...maggots of Calliphora vicina Linnaeus (Diptera: Calliphoridae) fed with an artificial diet mixed with the drug. This shows that morphine was stored inside the cuticle of the maggots during their development. However, the detection of diethylpropion (Inebex) showed negative result in larvae of Chrysomya megacephala and Chrysomya putoria suggesting the rapid excretion of drugs (Alves et al.2008). Insect succession Insect succession is the wave or pattern of insects’ colonization on dead remains and is also affected by the surrounding environment. Invasion of a body by insects and other arthropods occurs soon after death (Anderson and Goff, 2000). They are capable to arrive and colonized within minutes of the death (Wells and Lamotte 2001). It is not unusual for human remains to be discovered in a highly decomposed or skeletonized state. Insect are the first organism to discover a body after death. They are capable of arriving and colonizing within minutes of the victim’s final breath. The entomological basis for the postmortem interval estimation also is referred to as the period of insect activity (PIA)...
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...Risk Assessment Hazard Identification Risk assessment begins with hazard identification. Malathion is a wide spectrum, non-systemic organophosphate insecticide commonly used to control ectoparasites, household insects, sucking and chewing insects in agriculture, and mosquito populations (Pmep.cce.cornell.edu 2012). It is also sold over the counter as a medicine used to kill lice and their eggs. Toxicity in animals depends on product purity and the method it is administered. Dose-Response Assessment Dose responses in humans and animals differ from species to species and according to dose concentration. Malathion exposure occurs through ingestion, inhalation, and absorption. Human exposure usually results in nausea, headache, and tightness in the chest. Although Malathion is classified as a slightly toxic, lethal doses have been recorded for humans. The lowest lethal dose of Malathion recorded is three times higher for men than women (Pmep.cce.cornell.edu 2012). Alergic reaction to Malathion causes severe dizziness and trouble breathing. Lab tests indicate that rats do not normally have adverse reproductive and development effects from Malathion exposure at low doses and prolonged exposure. High doses can cause teratogenic effects when fed to rats through a stomach tube. Malathion can, however, pass through the placenta of pregnant goats and cause birth defects and increased newborn mortality rates. Chronic toxicity may cause mutagenic risks to humans. Lab test results...
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...Carpenter bees are beneficial for pollinating plants, but that doesn't mean homeowners want them on the property. These insects cause significant damage to wood structures. In addition, the females sting when they feel threatened. If you've discovered carpenter bees on your land, learn about the ways pest control services get rid of them and how to prevent a recurrence of the problem. Carpenter Bees and Wood Carpenter bees make tunnels in untreated or deteriorating wood structures such as fence and deck posts, house eaves and utility poles. The tunnels provide places for them to raise their young and to hibernate during the winter. Identification of Bees First, the pest control technician verifies that the bees are carpenter bees and not bumblebees. The two look similar and it's easy to confuse one species with the other. Bumblebees have more yellow on their bodies and also are fuzzier....
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...How technique works: The group Monarch Watch creates a kit for tagging Monarch butterflies. Each kit includes a sheet with 25 tags, a premigration newsletter, datasheet and instructions. The tags are stickers made up of polypropylene sheets printed with waterproof ink. Each sticker contains a series of three letters and three numbers and each year the tags receive their own unique series of numbers. Listed on the tag along with the unique identification number, includes an email address and phone number. The tags are available to anyone who wishes to volunteer and assist with the process. The process is performed by many volunteers throughout the US and Canada. The fall migration tagging goes from late August thru October, with concentrated efforts in September and early October when the butterflies migrate south to Mexico. Using a net, the butterfly is captured and removed from the net by firmly grasping the thorax. Once the butterfly is taken out of the net the tag is placed on discal cell on the underside of the hindwing. The sticker is placed in this spot because it is closer to the center of lift and gravity and does not hinder the butterflies’ flight. This position also is less harmful to the butterflies. Once the butterflies are tagged, the volunteer records the date, location and any other information on the datasheet they received with their packet. The butterfly is then released to continue its long journey. The information from the tag is sent back to Monarch Watch...
