...enemy army of bacteria, fungi and viruses swarm on our skin trying to siege the human body. However, our body’s recognition of these enemies rely on two intrinsic defense systems, they are the innate and the adaptive systems. These two systems work independent of each other and also rely on each other cooperatively in the defense of disease. This system of defense is what is called our immunity. If the immune system is operating effectively it will protect the body from foreign invaders vigorously and sometimes without regard to the good and bad cells. One system that is nonspecific to foreign substances is the innate system. The innate, sometimes called the natural immunity is the first line of defense for the body (Marieb, 2013). Skin barriers and mucosal bodies such as acidity of the skin, lysozyme found in salvia, mucus found in the respiratory track and defensins found in mucous membranes are all part of the innate immune system (Marieb, 2013). Internal innate systems include phagocytes and macrophages by killing and ingesting their prey with enzymes (Marieb, 2013). The innate system also includes the inflammatory response which prevents agents from spreading to adjacent tissues and promotes tissue repair quickly when an injury has occurred. Other defenses in the innate system include Natural killer cells which act as a policing cell in the blood and lymph (Marieb, 2013). In other words, they can determine which cells to lyse before the need to introduce the...
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...Answer: There are four elements including (1)human population (2)pathogen (3)reservoir and (4)vectors. The dynamics of diseases depends on the overlap of niches of these elements. 1. Human population : Disease patterns and processes reflect interactions of individuals within populations. Many diseases such as lung cancer or pulmonary diseases emerge as increasing urbanization results in higher air pollution. 2.Pathogen : Such as chloroquine resistance in malaria Parasites, the microorganism presents drug-resistant due to frequent mutation in response to antibiotic/drug treatment. 3.Reservoir : Rabies outbreaks are related to concurrent increased human activity that contact with animals. Rabies is a zoonotic disease that is caused by a virus. The disease infects domestic and wild animals, and is spread to people through close contact with infected saliva via bites or scratches. 4.Vectors : Japanese encephalitis is a disease transmitted via mosquitoes from Domestic pigs and wild birds. The outbreak occurred when the vector mosquitoes proliferated in rustic countries in summer. The widespread use of vaccine and cleaning living environment can control of the disease. Public Health Biology 2. Compare and contrast the Salk killed polio vaccine (IPV) and the Sabin live, attenuated polio vaccine (OPV) in terms of effectiveness, duration of immunity, safety, and ease of distribution. State under what conditions...
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...Th1 b. Th2 c. Th17 d. CD8+ T cells i. Answer B is correct. Th2 cells express the receptors CCR3, CCR4, and CCR8. These chemokines are highly expressed at allergic reaction sites, causing the migration of Th2 to the site. A is incorrect because Th1 cells are found at sites of infection, prompted by strong innate immune reactions. C is incorrect because Th17 cells express the receptor CCR6 for chemokine CCL20 which is abundant at bacterial and fungal infections. D is incorrect because CD8+ T cells are associated with localization against intracellular pathogens. 8. A pharmaceutical company has been running trials on a radical new serum antibody treatment against the Ebola virus. The initial trials utilizing goats were successful, but the current trials involving horses have resulted in serum sickness. What region of the antibody is causing this adverse reaction seen in the horses? a. C region b. V region c. Hinge d. Tail piece i. Answer A is correct. The antibodies of different species are variable in the C regions, and the horse immune system is making antibodies against the C regions of the introduced antibody. This is causing serum sickness. While there is also variation...
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...University of Phoenix Material Appendix F – Immunity Activity After reading Ch. 16-18 in Microbiology: Principles and Explorations, fill in the following matrix. |Answer the following Checklist Exercise from Ch. 17 of Microbiology: Principles and Explorations: Distinguish between active | |and passive immunity. Give examples of each. | |Active immunity occurs when someone is exposed to a live pathogen, then develops a disease, and becomes immune as result. | | | |Ex: Chick pox and the measles | | | |Passive immunity is considered a short term immunization because of the injection of antibodies that are not produced by the | |recipient’s cell. | | | |Ex: A person being bite by a raccoon and receives rabies. | | ...
