...at criminal organizations would be to compare them to social institutions. A social institution on defined as a group of people who get together with a common purpose. Some social organizations are Lions club, Veterans of foreign wars, Shiners, and even the Boy Scouts. A criminal organizations is also a group of people that get together with a common purpose, this purpose would be committing crime. Both Social Institutions and criminal organizations are managed by one person who makes all the decisions. The big difference between the two is that social institutions are legal in nature with criminal organizations or illegal. Organized crime is a business like any other legal business. They both have structure and the general purpose is the same, to make money. A criminal organizations in general makes moneys with little to no overhead because they do not buys their product and resale it. Criminal organizations steal most of their product. A legal business produces or purchases their goods for resale. This is one of the major differences between social institutions and criminal organizations. There is evidence showing that criminal organizations so a patterns of networking to grow their business, A partnership, or a patron-client relationship (Lyman, 2007). Once again these are very similar on how legal businesses are operated. Criminal organizations also operate in a very hostile environment. A legal social institution work in harmony with to achieve the same goal as a criminal...
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...Influence of Social Institutions: Family, Religion and Education Elizabeth Bouer SOC/100 May 30, 2016 Dr. Karly Way Schauwecker The Influence of Social Institutions: Family, Religion and Education Early philosopher and originator of Functionalism theory, Herbert Spence (1820-1903), compared parallels between the function of the human anatomy and society. “He argued that just as the various organs of the body work together to keep the body functioning, the various parts of society work together to keep society functioning” (OpenStax CNX, 2015, p.15 ). Just as the body has organs that help it to exist and thrive, society also has key components which attribute to its overall success. These essential parts of the successful and fluid existence of a society are referred to as social institutions. Social institutions are structures of principles or conducts, focused on achieving social needs. Six critically significant, outlines of social institutions are: government, education, family, healthcare, religion and the economy (CNX, 2015). Government has its benefits, in that it helps to structure, regulate and organize a society. Healthcare is an essential component, not only for the continuity of existence, but as well as for continuance of reaching full/highest human potential. The economy (more specifically its success), is a critical element for a society’s ability to endure, succeed and grow. However, for many, out of the six institutions, the three most...
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...What are the links between economic institutions and long term economic growth? The relation between institutions and economic performance is a subject which for many years attract the interests of economist. There is no a single explanation regarding this topic, some important authors as Solow, Cass or Koupmans (neoclssical gowth models) developed some traditional theories. Firts of all is important to clearfy that by economic gowth what we are understanding an increase in the income per capita; this neoclassical economists based their argument on the assumption that such differences in income per capita were correlated with factor accumulation. Is the novel prize Douglas North and more recently the MIT economist Daron Acemoglu the ones who evolve the idea that such differences in the earings per person were very related with instituions, and other aspect such as factor accumulation or innovation are not more than proximate causes. But, what are we understanding by institutions? We are going to accept the interpretation given by North (1990 p.3) “Institutions are the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interaction. In consequence they structure incentives in human exchange, whether political, social, or economic.” . Nontheless we will consider as good economic institutions the ones that provide security of property rights and and facilitates access to economic resources to different sectors of society. Without...
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...their own reality, can be quickly altered and replaced with new sets of rules, beliefs and even a new sense of self. Erving Goffman, a Canadian-American sociologist, describes an establishment that is capable of causing such drastic changes as a “total institution”. An example of such institution is seen in Frederick Wiseman’s documentary called, “Titicut Follies,” about a state hospital for the criminally insane in Bridgewater, Massachusetts. Through out the film, there were many instances that agreed with Goffman’s theory of what constitutes a total institution. What exactly is a total institution? According to Goffman, this term refers to a place in which people are detached from the rest of society and taken under almost complete control from the staff in charge. It is a place where people who have comparable social situations, like those in the documentary who commit crimes, but are also mentally unstable, reside. They live a confined life, where no boundaries are set for the three spheres of life which include, work, play, and sleep. (Goffman 1961) In a sense, this process tends to dehumanize the individual and strip them away from all the characteristics that made them who they were. With a blank slate, the institution is able to re-socialize the person into what they seem fitting. Life is experienced and controlled under one specific authority, often in the company of a large group of people. The other people are treated just the same and required to participate in...