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...Lisa C. Litz Ramona Brockman Environmental Science February 18, 2014 Benchmark Part 1 Nature Observation ~ Pond and Surrounding Woods, West Pointe, CA Our favorite place for taking nature walks is in the woods surrounding my parent’s cabin in West Pointe, Ca. My daughter and I have been taking walks in the woods up there for over six years. We have seen a variety of different animals up there on our various outings depending on the time of year we’re up there and the time of day we take our walks. All of the plants and animals we’ve seen up there make up the biotic factors for this environment. There are a number of different species of trees and flowering plants around my parent’s cabin and the outlying trails we go exploring on. Even though there are a number of cabins up here, they haven’t really disturbed the environment to the point that it’s affected the number of different creatures that still wander through the woods. Besides all of the wonderful biotic factors we so enjoy up here there are also a few abiotic factors that interact with the wildlife. There is a slow running stream that runs between a few of the cabins, and then a couple of miles down the road there’s a large standing pond just off to the side of the road. The main abiotic factor is the sun, which is where all the living organisms derive their energy from. Energy is another abiotic factor. The plants derive energy directly from the sun, whereas the animals get their energy indirectly from the sun by...
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...determine water quality. Macroinvertebrates are organisms with no backbone that are visible without using a microscope. Crayfish, aquatic snails, and the larvae of aquatic insects are examples of stream-bottom macroinvertebrates. Macroinvertebrates are an important link in the aquatic food chain. They feed upon algae and leaves that fall into the stream and are eaten by larger consumers, such as fish. Macroinvertebrates are useful for studying water quality because some of them cannot survive in polluted waters, while others thrive. Since stream-bottom macroinvertebrates do not generally move very far within a stream, they are excellent indicators of long-term pollution trends. Levels of pollution may vary over time, so a one-time chemical analysis of the water may not provide an accurate picture. However, if pollutants are common in a stream, the macroinvertebrates found there will primarily be the ones that are tolerant of poor water quality. In addition, macroinvertebrates are relatively easy to collect, so analyzing this community can be used to get an initial indication of water quality to see if additional chemical tests are necessary. Materials needed for this lab: - Handouts: Stream Sample A, Stream Sample B, Macroinvertebrate Key - Calculator Part 1: Identification of Macroinvertebrates In this section, you will practice using a dichotomous key to identify a sample of macroinvertebrates from a hypothetical stream, called Stream A. With...
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...This chapter focuses on the method of controlling juvenile mosquitoes while in life stages (larvae & pupae) which only occur in water. To safely alter our aquatic environments, even temporarily, for the purpose of controlling mosquitoes, requires a good working knowledge of both the target species and larvicides, which include commercial pesticides and natural predators. Products and techniques currently used in Florida are discussed in detail, and the benefits and risks of each are considered. Commercial pesticide information includes summaries and information provided by manufacturers. Minor differences between various formulations of the same or similar active ingredients are detailed so that the competency of each product may be compared. The old days of smothering everything with one pesticide such as waste oil are gone, and mosquito control is rapidly approaching an age of prescription applications where a competent operator will apply one or a combination of larvicides in an environmentally friendly manner under a given set of conditions. Commercial pesticide sections summarize data found in manufacturers’ current product literature and labels. Two of many additional sources of information on mosquito larvicides are: • U.S. Environmental Protection Agency HTTP://WWW.EPA.GOV/PESTICIDES/HEALTH/MOSQUITOES/LARVICIDES4MOSQUITOES.HTM • Alameda County, California Mosquito Control HTTP://WWW.MOSQUITOES.ORG/BIORAT.HTML The University of Florida published a handbook (Dean...
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...THE CONCEPT OF PEST A pest can be defined as any organism which injures man, his property, or his environment, or which just causes him annoyance. Such organisms include principally certain insects, nematodes, fungi, weeds, birds and rodents, or any other terrestrial or aquatic plant or animal life, or virus, bacteria, etc. In agriculture, concern is normally expressed when the damage done to a crop by a specific crop pest or a group of pests causes a loss in yield or quality because this would mean a reduction in profit. When a loss in yield reaches certain proportions, the pest can be designated an economic pest. According to Edward and Heath (1964), the pest status is reached when there is a 5 percent loss in yield in a particular crop. In pest management, the economic appraisal of the pest status and justification of the need to embark on control measures is defined in relation to the following concepts: economic damage, economic injury level and economic threshold. Economic damage can be defined as the amount of injury done to a crop that will justify the cost of artificial control measures. Economic injury level is the lowest pest population density that can cause economic damage, which will vary from crop to crop, season to season, and area to area. For practical purposes, there is an economic threshold defined by Stern et al. (1959) as the pest population density at which control measures should be initiated or started to prevent an ever increasing pest population from...
