...the Directory, and more importantly, Napoleon’s personal ability and appeal to employ such opportunity. This essay will argue that his rise to power was indeed very much aided by the failings of the Directory, but it was Napoleon who recognized such failures and used these to his advantage that ensured his rise. It will begin with a short background of the origins and result of the French Revolution. It will then summarize the failings of the Directory and how Napoleon used such failings to rise to power. ! ! The French Revolution! ! To evaluate the Directory’s impact on Napoleon’s rise to power it is essential to examine France in the late 18th century, a time of uprisings and turmoils. There was a general public discontent in the French monarch, Louis XVI, due to his inability to find a solution of the impoverished France. France was in such a state because it spent a large sum on warfare, namely the funding of the American War of Independence. This Pyrrhic victory almost bankrupted France. While the King taxed the poor, the royal family and the nobles still lived in luxurious lifestyles. After a series of events, the King was overthrown. ! ! Napoleon Under the Directory! ! After the overthrown, the 1795 Constitution was passed by voting. It also established the Directoire, the Directory, with five directors, and one was to be replaced each year. The Parliament was formed of two bodies, the Council of Five Hundred and the Council of the Elders. The Directory regime...
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...Polybius. The Histories: The Constitution of the Mid-Republic Often, when talking about Ancient Rome, images of a vast empire, flourishing cities, loyal citizens, and the most powerful and wealthy state of its time come to mind. While there are many factors that can be accredited to the success of this once grand nation, the most prominent, and impactful still today, would be that of the government—the Roman Republic. Much credit to the success of the Empire lies with the creation of this government that, to this day, is still viewed as ideal. Why though was the Roman government able to produce long periods of prosperity and unity? Perhaps a more detailed look how the government was able to operate functionally and efficiently for long spans of time lies within the Roman Constitution. Probably the first...
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...by their Creator with certain unalienable rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness. Declaration of Independence 1776 Declaration of Independence- ideology, Constitution- gives form to the declaration. People enjoy rights not given by government. Government doesn’t do something to you. Government prevented from taking them away. Government is the problem, not the solution. Policy is inherently bad. It was the fear of what the government could do to you that motivated its nationhood. Why the US is different -founded on an idea - Born free- rights are inalienable -Wary on power -Strong on nationhood -Founded on ‘science of politics’ -People are supreme via Constitution The politics of a written text ‘Scarcely any political question arises in the United States that is not resolved, sooner or later, into a judicial question.’ Alexis de Tocqueville (1840) Democracy in America, Book I, ch.16 -slavery -civil rights -abortion -healthcare Constitution Problematic Bill of Rights (1791) The first 10 amendments to the Constitution -1,2,3: limits of Congress 4, 5, 6: limits on executive 7, 8: limits on both (via judiciary) 9, 10: federalism (limits on national power) All posit limits on the institutions in the Constitution. Two parts of the doc, the first iteration is not sufficient to cool the fears of the anti-federalism. Madison creates these posited limits. The Separation of Powers The basic problem of government...
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...going to register a company to own and operate a diamond mine. He estimated that the company would need to raise $20M by way of a share issue and he planned to approach the members of his golf club, which has 100 wealthy members. Butch considered that the company would only need $10M of the $20M in the initial exploration phase but would require the further $10M in the critical operational phase that would follow. Butch was uncertain as to the type of company he should register. He planned to be the Managing Director of the company and to have his close friend Patsy as Chairman. Butch wanted to keep the affairs of the company confidential and retain control of its management but without the large amount of capital required, the company would not be able to undertake its objectives. In April, Butch contracted with some mining engineers to assist with the mining operations in October. Butch signed the contract with the mining engineers as “agent of Diamond Pty Ltd”. In June, Butch registered Diamond Pty Ltd with no constitution. Ralph is a shareholder in Diamond Pty Ltd. Ralph becomes aware that the directors of the company are considering the creation of a constitution with the following rules: i) that no director may be removed from office by the members; ii) that members may only appoint directors of the company as proxies to general meetings; iii) that the company’s activities are restricted to diamond mining. In early October, Butch advises the mining...
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...Framers themselves failed to address the issue of slavery, so the African American community had to endure intense oppression until the Civil Rights movements. However, at every turn the American leadership in power either pushed the public to see the heinous acts as justified or enacted laws to create a further inability to escape the oppression. As a result, the initial creation of the...
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...summary of our action to date, the Francis recommendations and an initial response from the FTN. 2. Initial Reaction from the FTN In the run up to publication of the Francis Report, our Chair, Peter Griffiths and Chief Executive, Chris Hopson wrote an open letter to members acknowledging that pockets of poor quality care can exist in all types of trust, but emphasising that failures as serious, protracted and devastating as Mid Staffordshire are rare and isolated. We recognised that the FTN and the wider NHS need to do much more to identify and share best practice on improving quality of care and to provide practical tools to support trusts in doing so. Our work programme will identify how the FTN can help develop sector led support to complement government led initiatives, focussing on: • • • • The drivers of quality identified through research such as culture, ward level leadership, team effectiveness, staff satisfaction and support; The role of the board; Defining what support could be provided to trusts finding it difficult to meet standards; Exploring the link between increasing financial pressure and quality. Clearly, today’s announcements and recommendations will have a major impact on everyone in the NHS. We are committed to engaging fully in the evolving debate, and to consulting widely with members and stakeholders to address the issues raised. Therefore, any views presented here are our initial responses to proposals. On behalf of the Foundation Trust Network...
