issue when you are dealing with the internet and computer systems. We are going to discuss how India makes sure that information is kept private and that it is not easily assessable.

The Culture of India
Indian Government: Political and Government structure India is a democratic state located in the Asian continent constituted by 28 states and seven centrally administered Union Territories. Historically, prior to the 16 th century, the country was under the rule of Mughal, whose rule brought some political unity to India, until its collapse by the 16 th century. The British whose presence in India happened at around the 16 th century assumed power in 1847 following a rebellion in north India led by mutinous Indian soldiers (Indian History, n.d.). Several rebellious initiatives with significant emphasis placed on the efforts of a nationalist movement led by Gandhi, saw India regain its independence in 1947. Upon independence, India embarked on parliamentary democracy that its constitution describes as a Sovereign, Secular Demographic Republic and has worked hard over the years to sustain the democratic status the country enjoys to date (Trade Chakra, n.d.). The Parliamentary system of India at federal level comprises of the legislature with two houses of parliament, Council of States and the House of the People headed by the President, and the executive body that has the President as the constitutional head, the Vice-President, and the Council of Ministers led by the Prime Minister responsible for the country’s executive powers. On the other hand, the 28 states are under locally elected governments and operate independently from the central government. They maintain a structure similar to that of central government that comprises of Governor as representative of the President, and executive powers vested in Chief Minister supported by the Council of Ministers (The Library of Congress Country Studies, n.d.).

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Indian Economy: Economic Situation Post Independence When India gained independence from the British in 1947, the country’s economy was at the poor state with majority of the people living in poverty. Government adopted a mixed economy approach to push the country’s economy towards the direction of growth and development Trade Chakra, n.d.). This strategy saw government becoming the major player in the economic affairs of the country with private enterprises significantly marginalized, which led to government effectively controlling everything including the banking system. These initiatives yielded significant growth in the country’s economy, even though the poverty levels failed to show significant reduction.

Economic crisis and impact of introduced reforms By the late 1980s, government’s aggressive initiatives for economic growth saw India drowning in debt, which raised elements of dissatisfaction amongst the population that led to change of power in the early 1990s. This change saw India engage in reform processes of liberalization, privatization and globalization. The country achieved significant progress on its reform processes with markets deregulated, many businesses privatized, and the Indian economy duly integrated with the global economy and competitively making its mark in information technology (Trade Chakra, n.d.). India is currently experiencing economic boom with agriculture and information technology (IT) having a significant impact. Today 60% of the Indian population is cited as independent in agriculture somehow and it contributes 17% of the national gross domestic product (GDP). IT industry is a revelation in the Indian economy and it has strengthened India’s presence in the global market with the country becoming the hub for outsourcing of IT services by countries like the United States and England (Trade Chakra, n.d.).

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Education and Religious System of India

The education system in India consists mainly of primary, secondary and higher education, with the whole process taking a minimum of 14 years to the level of graduate degrees. Since its independence in 1947, India sees education as a key to maintaining the country’s economic growth, and this commitment is evident in the Indian constitution that condemns discrimination in education and cites elementary education a fundamental right for children between the ages of 6 and 14. The 2001 census records overall literacy rate in the country at 65% because of the gap that exists between rural and urban rates recorded at 59% and 80% respectively with women also lagging behind at 55% (India Academic, n.d.). The fundamentals of religion in India are very strong with lives of most Indians intertwined in religious beliefs and practices that dominate their private and social behaviors. There are several religious systems in the country that consists of Hinduism, Muslims, Buddhism, Islam, Sikhism, Christianity, and many other negligible religions in existence with Hinduism followed by Muslims commanding a higher following. Government remains neutral on religious matters in the country and exercise level of tolerance, which has led to the classification of India as a secular state (The Library of Congress Country Studies, n.d.)