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...we work to protect pollinators. We always follow local, state and federal regulations for bee removal and prevention. BEES What Do Bees Look Like? Found globally, bees are winged insects of the order Hymenoptera, super-family Apoidea. There are more than 20,000 recorded bee species. Megachile pluto, the largest of these creatures, is reported to be 3.9 cm long, while Perdita minima, the most diminutive of bees, are shorter than 2 mm long. Bees can be black or brown with red, yellow or lustrous blue stripes. Behavior, Diet & Habits While some bees are solitary, species such as honey bees and bumble bees are tremendously social. Bee colonies are comprised of three castes: the queen bee, infertile female worker bees and male drones. The queen mates and lays eggs for the span of her life. Honey bee queens can live up to five years, though most average a lifespan of two to three years. Male drones exist solely to fertilize the queen and die soon after having fulfilled their task. Female worker bees perform a multitude of tasks necessary to the survival of the hive. As a result of their constant laboring, their average life span is usually a mere six weeks. Reproduction All bees are hairy, a crucial trait for pollen collection. Flowers and flourishing vegetation often attract bees, and there is no insect as important as the bee when it comes to pollination. Many female bee species have rows of bristles on their hind legs which form a hollow basket. When the bee lands on a flower, pollen...
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...Fireflies are familiar, but few realize that these insects are actually beetles, nocturnal members of the family Lampyridae. Most fireflies are winged, which distinguishes them from other luminescent insects of the same family, commonly known as glowworms. There are about 2,000 firefly species. These insects live in a variety of warm environments, as well as in more temperate regions, and are a familiar sight on summer evenings. Fireflies love moisture and often live in humid regions of Asia and the Americas. In drier areas, they are found around wet or damp areas that retain moisture. Everyone knows how fireflies got their name, but many people don't know how the insects produce their signature glow. Fireflies have dedicated light organs that are located under their abdomens. The insects take in oxygen and, inside special cells, combine it with a substance called luciferin to produce light with almost no heat. Firefly light is usually intermittent, and flashes in patterns that are unique to each species. Each blinking pattern is an optical signal that helps fireflies find potential mates. Scientists are not sure how the insects regulate this process to turn their lights on and off. Firefly light may also serve as a defense mechanism that flashes a clear warning of the insect's unappetizing taste. The fact that even larvae are luminescent lends support to this theory. Females deposit their eggs in the ground, which is where larvae develop to adulthood. Underground...
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...Samantha Poteet ENGWR 480 Professor Kiefer 31 October 2013 Little is known about Jakob von Uexküll, the author of A Foray into the Worlds of Animals and Humans: With a Theory of Meaning, other than his credentials and contributions. Uexküll studied zoology at the University of Tartu, known as Dorpat at the time, in Estonia from 1884 to 1889 (SUNY Press; Jakob von Uexküll Centre). Later Uexküll worked at the Institute of Physiology of the University of Heidelberg and at the Zoological Center in Naples, focusing on the behavior and interaction of living beings (SUNY Press; Jakob von Uexküll Centre). His written works were dedicated to the question of how living beings subjectively perceive their environment and how their perception determines their behavior, which is a dominant theme throughout A Foray in the Worlds (Jakob von Uexküll Centre). Uexküll argues that the spider builds its web before it has ever met a physical fly, therefore it is a representation of the spider’s primal image of the fly (159). Uexküll’s claim depends on three assumptions: (1) the fly is the prey of the spider, (2) the spider has a primal image of the fly, and (3) the web is the end product of the spider’s primal image. Though Uexküll’s claim may well have some merit, he presents an incomplete argument as his assumptions are insufficient and based solely on the evidence he offers, his argument cannot be accepted as valid. Uexküll’s first assumption is correct but also insufficient as it does...
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...pattern on their tail called an eye-spot. The body is covered in bright colorful feathers. This type of covering helps the peacock by attracting female peacocks. The Indian peacock lives in India and other parts of eastern Asia. They also live in Pakistan, western China, and Sri Lanka. Tropical forests are their type of habitat. It’s filled with lowland and foot hills with brush and scattered trees. Indian peacocks can live in this area because they are very unique animals, and are able to live anywhere as long as they have the proper shelter. Indian peacocks can live on seeds, insects, berries, and other nutritious items that can be easily found when they are in the wild. In order to get their food they will hunt and go scavenging. Sometimes a peacock will fly up and roost somewhere high to get a view of a wide area for food. Peacocks hunt small animals, small reptiles, small fish, and small insects. They use their great sense of eyesight and hearing to catch their food. Peacocks are very resourceful and they often have a route they follow every day. Dogs, tigers, leopards, and mongooses are prey to peacocks. They defend by flying high up into trees. Peacocks also cry a loud call that comes for a long distance. This is to warn other peacocks that a predator is near, and it gives them time to run or hide. Here are some more interesting facts about the Indian peacock. They can live for 15 to 20 years. They are known to be one of the largest flying birds in the world because...