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...going to register a company to own and operate a diamond mine. He estimated that the company would need to raise $20M by way of a share issue and he planned to approach the members of his golf club, which has 100 wealthy members. Butch considered that the company would only need $10M of the $20M in the initial exploration phase but would require the further $10M in the critical operational phase that would follow. Butch was uncertain as to the type of company he should register. He planned to be the Managing Director of the company and to have his close friend Patsy as Chairman. Butch wanted to keep the affairs of the company confidential and retain control of its management but without the large amount of capital required, the company would not be able to undertake its objectives. In April, Butch contracted with some mining engineers to assist with the mining operations in October. Butch signed the contract with the mining engineers as “agent of Diamond Pty Ltd”. In June, Butch registered Diamond Pty Ltd with no constitution. Ralph is a shareholder in Diamond Pty Ltd. Ralph becomes aware that the directors of the company are considering the creation of a constitution with the following rules: i) that no director may be removed from office by the members; ii) that members may only appoint directors of the company as proxies to general meetings; iii) that the company’s activities are restricted to diamond mining. In early October, Butch advises the mining...
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...Ninety percent of all postpartum hemorrhages are caused by uterine atony-that is, failure of the uterine muscles to contract normally after the baby and placenta are delivered. The blood vessels supplying the placenta during pregnancy are severed when the placenta separates from the wall of the uterus. The bleeding that results from these severed vessels normally stops when the uterus contracts, compressing the vessels. However, if the uterus doesn't contract enough, the bleeding can continue. Significant blood loss can result from a floppy, uncontracted uterus. Factors that may prevent the muscles of the uterus from contracting include the following: * prolonged labor; * the use of oxytocin (Pitocin) during labor; * general anesthesia; * twin or multiple births; * increased amounts of amniotic fluid (polyhydramnios); * delivery of a large baby; * history of more than five pregnancies; * abnormal labor (dystocia); and * infection (chorioamnionitis). In addition, fragments of placenta remaining in the uterus after delivery or benign growths within the walls of the uterus (known as fibroids) can also prevent the uterus from contracting normally. Active Management Many practitioners actively manage the third stage of labor, gently pulling the umbilical cord and administering oxytocin to help the uterus contract and promote delivery of the placenta. The uterus can also be massaged to help it contract firmly. Many studies show this technique...
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...Fathers centered political responsibility in their citizens, with James Madison arguing against the ancient assumption that a populace needed controlling from some higher force. Instead, as the Constitution allowed, America would trust in the wisdom of its people, deciding at large, through the nonviolent means of elections, who was most fit to lead and how. Still, nobody expected that an ignored and despised racial minority to be the ones who, two hundred years after the signing of the Constitution, would be the ones to face down hatred and push the United States back towards serving the will of the people. Yet that was exactly what the Civil Rights Movement was and it was achieved through nonviolence. Calling the ideals of the Founding Fathers “an unrealized dream” Martin Luther King, Jr. would say that the American people had “proudly professed the principles of democracy and… practiced the very antithesis…” (Branch, 2006). The Civil Rights Movement would be a long and deadly struggle, casting American race relations into international focus, and eventually fragmenting under internal pressures but it changed the country forever, resurrecting voting rights of the Fifteenth Amendment that had been enshrined after the Civil War and then buried, along with the rights of the black race, in the failure of Reconstruction. One of the seminal works on both the life of Martin Luther King, Jr. and the Civil Rights Movement is Taylor Branch’s account, which unfolds as a fairly straightforward...
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...William and Mary Law Review Volume 49 | Issue 4 Article 16 Constitution Writing in Post-conflict Settings: An Overview Jennifer Widner Repository Citation Jennifer Widner, Constitution Writing in Post-conflict Settings: An Overview, 49 Wm. & Mary L. Rev. 1513 (2008), http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr/vol49/iss4/16 Copyright c 2008 by the authors. This article is brought to you by the William & Mary Law School Scholarship Repository. http://scholarship.law.wm.edu/wmlr CONSTITUTION WRITING IN POST-CONFLICT SETTINGS: AN OVERVIEWt JENNIFER WIDNER* During the past forty years, over 200 new constitutions have emerged in countries at risk of internal violence. Internationally brokered peace accords have entailed the development of constitutions not only in the Balkans but also in Cambodia, Lebanon, East Timor, Rwanda, Chad, Mozambique, Bougainville-Papua New Guinea, Nepal, the Comoros, and other places.' New constitutions have heralded the adoption of multiparty systems from Albania to Zambia. 2 Policymakers have started to ask what we have learned and specifically whether some constitutional reform processes are more likely than others to deliver a reduction in violence or more rights-respecting fundamental documents. For example, over the past decade, the Commonwealth, the U.S. Institute of Peace, and t This Article draws in part on WIDER Research Paper 2005/51 and is published with the kind permission of the UNU-WIDER. * Professor of Politics and International Affairs, Princeton...