History of Information Technology in India and it’s Development

Four Periods of Information Technology and its History in India
Information Technology is the “science of collecting, storing, processing and transmitting information.” (Forester, 1986) It is the use of computer software and hardware to manage data. Information Technology does not begin with the invention of computers but instead was around as far back as 3000

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B.C. The history of Information Technology consists of four periods, Pre-mechanical, Mechanical, Electromechanical, and Electronic. (Butler, 1998) The Pre-mechanical period took place from around 3000 B.C. to 1450 A.D. This period included writing and alphabets. For example, pictures or drawings, cuneiform and symbols were used. Paper and pens were used like scratching marks into wet clay, or writing on papyrus. The first numbering system and the Abacus also came about during the Pre-mechanical period. The Abacus is considered one of the first information processors. (Butler, 1998) The second period, the Mechanical period, took place from 1450 to 1840. During this period, in 1450, John Gutenberg invented the printing press. Other notable inventions were the Slide rule, the Pascaline and Leibniz’s machines. Charles Babbage invented the difference Engine and the analytical engine. Also, another important part of the Mechanical period was Augusta Ada Byron who was considered the first programmer. (Butler, 1998) The third period was the Electromechanical Period which took place from 1840 to 1940. During this period, ways to harness electricity was discovered which was key to this periods advancements. This period included the beginnings of telecommunications like, the telegraph, Morse code, telephone and radio. In 1880, Herman Hollerith created the census tabulator which used punch cards and analyzed the data faster. (Butler,1998) Also, notable during this period, in 1939, Hewlett-Packard, HP, was founded. (Computer History Museum, 2006). The four, and current period, is the Electronic age which took place 1940 and continues today. This period includes much advancement in computers. In the 1940’s there were advancements like the Harvard Mark I, Manchester Mark I, the EDVAC, ENIAC the first electronic computer, and the EDSAC which was the first practical stored-program computer. (Butler, 1998) Later in this period came the IBM UNIVAC I, the IBM 7000 series mainframe, which was the company’s first transistorized computer, the CDC’s 6600 supercomputer and the Kenbak-1 which was the first personal computer. (Computer History Museum, 2006). Following shortly after these advancements were the Apple I in 1976 and Apple II in

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1977 and the Atari models 400 and 800. In 1981, IBM came out with their personal computer, in 1982 the Commodore 64 was introduced and in 1984 Apple came out with the Macintosh. (Butler, 1998)

Information Technology history in India
Information Technology has helped put India on the global map and is the country’s premier growth engine. (IBEF, 2010) India’s software industry has grown from US $150 million in 1991-92 to US $5.7 billion in 1999-2000. (Embassy of India, n.d.) India is also the preferred destination for companies to outsource their IT services. (IBEF, 2010) India’s IT industry continues to grow. In the 1960’s and 1970’s, India did not have a separate IT industry. Most Indian companies purchased old, refurbished machines from companies like IBM since they could not afford much else. In 1968, Tata Consulting Services (TCS), India’s first software company, began operations. In 1973, TCS obtained its first big export assignment. Tata’s success made it a role model for later IT companies. In the early 1980’s, India was the only developing nations to have significant software exports. Many IT professionals took jobs in the United States but in 1993, the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service made it more difficult to obtain the H-1 visa. In 1998 to 200, the U.S. encountered the Y2K problem. The U.S. hired more computer programmers but the Y2K problem was due to legacy software being written in old languages such as COBOL, the U.S. programmers were not equipped to handle it. So the U.S. was forced to increase the quota for the H-1 visas and this allowed a number of Indian IT professionals to move to the U.S since India was one of the few countries that could provide a sufficient number of programmers to deal with the old language. In 2001, the U.S. went into a recession and the quota for H-1 visas was reduced again. This did not hurt India but instead benefited them. In attempt to reduce costs, U.S. companies outsourced more IT work to India. (Aggarwal, 2008) India’s IT sector currently employs about 2.2 million professionals directly and another 8 million indirectly accounting for over 5% of the GDP. Also, the majority of Fortune 500 companies and Global 2000 corporations are sourcing their IT service from India. It accounts for 55% of the global market in

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offshore IT services. India also exports software and services around the world to 95 countries. (Department of Information Technology, 2010)