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...and appendix), the location of each, and how that location supports the functions of immunity required by the body An explanation about how the immune system works and how a vaccine effects that system (~3-4 paragraphs) a. Student work includes a description of the "three levels" of immune system, including innate and adaptive defenses, humoral vs, cell-mediated responses, and active vs passive immunity; and describes how vaccines work in the body using a specific vaccine as an example A reaction (either in support or in disagreement) to the message of your chosen political cartoon (please include an image of the cartoon) along with supporting data/statistics from reliable and cited sources (~3-4 paragraphs) a. Student correctly explains the "sides" of the issue being reflected in the political cartoon of their choosing, and explains whether they agree or disagree with the overall message of the cartoon. Several specific data or statistics are researched by the student and used to support their argument either for or against the cartoon. 1. An explanation of the relationship between lymphatic structures and the immune system (~1 paragraph) a. When the Lymphatic System encounters diseases or viruses, the Immune System kicks in. The immune system can be split into innate defenses and adaptive defenses. The innate defenses is the first defense that any invading pathogens will face when entering your body. This is mechanical barriers that cover body...
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...Jobs of immune system • Recognize, attack, and destroy pathogens o Viruses, bacteria o Fungi, protozoa, multicellular parasites • Recognize foreign tissues, e.g., blood, transplants • Recognize and remove abnormal cells, e.g., cancer • Remove dead or damaged native tissue after disease or injury Various ways of responding to pathogens Two types of immune response • Innate – non-specific o Present from birth o Similar response independent of pathogen or foreign agent o Involves some but not all types of leukocytes o Does not rely on specific antibodies o Does rely on inflammatory response and recognition molecules • Acquired – specific o Adaptive and specific to pathogen o Develops during 1st exposure to antigen o Response to 2nd exposure is much quicker and more effective o T and B lymphocytes systems are key • Both rely on leukocytes – a small fraction of the blood Important molecules associated with inflammation • Histamine: in granules in granulocytes; mast cells o Vasodilator, bronchoconstrictor, increases vascular permeability • Bradykinin: formed from kinins (i.e., inactive plasma proteins) in blood o Vasodilator; causes pain • Eicosanoids o Prostaglandins, thromboxanes act on smooth muscle, other tissues o Leukotrienes: smooth muscle constriction (asthma) • Interleukins: cytokines that stimulate acute phase proteins, cause fever, increasing permeability (some anti-inflammatory) • Release of eicosanoids (paracrines) causes pain, fever...
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...Pathogens Melanie Ziemer Bio/340 August 31, 2015 Martin Winkler Pathogens In America today there are more viruses than there are people. (Bode Science Center, n.d.) One of the most prevalent viral diseases is herpes. “There are many different types of herpes, the most common are herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) and herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2).” (Bode Science Center, n.d.) Both types of herpes are cause by two very closely related viruses, and are spread from direct or indirect contact with contaminated persons or objects. (Bode Science Center, n.d.) Herpes simplex type 1 may appear as tiny blisters by the lips, nose, or in the eyes and herpes simplex type 2 may appear as tiny blisters on the genital area. (Bode Science Center, n.d.) This paper will be concentrating on herpes simplex type 1, the point of entry, how it interacts with normal flora of the body, how it affects the innate immune system, and how it affects the adaptive immune system. To understand how herpes simplex 1 infects a person, it is important to understand the structure of the virus itself. The herpes simplex virus have a unique structure, they are enveloped, have double strained DNA genome that is contained a large core, and have a spherical shape. (Bode Science Center, n.d.) “The herpes simplex virus type 1 has glycoproteins on its envelope and this makes it a target for external influences.” (Kennedy, n.d.) The herpesvirus needs a host, has a slow replication process and can also have long...