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...sa Ingles) ay mga likas na yaman na ating pinagkukunan sa mga anyong tubig tulad ng isda, perlas, alimango, at marami pang iba. Mahalaga ito sa atin sapagkat dito tayong madalas nabubuhay lalung-lalo na ang mga pangingisda kung saan ang yamang tubig ay ginagawa nilang paghahanap-buhay. Tayo ay sagana sa yamang tubig sapagkat ang Pilipinas ay pinapaligiran ng tubig ngunit dahil sa pag-aabuso ng tao, tulad ng paggagamit ng dinamita, unti-unting nauubos ang ating mga yamang tubig. Kaya naman, dapat nating alagaan ng mabuti ang ating kalikasan. Pinapalibutan ito ng Dagat ng Pilipinas sa silangan, ng Dagat Luzónsa kanluran, at ng Dagat ng Celebes sa timog. An insecticide is a pesticide used against insects. They include ovicides and larvicides used against the eggs and larvae of insects respectively. Insecticides are used in agriculture, medicine, industry, and general home use. The use of insecticides is believed to be one of the major factors behind the increase in agricultural productivity in the 20th century.[1] Nearly all insecticides have the potential to significantly alter ecosystems; many are toxic to humans; and others are concentrated in the food chain. Some insecticides kill or harm other creatures in addition to those they are intended to kill. For example, birds may be poisoned when they eat food that was recently sprayed with insecticides or when they mistake insecticide granules on the ground for food and eat it.[7] Sprayed insecticides may drift from the area...
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...Chapter I A. Background of the Study An ant lives everywhere on land, being the most numerous in insect species. They live on underground and create those earthier mounds. Some live on trees and some on hollow parts of certain plants. They can be considered as menace in our kitchen and dining hall. Cockroaches have been a problem to many of us. They may contaminate our food with filth they carry, and causes sickness. And it’s so hard avoiding these things because they come and go whenever, wherever. These insects are pests once they are allowed to multiply. To control these pests, chemical insecticides are usually used in many of us but there are many harmful effects in using those chemicals. Among these are dangers they threaten on our surroundings. It causes and adds to pollution. Some plants produce a distinct chemical or odor that can derive away insects. Realizing the good potential of these plants in controlling insects, botanical or organic materials are used now, being considered instead of wide spread use of chemical ones. Since some of this plants are commonly growing in our backyards, they are inexpensive and environment friendly. This study uses the extract of chili and makabuhai plant to control pests in our house. The makabuhai extracts contains bitter substance and chili produce spicy like taste and smell. It is possible that this taste and smell is offensive to insects. B. Statement of the Problem Our product, the makabuhai and chili extract, a household insecticide...
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...Kansas is a state that is shaped like a rectangle and is full of plains, grasses, flowers and people who sing the cheerful state song. The story of how Kansas became a free state is very interesting. Home on the Range is the state song and the state bird is the western meadowlark. The big hairy buffalo is the state animal and the state insect is the small stinging honey bee. Also interesting is the worlds biggest recorded pallasite was found in Kansas. Kansas was named after the Native American word Kanza, meaning “people of the south wind.” The people of Kansas were considering whether or not Kansas should become a slave state. There was such a balance of opinion that it took four attempts at writing a constitution by congress. The battle raged on often needing the help of federal troops. In 1850 the people of Kansas approved a constitution prohibiting slavery. The senate’s refusal to admit Kansas as a state, the issue exploded into a national political problem. In order to be admitted there had to be a big shift in power in the senate and the presidency. It wasn’t until January 29, 1861 that the constitution making Kansas the 34th state reached President James Buchanan’s desk and was signed. This January we will celebrate the 150th birthday of Kansas. Home on the range, the state song of Kansas, was originally a poem called My Western Home by Dr. Brewster M. Higley near 1872. The music was written by a friend of Higleys named Daniel E. Kelly. It was officially...
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