The Specific Impact That Technology Has Had Upon the Culture of India
The Impact of Information Technology on India’s Government Information technology has had a significant impact upon India’s culture in terms of its government, its economy and also its education and religious systems. To start off with let’s begin by talking about its government. The Indian government has benefited since the information technology era has began in that it has brought India more money into the government and the country. All over the world we take advantage of India’s knowledge of computers and the IT industry and not just that but the ability of most of the IT specialists that they have to speak good English because English is important considering the U.S. dominates the computer industry. Due to the fact that India is such a poor country salaries paid to IT techs are low and India can afford to offer lower priced IT equipment and support than other places. Which people no matter what country you live in, are always looking for the best services and quality for the lowest price. Providing the lower prices and the good quality and service brings more business to India and by bringing in more business they are bringing in more money to the country. More money in India makes it possible for people to live a better life. This has enabled the government to provide the people of India with better education which in turn allows India to have more educated people and more and more people with the knowledge of computers and IT. IT has made it possible for India to accelerate in the path of growth. At first India was not able to participate like they wanted to in the exporting part of the technology industry because to invest in the manufacture of hard drives and computer chips was very costly and India did not have the money to invest in this nor could they get the money from anyone else. Then of course because of the fact that they had very little money there they had poor industrial infrastructure which meant unreliable trains, clogged ports, and intermittent electrical and water services (Jackson, Greg; Karki, Vishnu, 35). Indian

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government lost out on this opportunity so they decided that they had better invest in the future of the computer software development market. In the last 30- 35 years the Indian government has continued to develop and upgrade their Information Technology to better serve the people of the world who utilize their software programs. According to Jackson and Karki, “India is now annually producing about 68,000 computer software professionals.” (pg. 36). There is one great issue that Information Technology has brought to the Indian government and that is the fact that all of India is not equipped with the new information technology. There are poorer states in India that are in danger of not having the knowledge and the ability to have the technology systems like the wealthier states do. This is because the poorer states do not have the people there that know how to access the technology and then they can’t afford to have the technology in these states because money is an issue. The poor states are unable to attract IT based industries that could in the long run end up helping to develop those states economically. This is really an issue because the government in the richer areas of India is being run on way and then the government in the poorer area is being run another way. According to Das and Narayanan, “The cause of concern is that if this trend continues then there will be skewed economic development and it will be difficult for the governments to achieve an equitable development.” (pg. 107). One of the goals of the information technology system in India is to make all government information available to all of their country but this is not the case in the entire county. The states that are not as developed do not have all of the advancements that those who are more developed do. It is India’s goal to try to make this information easily accessible to all of the Indian people through internet sources and things of that sort. This is a little harder to do when you have states that are not as developed as others though.

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The Positive and Negative Impact of Information Technology on India’s Economy
One positive impact that IT has on India’s economy is the growth of India’s Real GDP. India’s Real GDP has increased in the past years. In 2001-2002, India’s GDP increased by 23% and in 20052006, it increased substantially by 33%, setting a new record for GDP growth in India (Dahiya and Singh, 2010). India also holds a 6.0% share in the world’s overall GDP, contributing 10% to the world’s growth (Industry Report, 2010). According to Dalhman and Utz, it will continue to increase within the next decade. The IT technology in India has many great impacts on their economy. According to Dalhman and Utz, between the early 1950s to the 1970s, India’s economy grew by 3.5% mainly due to its vast knowledge and technology. India’s economy continued to grow throughout the 1980s and 1990s where it was opened to more global competition. In the late 1990s, the economy dropped by 5.5% due to poor rains on agriculture but later saw a significant increased in 2003-2004 by 8.2% (Dahlman and Utz, 2005). India’s IT market has grown from $1.73 billion to $19.9 billion in less than ten years (Dahlman and Utz, 2005). Without IT, India’s growth would be much slower. Along with India’s economic growth, their IT technology has also grown. The jobs in India have increased due to IT, employing more than 2 million people in the field alone (Dahlman and Utz, 2005). India has also expanded its IT technology in the field of IT consulting, serving major companies in the United States such as Wipro, Infosys, and Tata. These companies are now reconstructing their business process with the help from India. India has done so well with their IT, giants such as Intel and Texas Instruments are using India as their Research and Development hub for microprocessors and multimedia chips (Dahlman and Utz, 2005). As long as they maintain their distinctive competitive advantage, this is bringing high-quality, abundant, and cost-effective human resources to its customers, they will continue to dominate its competitors and the IT world. Even with India’s fast economic growth, the great rapid GDP growth, and the large population, they are still vulnerable to development in its own region (Dahiya and Singh, 2010). While maintaining

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positive relationships with major countries such as the United States, everything else that isn’t IT related is growing at a very slow pace. The Indian government invests millions of dollars every year in

promoting their IT. So much focus has been on IT that seventy percent of the population is living without the basic amenities and infrastructure (Balasubramanian and Konana, 2001). The government and the policymakers needs to cut back on investments in IT and focus more on their poverty and agriculture and create a better India. Also being in an unstable area, where relationships with Pakistan continues to fluctuate, the dispute over Kashmir remains unresolved, and the rising developments may affect India’s growth, including its IT technology (Dahiya and Singh, 2010).