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...Articles of Confederation and the U.S. Constitution The Birth of a Nation Joseph J. Zarzycki United States History – 405 Aimee James June 1, 2014 At the end of the revolutionary war the free states of the Union desired some sort of control that would create a unified country. The first such control came from what was called the Articles of Confederation, essentially our first constitution. This document addressed many issues. How should power be divided between local and national governments? How should laws be made, and by whom? Who should be authorized to govern those laws? How could the government be designed to protect the individual rights of the citizens? The Articles of Confederation, as it turned out, were lacking in several key areas and would be considered a failure. After the shortcomings of the articles began to become apparent, the state delegates tried to revise them; but instead, constructed the Constitution. When creating the Articles of Confederation, thirteen states formed a Confederation referred to as the “League of Friendship” in order to find a solution for common problems and concerns. The Articles of Confederation created a loose Confederation of independent states that gave limited powers to the central government. Each state, regardless of population, would have one vote in the house of Congress. Members of the one-house Congress agreed that the new government should be a unicameral legislature, without an executive branch or...
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...Constitution of the Student Senate Colorado Technical University Colorado Springs Preamble The elected student representatives set forth in this Constitution hereby represent us, the Student Body of Colorado Technical University, Colorado Springs Campus. Article I Section 1 The organization representing the general Student Body shall henceforth be referred to as the "Colorado Technical University, Colorado Springs (CTUCS) Student Senate" or “Student Senate”. Section 2 The Mission of the Student Senate is to provide the entire Student Body a better quality of life at CTUCS by: • Acting as an advocate to the University, the Student Body and the community. • Promoting activities that benefit the Student Body. • Increasing the accessibility of the Student Senate to the Student Body. • Acting as a communications conduit between the Student Body and the University. • Provide insight to the President of the University or Campus Director on the condition of the Student Body. • Providing for facilities enhancement for the Student Body. • Promoting and sustaining activities and operations that benefit the Professional Organizations and Student Clubs on campus. Section 3 The Student Senate officers are granted authority and rights to govern the Student Body by the students via annual elections. Section 4 The President of the University or Campus Director shall not construe the tenets set forth in this Constitution to restrict or interfere...
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...chosen is the Constitution Pipeline. The Constitution Pipeline, is a pipeline that is Approximately 124 miles long and will extend from Susquehanna County, PA., to Schoharie County, NY. The pipeline which was proposed in mid-2012, has been majorly opposed to residents in this area. There are some businesses that are in favor of the pipeline, like the company Amphenol Aerospace, that would like to receive natural gas to their company and the only way they can receive natural gas is with the construction of the pipeline and there are land owners that are concerned about the safety and do not want to have the pipeline running though their land. On April 22, 2016, New York Department of Conservation has denied the Constitution Pipeline for the permits to clear tress to begin construction. In 2014 Governor Andrew Cuomo, banned hydraulic fracking. With the community groups and Cuomo, pressuring the state the pipeline was rejected. The Constitution Pipeline Company has not yet decided if they are going to appeal the decision. Even though this pipeline stands to bring almost 2500 jobs to the area during construction as well as tax benefits, most residents are against the pipeline. In Pennsylvania the Constitutional Pipeline will cross 36 miles of interior forest which is a habitat for migratory birds and other wildlife. Mid- 2012, Williams and Cabot Oil and Gas, proposed the construction of a 124-mile-long natural gas pipeline in upstate New York called the Constitution Pipeline...
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...equality, power for the federal government and states and economic theories for merchants and farmers would be affected by the signing of this declaration of war. The initial government created after the publishing, the Articles of Confederation, created a much different economic system, focusing on the state rather than the federal government after events like Shay’s Rebellion and the necessity of slavery. Socially, new classes were created in support of the war and America becoming independent, known as the Patriots and the Loyalists....
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...their waters. At first, American shipping was protected because Britain regularly remunerated the pirates. Unfortunately, after the American Revolution, Britain’s payment of Tribute did not protect or secure the American vessels. As a result, the leaders of the new American government decided to take over the payment of the protection money. In 1801, the pasha of Tripoli increased the tribute, which was demanded for safe passage. Jefferson repudiated to pay the price. Hence, Tripoli waged war on the United States, and the president sent warships to Tripoli. Once again, Thomas Jefferson went against his political ideals and beliefs. In this particular case, he dismantled his view on peaceful coercion. To continue, one of Jefferson’s biggest failures was his Embargo Act of 1807. Once England and France were at war and attacking the States’...
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