...University of Phoenix Material Introduction to Psychology Worksheet Part I: Origins of Psychology Within the discipline of psychology, there are several perspectives used to describe, predict, and explain human behavior. The major perspectives in modern psychology identified in the text are neuroscience, cognitive, behavioral, humanistic, and psychodynamic. Describe these major psychological perspectives using two to three sentences each. Type your response in the space below. Neuroscience: This perspective looks for the causes of abnormal behavior primarily inside the individual. This perspective concentrates on the functioning of the brain and it affects behavior. Cognitive: Cognitive psychology focuses on the way humans process information, looking at how we treat information that comes into the brain and how this treatment leads to responses. Behavioral: Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a perspective. The basis of behavioral psychology suggests that all behaviors are learned. Humanistic: Humanistic psychology focuses on human potential and stresses the importance of growth and self-actualization. It is the fundamental belief of humanistic psychology is that people are good by nature and that mental and social problems result from deviations from this natural tendency. Psychodynamic: Psychodynamic psychology focuses on trying to get inside the head of individuals in order to make sense of their relationships, experiences and how...
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...Cognitive Psychology as a Discipline Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that studies mental process including how people think, perceive, remember and learn. Cognitive psychology with respect to cognitive science is related to other disciplines such as neuroscience, philosophy, and linguistics. The core focus of cognitive psychology is on how people acquire, process and store information. There are four key milestones in the development of psychology as a discipline such as the Sigmund Freud’s, theory of personality, Carl Jung’s theory of the Collective Unconscious, Alfred Adler’s and Humanistic Psychology and Albert Ellis’ Rational Emotive Theory (RET). Sigmund Freud’s, personality theory encourage scientist to look into the unseen, unconscious and underlying factors that influence a person’s thinking pattern and behavior. Freud’s personality was centered on the unconscious. Freud’s key concepts on defense mechanism, today are helpful in properly assessing and working together with patients and developing individualized treatment plans based on the needs of the individual (IEP 2005) Carl Jung’s theory which derived from Freud’s with some significant differences. Jung divided the components of personality into the conscious and unconscious mind. Jung’s theory was different from Freud’s whereby it was made up of the Personal Unconscious and the Collective Unconscious which contained emotions that are blocked from consciousness but that can resurface with...
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...Cognitive psychology is a scientific subset of psychology that studies mental processes including thinking, memory, perception and learning. This discipline focuses on cognition and acquiring information. Cognitive psychology studies how an individual distinguishes, learns and retains information; thinks, rationalizes and responds. Cognitive psychology, according to the text, focuses on how a person feels on the inside. (Willingham, 2007). 1.2 Identify key milestones in the development of cognitive psychology as a discipline. Cognitive psychology developed as a deeper analysis of mental processes associated with behavioral psychology (behaviorism). The development of cognitive psychology is largely attributed to Aaron Beck and Albert Ellis. Its development includes several milestones and key approaches which make cognitive psychology one of the most important disciplines of psychology. The basic foundation of cognitive psychology is Alderian psychology. The evolution of cognitive psychology is evident in several main approaches which are presently influential: Ellis’s “Rationale Emotive Therapy” Beck’s works in cognitive therapy Computational cognitive approach Cognitive neuropsychology 1.3 Discuss the importance of behavioral observation in cognitive psychology. Observation must be made in order to understand and explain behavior. Cognition, in the mental and inner sense, can only be measured by observing behavior patterns; inner states are not visible. 1.4 Explain...
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...Foundations of Psychology Dorothy Forrest June 8, 2012 Sarah Bihms Foundations of Psychology The miscellaneous condition of psychology is a scientific investigation of humankind mind, body, and behavior. Psychology includes different departments of psychology to apprehend and supervise observations on the mental technique of a person mind and behavior. Psychology is regularly used to establish the secrecy of the human behavior. Observation was the way to study a person mind to become aware of the mental conscious and unconscious states. As time went by psychology was established, alone with some major schools of thoughts. The paper below will examine the foundation of psychology, identify the major schools of thought in psychology, and examine their major underlying assumptions such as, behaviorism, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, humanistic, and cognitive. In addition, it will identify the primary biological foundations of psychology linked to behavior such as, brain, central nervous system, peripheral nervous System, and genetics/evolution. Behavioral Theory Behavioral psychology, also known as behaviorism, is a learning theory established on the notion that behaviors are gathered by conditioning. Conditioning develops from influenced of the environment. There are two major types of conditioning classical and operant. Classical conditioning is a procedure used in behavioral training where a naturally stimulus is paired with a response. Operant conditioning...