The Positive and Negative Impact of Information Technology on India’s Educational System
Positive Impacts It is a prerogative of every individual to receive education and in most instances educational achievements acquired by individuals lead to a positive impact on the individual’s life and the country’s economy, which implies that skills imparted through education paves the way for individual and economic success. Evidence of success in the lives of individuals with careers in IT, and the impact IT has on the country’s economy has many Indian students viewing IT as the license to attain personal development. They view higher IT education as opportunity to attain wealth, and personal recognition at national and international level (Ezer, 2006). Traditionally, India’s education system is oriented around classroom teaching, which fails to be inclusive of all members of the society by denying working people an opportunity to advance their education while keeping their jobs. India with its society’s acquired passion for IT, has seized the opportunity offered by the internet through introduction of online learning at several institutions that include Indian Institute of Management Ahemdabad (IIMA), that delivers management education through

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Virtual Learning Programs (Sanjay, R., Sanjay, S., Awadhesh & Alok 2008). Lack of classroom infrastructure coupled with opportunities presented by the country’s growing passion to acquire skills in IT has motivated introduction of e-learning at most institutions and while the model is still at its infancy, the commitment shared by all stakeholders is expected to bear positive results and grow in stature (The Library of Congress Country Studies, n.d.). The highlighted desire by individuals to achieve higher IT education and government’s commitment to facilitating means for expansion of higher education through establishments of grants has IT installed on a high pedestal within the Indian society. Availability of reputable IT Institutions only strengthens people’s desires to infiltrate the IT fraternity irrespective of the social background. The perceived benefits linked to IT qualification have pushed the Indian society to incur sacrifices that include selling of land to raise money to attend premiere institutions (Ezer, 2006).

Negative Impacts With many Indian students choosing IT qualification against science qualification, it does not look like Government is doing enough to promote science to students as the country demonstrates signs of struggle to build solid foundations in basic science education and research. The success that India’s IT graduates derive from overseas postings poses as an obstacle to the advancement of basic science because student use every opportunity they get in studying to get an IT qualification. IT qualification has become a qualification of choice in India, disposing of science from the pedestal with IT workers getting better pay than basic researchers who are 10 times worse off, which has diminished the value traditionally applied to sciences by the society (Ananthaswany, 2008.). According to Ananthaswany, it is not only science threatened by IT popularity, there is fear that qualifications in agriculture will also suffer, which could put the country in a precarious situation of placing the country under a single major contributor to the country’s GDP.

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Considering the flooding of the IT faculty in Indian Institutions, one would expect entry barriers to be nonexistent in this faculty; however, costs for the IT degrees continue to attract high fees that drain the thin financial resources of the society, majority of which live below the poverty lines. Arguments have come up regarding provision of computers in low-income schools in policy circles without bearing any fruits (Pal, 2010). This lack of progress represented a step backwards for the poor people consumed with desire to upgrade their living standards through means of higher education in IT because they have to sell their valued assets for education, which in most cases is not enough for them to achieve their primary goal. The evolution of IT in the education sector have not gone unnoticed in the global market as evidenced by the growing demand for Indian IT specialists over the years. This erosion of IT expertise lured overseas for better prospects in the global IT industry reflects weak link that could lead to a domestic shortfall in IT skilled labor despite reported influx of students in IT courses (Information Technology India, n.d.).

The Positive and Negative Impact of Information Technology on India’s Religious System
Positive Impacts As a society of deep-rooted traditional religious beliefs, Indians lead personal lives dominated by religious practices that include rituals and offerings to the gods. The society has taken an initiative of giving meaning to technology that has become dominant in their lives by conducting rituals to technology reserved for god-like objects despite non-existence of special god recognized for technology (Sarukkai, 2003). Praying to technology like that can mean that Indians perceive technology as a form of development that deserves recognition befitting to gods.