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... External Innate defenses or Surface barriers Internal Nonspecific defense (Innate Defense) 1. White blood cells - Phagocytic Cells – - NK Cells – 2. Antimicrobial proteins - interferons - complement proteins - interleukins and cytokines 3. Inflammation – 4. Lymph, spleen and tonsils Specific Immune Responses (Adaptive Immunity) • You actually are responding to antigens, not the entire pathogen • An antigen is Antigen Presenting Cells (APC) • One’s own cells are marked with a unique set of proteins called MHC (self) proteins • A macrophage or dendritic cell engulfs the pathogen and displays the antigen with its own MHC proteins • All specific immune responses begin when the APC displays the MHC/antigen complex to a helper T cell The Two Branches of the Adaptive Immune System: Antibody-Mediated (Humoral) vs. Cell-Mediated Antibody – Mediated Immunity (Humoral Immunity) • Antibodies are Y shaped proteins that travel in body fluids and hook up to cells w/the specific antigen. They antibody/antigen complex: Cell-mediated immunity Response begins when an APC presents the MHC-antigen complex to a specific helper-T cell. Vaccination (active immunotherapy) • inject dead of greatly weakened pathogen introduce one to the antigens...
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...INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY: Compare and Contrast the Biological Processes Underlying Innate and Adaptive Immunity By (name) Course: Instructor: University: City/State: Date Compare and Contrast the Biological Processes Underlying Innate and Adaptive Immunity In the biology Immunology field, immunity is defined as the balanced state of a living organism for instance, the human body having sufficient biological defenses to combat infection, illness, or other unwanted biological incursion, while having acceptable tolerance to avoid contamination and allergies (Sompayrac, 2012, p.5). The immune system is a group of cells, nerves, and molecules that defend the body from many pathogenic microorganisms and contaminants in the environment. These defenses against microorganisms have been alienated into two broad categories of reactions, which are responses of innate immunity and those of adaptive immunity. Consequently, innate and adaptive immunity can be perceived as two similarly significant aspects of the immune system. This paper aims to highlight and assess the differences concerning innate and adaptive immunity despite them serving a similar function in human immunology. Immunology has conventionally allocated the immune system into innate and adaptive mechanisms with dissimilar functional roles (Sompayrac, 2012, p. 6). The first comparison is placed in their definition of function where the innate immune system is comprised of cells and proteins that are constantly present...
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...1. a. First line of defense: These external, nonspecific (innate) defenses include our physical and biochemical barriers, as well as the normal flora that live on our skin. The barriers are made up of the the epithelial cells on the skin and our body tract conditions, like the linings of the respiratory, urinary, and gastrointestinal systems. When exposed to pathogenic substances, these allow the body to expel the harmful particles by coughing, sneezing, vomiting, and other methods of flushing them out. The first line of defense is also composed of our natural, beneficial bacteria, which train and develop the immune system and protect against microbes by producing chemicals that are toxic to foreign invaders. b. Second line of defense: These...
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...Microbiology Exam 3 Amber E. Baity Excelsior College 1.Blood isolated from an emergency room patient contains antibodies against the measles virus. Please explain whether or not the patient should be quarantined immediately because they are infected with the measles virus and why? What are the other plausible explanations for anti-measles antibodies in the patient’s blood? Though this could appear a critical situation, this patient does not need to be quarantined, as we do not know if the antibodies present in his body are from a current infection or due to a vaccination. Measles and mumps antibodies are virus-specific proteins produced by the immune system in response to an infection by the measles or mumps virus, or in response to vaccination. There are two types of antibodies produced, IgM and IgG. The first type to appear in the blood after exposure or vaccination is IgM antibodies. Levels of IgM antibodies increase for several days to a maximum concentration and then begin to taper off over the next few weeks. IgG antibodies take a bit longer to appear, but once they do, they stay in the bloodstream for life, providing protection against re-infection. When measles or mumps IgG antibody is present in a person who has been vaccinated and/or is not currently ill, then that person is protected against infection (immune). If a person does not have measles or mumps IgG antibodies, then they are not considered immune to the viruses. This may be because they have not been...