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...Aspects of Psychology Arnecia Anderson American Intercontinental University Aspects of Psychology In this assignment we were to get a healthier understanding about psychology. In this paper I chose three perspectives to research. The three perspectives I chose were Behaviorism, Cognitive, and Psychodynamic theories .I answered questions relating to the perspectives such as, how they are even related to today’s Psychology .I hope this paper is as informative to my readers as it was to me. Aspects of Psychology In this assignment we were to get a better understand psychology in the present day. With doing so I researched the various theories of psychology. I chose three perspective to talk about in my paper Behaviorism, Cognitive, and Psychodynamic theories. The word behaviorism converses to the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson created on the belief that behaviors can be measured, trained, and changed. Behaviorism is also called behavioral psychology, which is a theory of learning established on the idea that all behaviors are learned through conditioning. What is conditioning? Conditioning transpires through interaction with the environment. Behaviorists trust that the environment around human beings forms our behaviors. For starters how a person was raised plays a big part in there...
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...An Examination of the Concept of Learning Martin Eckelberry Psych/550 Psychology of Learning 11/24/2014 Thomas Pourchot An Examination of the Concept of Learning Learning, simply stated, is the acquisition of knowledge (Terry, 2009). The concept of learning is not as simple to explain. When examining the concept of learning it is important to address the origins of the study of learning, the difference between learning and performance, and understanding the four conceptual approaches to the study of learning. As stated above, in its most basic explanation, learning is the acquisition of knowledge. There is much debate as to the how humans are able to learn. Philosophers such as Descartes and John Locke, biologists in the like of Charles Darwin, as well as early psychologists created a new field of study in an attempt to unlock how humans can learn: Epistemology – the study of how we come to have knowledge (Terry, 2009). This led to the debate between innate knowledge (nature or nativism) versus knowledge gained from environmental influences (nurture or rationalism). “Certainly, there is disagreement among learning theorists who advocate stronger versus weaker contributions of innate predispositions. The point I am making here is that contemporary theory reflects the nativism of Descartes, the empiricism of Locke, and the evolution theory of Darwin (Terry, 2009, p. 5).” Although this debate has been largely put to rest; as both sides have a legitimate claim to...
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...Cole Abstract This paper seeks to explain the concept of psychotherapy, and the dominant psychotherapeutic methods used for the treatment of individuals. These methods are: psychoanalytic, humanist, behavioral, and cognitive (jointly called cognitive-behavioral therapy, or CBT). I further explore existential psychotherapy, as it is the method I found most appealing in my research. I included quotations from several journal articles, and from our textbook, “Discovering Psychology, Fifth Edition”. Approaches to Psychotherapy and Existential Theory Psychotherapy is an official term that normally goes by different names: counseling, treatment, psychiatric therapy, even head shrinking. They all mean the same thing, and have a common goal. Psychotherapy seeks, through the use of trained professionals, to help individuals improve their mental health using a variety of different approaches. A much more comprehensive definition can be found in the textbook Discovering Psychology, Fifth Edition, which states that psychotherapy is: “The treatment of emotional, behavioral, and interpersonal problems through the use of psychological techniques designed to encourage understanding of problems and modify troubling feelings, behaviors, or relationships” (Hockenbury, 2011). The etymological meaning, is derived...