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Negative impacts Indians welcomed arrival of technology with mixed feelings that indicates they do not perceive it as from within but from outside by displaying element of reluctance to internalize technology into the collective consciousness as an Indian thing. Places of worships are everywhere in India except that none exists within the premises of Indian Institute of Science with employees of the Institute opting to visits areas outside the campus for worshiping rituals, which confirms the need to keep the two institutions separate (Sarukkai, 2003). The growing involvement of Indian IT experts in the global market brings its challenges of interweaving work demands and the demands from home, where government expects them to remain committed to the country’s wellbeing in terms of maintaining remittances and investments in India. Hinduism represents religion that helps to unify humanity and to stimulate respect for creation and recognition that the physical and material aspects of life are not the only or even the ultimate reality, which Overseas IT workers use to discipline mind and body to take control of their destinies (Samrute, 2010).

The Moral and Ethical Issues Brought About By Information Technology in India and How India Has Dealt With These Issues
Censorship Internet censorship exists in varying degrees all over the world. Since 1995, several governments around the world including India have been addressing the problems of material on the Internet that is illegal under their offline laws and content seen as harmful or otherwise unsuitable. The nature of material that is of principal concern has varied significantly. In the past and on a continuous basis attempts have been made to block sites which slander politicians, or sites run by groups which incite religious hatred, or those which publish politically sensitive material. Nevertheless, often these attempts are not successful.

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For a period, the DAWN (Pakistani Newspaper), was blocked for its reporting of the bans of sites like YouTube by an Indian government owned internet gateway, however one of the local news sites circulated thorough instructions on how to bypass the filter and view the site. Right now in India, there are no established rules, which a website needs to follow. However the official banning of sites takes place in a very ad hoc manner (generally signifies a solution designed for a specific problem or task, nongeneralized, and which cannot be adapted to other purposes) and is often temporary. More often, schools, universities, and employers impose restrictions on blogging or otherwise revealing information relating to their organization. Although these restrictions and/or banns are affecting everyone in India on some scale it has been increasingly affecting the schools and colleges, by disrupting their abilities to access meeting places and their abilities to blog. ” This guy had started a blog to improve and hone his creative writing skills, not to malign anyone…but a rule was a rule and he had to shut down his blog. Educational institutions are laying down rules as if they have state secrets to protect! The real reason is of course that they cannot tolerate even a word of criticism. And there are some institutes who are restricting access to the internet ostensibly to protect students from the ill-effects of staying up late at night! …” (Nita, 2007) In their intense policing of the internet the Indian government seems to be going after at least 17 or so sites. These selected sites are but not limited to: Site thepiratescove.us pajamaeditors.blogspot.com exposingtheleft.blogspot.com commonfolkcommonsense.blogspot.com princesskimberley.blogspot.com merrimusings.typepad.com www.withinandwithout.com nndh.com hinduhumanrights.org/hindufocus.html www.zone-h.org/ mypetjawa.mu.nu mackers-world.com imamali8.com www.soniamaino.com/ Site Type Adult Blog Blog Blog Blog Blog Blog Blog Faxed Ban List Human Service/Educational Information Media Media Multi Search Engine Not Working

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14.

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15. bamapachyderm.com 16. bloodroyaltriped.com 17. rahulyadav.com 18. image.search.yahoo.com 19. www.hinduunity.org 20. www.dalitstan.org *Note: Not one of these is hosted by geocities.com.

Not Working Not Working Personal IT Consultants Website Pictures/Videos Political Shopping

Moreover there have been specific web hosts that have been ban in India (Google, Geocity, Yahoo, etc.) and these hosts were blocked because the Indian government could not block just certain web pages when the hosts were outside of the country. Most of what is said by the Indian government is the blocking of these sites is cutting down on attempts and promotion of terrorisms. In the Mumbai train bombing back in July 2006 where 183 were killed, brought about the policing of personal webpage’s and blogging sites in India. However, “Shortly after the blasts, bloggers played an important role in offering help and information. Some were among the many office workers who stayed around late that day, keeping track of developments via television and the Web, and updating information on which hospitals the injured had been taken to….But a Ministry of Information Technology official said the government had the right to restrict access for two reasons: to protect India's sovereignty and security. "We saw that blogging on fanatic and religious websites surged soon after the Mumbai train blasts and had to act to stop sectarian hatred." (Dhillon, 2006)