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...IMMUNOLOGY INNATE (NONSPECIFIC) DEFENSES - mechanical and chemical Skin + Mucous Membranes – Prevent/slow entry 1. Skin Closely-packed keratinized cells w/tight junctions + desmosomes; sloughing of outer layer 2. Mucous membranes - Line openings to the exterior (respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive tracts) Mucus = sticky entrapment Tight junctions in epithelial tissue 3. Underlying connective tissue (dermis, lamina propria) Viscous to slow movement 4. Hair Protect from abrasion (scalp); filter air (nasal) 5. Acidity Skin – sebum; Stomach – HCl (pH 2); vaginal and urinary secretions 6. Lysozyme – Destroys cell walls of some bacteria Sweat, tears, saliva, nasal secretions 7. Other antimicrobials – defensins, dermacidin, IgA 8. Expel microorganisms Sweat, tears, urine flow, vaginal secretions, saliva Coughing, sneezing, vomiting, defecation Cilia of upper respiratory tract - propels mucus away from lungs Internal Defenses – Prevent spread 1. Phagocytosis - Macrophages, Neutrophils, Microglial cells (CNS), Kupffer cells (liver) 2. Natural killer cells (in blood + lymph) Cell lysis of cells without proper self cell markers (tumor cells, virus-infected cells) 3. Antimicrobial proteins a. Interferon - Proteins made by viral-infected cells Virus - needs host cell machinery to replicate; takes over host to make more viruses Prevents virus from multiplying in other infected cells (Can also activate macrophages and NK...
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...bacteria. Viruses are also considered foreign invaders to the body. The immune system’s job is to keep these foreign invaders out of the body. If some of them do come in the body, then it’s job is to kill them. A pathogen can be viewed as an infectious agent. It causes illness or disease to its host. It causes chaos in the normal physiology of a multi-cellular plant or animal. It can also infect unicellular organisms as well. One of the immune system’s most important functions is the ability to distinguish between the body’s own cells as “self” and foreign cells as “non self.” The immune system usually works together quietly with cells that are classified as “self” cells. When an immune system detects a foreign organism or cell categorized as “non self,” it quickly fires an attack. In abnormal circumstances, the immune system can order an attack by mistake on its own cells. This is known as autoimmune disease. There are many types of nonspecific defenses that the immune system uses. The three types of nonspecific defenses I am going to talk about are traps, barriers, and low level of pH. Some of the examples of traps are hair, cilia, ear wax, and mucous membranes. Mucous membrane and skin are the first line of defense, also called along innate immunity, in a person’s body. Mucous membrane borders the respiratory, GI, and genitourinary tract. The mucous membrane produces sticky glycoprotein fluid called mucus. Cilia, tiny hair-like projections, move the mucus up to...
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...My pathogen is called Hepachondria appengyenes. The name comes from a microbiology student, Bailey Bladel, who discovered that people often misdiagnose themselves with appendicitis (a bacterial infection) when they truly have a virus that is infecting their appendix. H. appengyenes enters the body through a mucus membrane and needs 250,000 spores or more in order to attach to the cilia and move downwards. When you drink blood from an animal or eat meat that is too raw, then enough spores will be present to infect you. H. appengyenes will bind to a layer of mucus, which arose from goblet cells and attach to the cilia to help the bacteria get to the appendix from the mouth. The virus will pass through the gastrointestinal tract by using the enzyme IgA...
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...Physiology of Blood Components, Characteristics, Functions of Blood Major Components of Blood 1. Formed elements - the actual cellular components of blood (special connective tissue) a.erythrocytes - red blood cells b.leukocytes - white blood cells c.platelets - cell fragments for clotting 2. Blood plasma - complex non-cellular fluid surrounding formed elements; protein & electrolytes. Separation of Components in a Centrifuge VOLUME LAYER clear/yellowish PLASMA 55% top thin/whitish buffy coat proerythroblast ->early (basophilic) erythroblast ->late (polychromatophilic) erythroblast ->(hemoglobin) normoblast -> (nucleus ejected when enough hemoglobin)reticulocyte -> (retaining some endoplasmic reticulum) ERYTHROCYTE life span: hemocytoblast -> reticulocyte 3-5 DAYS reticulocyte -> ERYTHROCYTE 2 DAYS (in blood) ERYTHROCYTE lifespan 100-120 DAYS (primarily destroyed by macrophages in the spleen) 3. Regulation of Erythropoiesis a. hormonal controls - erythropoietin is the hormone that stimulates RBC production DECREASED oxygen level in blood causes KIDNEYS to increase release of erythropoietin 1. Less RBCs from bleeding 2. Less RBCs from excess RBC destruction 3. Low oxygen levels (high altitude, illness) ...
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