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...Chapter 1—What Is Psychology? Learning Goals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Explain what psychology is and how it developed. Describe six contemporary approaches to psychology. Describe two movements that reflect a positive approach to psychology. Evaluate careers and areas of specialization in psychology. Apply some strategies that will help you succeed in psychology. After studying Chapter 1, you will be able to: Define psychology. Describe the influence that philosophy, biology, and physiology had on the beginnings of psychology as a science. Compare the two early scientific approaches in psychology: structuralism and functionalism. Describe the focus of each of the six contemporary approaches to psychology. Describe the positive psychology movement, and discuss why this movement recently emerged in psychology. Discuss career opportunities in psychology. Profile the main areas of specialization in psychology. Say how studying habits may be optimized. Understand how to be a critical thinker. CHAPTER 1: OUTLINE Psychology is a science dedicated to the study of behavior and mental processes. In this chapter you are introduced to the history of this science, a variety of contemporary perspectives in psychology, the positive psychology movement, and an overview of psychology-related careers. At the end of the chapter, the reader learns about the most effective methods of studying and learning. There are three concepts important to the definition of psychology: science, behavior, and mental...
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...1—What Is Psychology? Learning Goals 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Explain what psychology is and how it developed. Describe six contemporary approaches to psychology. Describe two movements that reflect a positive approach to psychology. Evaluate careers and areas of specialization in psychology. Apply some strategies that will help you succeed in psychology. After studying Chapter 1, you will be able to: Define psychology. Describe the influence that philosophy, biology, and physiology had on the beginnings of psychology as a science. Compare the two early scientific approaches in psychology: structuralism and functionalism. Describe the focus of each of the six contemporary approaches to psychology. Describe the positive psychology movement, and discuss why this movement recently emerged in psychology. Discuss career opportunities in psychology. Profile the main areas of specialization in psychology. Say how studying habits may be optimized. Understand how to be a critical thinker. CHAPTER 1: OUTLINE Psychology is a science dedicated to the study of behavior and mental processes. In this chapter you are introduced to the history of this science, a variety of contemporary perspectives in psychology, the positive psychology movement, and an overview of psychology-related careers. At the end of the chapter, the reader learns about the most effective methods of studying and learning. There are three concepts important to the definition of psychology: science...
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...Does theory of mind develop gradually or is there a radical conceptual shift between the ages of 3 and 4 years? Explain how research evidence supports your views. From an evolutionary perspective, the complex and highly functional psychological abilities can be seen as a product of a continuous adaptation process. Well-developed mental skills form the basis of humans complex and advanced mental functioning, both interpersonal and intrapsychologically. One of these advanced mental abilities is the capability to attribute emotions, intentions and knowledge within yourself and others (Flavell, 2004). This is a form of social cognition or a mental understanding that within developmental psychology is termed “Theory of Mind”. It is often said that children start to develop a “Theory of Mind” at the age between 3 to 5 years (Premack & Woodruff, 1978), but scientists have always had different views and opinions about when and how Theory of Mind develops. Some researchers believe that this development happens gradually, while others believe there is a conceptual shift between the ages of 3 and 4. I will in this essay evaluate and discuss the different viewpoints with the support of previous research evidence. Within the theory of mind approach, the ability to attribute mental states to others is considered evidence for children having developed a psychological understanding of the mind as representational – that is, they have realised that what is in the mind is only a representation...
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...Running head: COGNITIVE BEHAVIORAL Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Abstract Counseling has been in existence from the beginning of time. From Jethro to Freud, therapists and philosophers have been seeking insight into the core of human nature and cognitions. Cognitive-Behavioral therapy (CBT) recognizes that faulty cognitions and beliefs affect the behaviors of individuals. One method of cognitive-behavior therapy, reality therapy, incorporates the concepts of free choice and personal responsibility that are taught both in Scripture and Dr. William Glasser’s choice theory. Other aspects of CBT, such as cognitive restructuring and Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), also work towards eliminating negativistic attitudes of clients in exchange for more effective and realistic methods for interpreting the situations experienced in daily life. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy It is suggested that an individual’s personality is a complex system of cognition, emotion, will, physiology, and spirituality. Hawkins proposes nine aspects of the human self to be active influences on one’s personality: “body, cognition, feelings, volition, human spirit, Holy Spirit, sin/flesh/SAS, temporal systems, and spiritual systems (Hawkins COUN507_BO1_200920). Each therapist individually determines what factors they believe to make up a person’s being. Larry Crabb views humans as involving both the physical and spiritual aspects of man...