Security and privacy A moral and ethical issue with Information Technology in India is security and privacy. Cyber crime is a large issue in India and is on the rise. In the past, India’s law enforcement did not have the tools to fight the cyber crime and there was a general lack of awareness about the issue. Now India has taken measures to combat the issue and prosecute violators. Cyber crime, as defined by Singh is “any illegal behavior directed by means of electronic operations that targets the security of computer systems and the data processed by them.” (Singh, 2007)

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This includes invasion of privacy or unauthorized access, meaning any access without the permission of the rightful owner. Defamatory emails or threatening emails, cyber stalking, Trojan, virus and worm attacks are all cyber crimes. Banking and credit card related crimes are another ethical issue as well as identity theft and investment fraud. (Cyber Laws of India, 2007) In order to deal with the issues of cyber crime, India has passed the Information Technology Act, 2000 which provides a legal framework for electronic records and other activities carried out by electronic means. It also gives details about the various offenses and the penalties of such crimes. (Cyber Laws of India, 2007) In 2006, the Personal Data Protection Bill was introduced to protect personal information. Cyber Police Stations have been created and are in major cities all over the country. The Central Bureau of Investigation created the Cyber Crime Investigation Cell, which started functioning in 2000. It is head by the Superintendent of Police and investigates the offenses listed in the Information Technology Act, 2000 and other high tech crimes. There are cyber crime cells in Mumbai, Bangalore, Chennai, Hyderabad, Delhi, Thane, Pune, Gujaray and Gurgaon. (Cyber Crime, 2001) The cyber crime investigation cells investigate cases that deal with cyber stalking, online fraud, hackers, piracy, viral dissemination, etc. An example of a cyber crime case is the case of the State of Maharashtra v/s Anand Ashok Khare. Anand Ashok Khare was a 23 year old engineer who posed as a famous hacker and attempted to hack the Mumbai police Cyber Cell website. Another cyber crime case is the State of Uttar Pradesh v/s Saket Sanghania. Saket Sanghania, an engineer, violated section 65 of the IT Act, when he allegedly sold the source code of his employer to an American client. (Shoeb Hakim, 2009) In order to help increase security, there are many schools or programs for Certified Ethical Hacking. A Certified Ethical Hacker is someone who is trained to seek out and find the security vulnerabilities of the system. They purposely attempt to penetrate networks and computer systems. The Certified Ethical Hacker then comes up with ways to protect the computers. One of the most widely recognized certifications and training course in India Is the Ankit Fadia Certified Ethical Hacker (AFCEH). (Ankit Fadia, 2009) In addition to ethical hacking, the creation of laws and Cyber Police

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Station and Cyber Crime Investigation Cells, India is working to resolve and reduce the number of cyber crimes.

Conclusion
As we can see information technology has greatly impacted India. In the beginning they were not able to compete like they can now because of the lack of money in the country and the fact that the computer technologies cost so much. India has come a long way and are now able to compete, as a matter of fact, they are one of the top countries in computer technology. India offers more English speaking specialists in the computer field which works great in their favor considering the majority of their business with computers and information technology is with English speaking Americans. India is also big for its exports of software and services around the world. In addition, India is able to provide lower costs to their customers because of the fact that it cost less to pay the IT techs in India being that it is not as rich a country as some of the other countries in this world. In India higher education in IT is believed to be the key to wealth and with the development of new and improved technologies it has helped India go from classroom based education to being able to get a higher education online. Information technology has had a negative side when it comes to the educational system in India and that is the fact that not enough people want to study other areas. Everyone knows that information technology is where all of the money or wealth is at and that seems to be the area that everyone wants to educate them. In order to control issues with censorship and also security and privacy issues India has tried to take precautions and establish laws or guidelines to follow with so many Indian’s using

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the internet now to access information and to communicate with each other. India has put bands on certain websites that they feel are not appropriate to access or that they think may be a result of or result from terrorism. India has created Cyber Police Station and Cyber Crime Investigation Cells in order to enforce the cyber laws that have been created and it actually is working to help control the amount of cyber crimes going on in India. Controlling the amount of cyber crime going on within the country will in the long run help the country to be more successful in the information technology industry.

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