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...Educational Psychology: Learning Disabilities Elizabeth Carr ABS 200 Introduction to Applied Behavioral Sciences Instructor Jeannie Jones January 25, 2016 Learning inabilities are disorders that influence one's capacity to comprehend or utilizes spoken or composed dialect, do scientific computations, coordinate developments or direct consideration. Albeit learning inabilities happen in exceptionally youthful kids, issue are normally not perceived until a child achieves school age. Examination demonstrates that 8 to 10 percent of American youngsters less than 18 years old have some sort of learning incapacity (Manfred, McLaughblin, Derby, & Everson, 2015). Learning inabilities influence one's capacity to translate what one sees and listens, or to connection data from diverse parts of the mind. These impediments can appear as particular troubles with talked and composed dialect, coordination, poise or consideration. Such challenges reach out to schoolwork and can obstruct figuring out how to peruse or compose, or to do math. Learning handicaps don't reflect IQ (Intelligence Quotient) or how shrewd an individual is (Manfred et al., 2015). Instructive brain research is the investigation of how diverse individuals take in, their disparities in taking in, their individual contrasts in adapting and in addition talented learners. Learning inabilities are...
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...Running head: WORD SEARCH PAPER Word Search Research Paper COUN 711, Clinical Diagnosis Drugs and Alcohol Liberty University Abstract This document will explicitly explore the Reality therapy techniques and incorporate it into a new therapeutic technique called The Old Heart Replacement Intervention Therapy (OHRIT) to life’s issues. The goal of this document is to introduce the foundation of The Old Heart Replacement Intervention Therapy. Requires an individual to replace their old way of think and perceiving situations. One of the major emphases of the treatment plan is cognitive intervention and problem solving to get his life back on track. The focus of this document is to explain the purpose and intent of OHRIT, which is a combination of changing irrational perspective and soul care. The Biblical Word Search Condition of the Old Heart Every living human being will either be hurt or they have been hurt during the course of their life. By “hurt” I mean actions, words, tragedies, divorce, death, and attitudes that are intentional or unintentional, visible or invisible, hands-on or hands-off, other-perpetrated or self-inflicted, and barely survivable to hardly noticeable (Wilson, 2001). When a person is hurt it is difficult for that him or her to think clearly, to acknowledge the positive, or simply want to live another day. When a person encounters a crisis more than likely they are not prepared to handle the situation rationally...
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...Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits University of Phoenix Psychology of Personality PSY/250 Behavioral and Social/Cognitive Approaches to Forming Habits A changeling habit for keta is impulsive, compulsive, shopping. rketa developed this habit during her teenage years when clothes were important to young people. High school was more of a fashion statement, name brands were important. There may be other family members whose much older and enjoyed dressing and shopping, but no one in the household directly will be the role model for this habit forming. The stamp of approval for Charketa in with this habit is the compliment she receives on the nice clothes and accessories she buys. This motivated the increase and desire for additional spending and filled in the time slot in which boredom began to form. This addiction allowed her the ability to escape from problems at home between family members. The addiction of shopping place Charketa in a world of temporary satisfaction, which removes all of the problems, life bring causing sadness. Habits are developed in stages; the habit starts out as a thought to an action, stimulating the person’s body and mind, which gives the individual the thought process to do this again for stimulating believing (Bandura , 2005). Because most habits occur in stages is why people may not realize, they have a habit. The mind is the biggest contributor in any habit-forming desire because of the...
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...Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) can be described as a goal-oriented psychotherapy treatment that typically takes a practical approach to problem-solving. Its short term nature and overarching goal is to adjust patterns of thinking or behaviour that may be contributing to an individual’s worries, and so change the way they feel. CBT is one of the major orientations of psychotherapy (Roth & Fonagy, 2005) and represents a unique category of psychological intervention because it derives from cognitive and behavioural psychological models of human behaviour. Just as some knowledge of a client’s background can be helpful in understanding their current state, an appreciation of how CBT developed can help us to understand its modern form. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy has its modern origins in the mid 1950’s with the work of Albert Ellis, a clinical psychologist who...
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