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...process and it connection to institutions is highly important for explaining why certain countries are less developed than the other ones. Economic growth is defined as “An increase in the capacity of an economy to produce goods and services, compared from one period of time to another. Economic growth can be measured in nominal terms, which include inflation, or in real terms, which are adjusted for inflation. For comparing one country's economic growth to another, GDP or GNP per capita should be used as these take into account population differences between countries. (http://www.investopedia.com/). The role of institutions in economic growth was first proposed in writings of Adam Smith in 1776. Later in 1993 Douglass North received a Nobel Prize for his work on connection between institutions and economic growth. By studying history, analyzing data and statistics we can see that high quality institution have positive effect on economic growth and therefore on income in a long and short runs. In order to prove it we are going to find out what economic institutions are, why they are matte, what are the reasons behind different institutions in different countries and finally support it with historical facts. 1 Links between economic growth and economic institution What are institutions? The term “Economic institutions” can be defined in mach different way and have multiple meanings. On the one hand North (1990, p.3 ) defines institutions in a general wide way as “ the...
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...people of the EU, and the Council represents the interests of national governments. The reality is quite different.’ Discuss. The elementary organizing principles of the European Union have been the representation of different interests and the balance of power between the EU institutions and those particular interests. Emphasized in Monnet’s vision, one of the key tasks of the European project was ‘…to ensure that in their limited field these new institutions were both thoroughly democratic and accountable’. Yet, it is often questionable as to whether this task has been accomplished. It is more and more felt that the practical democratization and accountability of the institutions has been gradually dissenting from its theoretical objective. Where the supranational competencies of the EU have been growing, an effective system of political representation of the institutions is said to be missing. This paper aims put together a picture reflecting the essence of this division between empirical legitimacy, based on political reality, and the conceptual, normative legitimacy of each of these institutions arguing the perhaps further transparency and accountability may take the EU institutions a step closer towards achieving their theoretical role. The original Monnet plan envisaged the Commission as a body enjoying output legitimacy by being a promoter of EU interests and a pro – integrationist actor. This plan saw the “technocratic elites” as the best people to scientifically...
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...ABSTRACT Title : Governance and Management Schemes towards Readiness of Public and Private Higher Educational Institutions to Institutional Quality Assurance through Monitoring and Evaluation Researcher : Helen P. Aquines Degree : Doctor in Public Administration Institution : Polytechnic University of the Philippines Year : 2011 Adviser : Dr. Adela Jamorabo-Ruiz The Problem The main objective of the study is to analyze the readiness of Polytechnic University of the Philippines (PUP) and Maritime Academy of the Philippines (MAAP) to Institutional Quality Assurance through Monitoring and Evaluation (IQuAME) by CHED and to propose some governance and management schemes. Specifically, this study sought answers to the following questions: 1. What are the profiles of PUP and MAAP in terms of: 1.1 Vision, 1.2 Mission, and 1.3 Philosophy/Goals? 2. How prepared are the two (2) Higher Educational Institutions on the IQuAME program of CHED in the following areas: 2.1 Governance 2.2 Quality of Teaching and Research 2.3 Support for Students 2.4 Relations with the Community 2.5 Management of Resources 3. What are the problems encountered in the implementation of the performance measures of IQuAME? 4. What are the governance and management schemes that may be adopted to assist the school administrators to the field of public administration? Research Methodology The study utilized the descriptive method of...
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...What is the role of institutions according to North? How far does this theory go towards explaining the contours of world development in the pre-modern growth era? Maddison (2006) stated that he “would characterise the whole period 1000-1820 as ‘protocapitalist’”. He believes the transition from pre-modern to modern economic growth took place at around 1820. This will set the stage for this discussion. Within that period, there were two groups of countries which were differentiated by their deviation in economic growth. They were the Group A nations, which included Western Europe, Western Offshoots and Japan, while the rest of the world made up the Group B nations. The contours of world development in this era, largely shaped by Douglass North’s theory of institutions, can be categorise into two main subsets which are Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and population demographics, for the purpose of this essay. North (1990) defines institutions as “the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human action”. Institutions exist in every economy, in the form of either formal or informal constraints, developed to define the choice sets, within which individuals and organisations make their decisions. Economic growth is heavily dependent on the productivity of an economy, which in turn is affected by the costs involved. In the neoclassical world of complete information, the gains of trade are only negated by the costs...
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...WORKING CAPITAL MANAGEMENT POLICIES ON THE PROFITABILITY OF FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS: A STUDY OF SOME SELECTED FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS IN GHANA 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background: Financial institutions exist to perform the main function of collecting excess monies in the system and advancing them in a form of loan. Hence the bulk of the working capital resource is loan advances and cash received from customers. Again, the influx and/or springing up of financial institutions in Ghana of late has created stiff competition. This situation is likely to make most firms relax their policies on working capital especially on loan advances to customers so as to maintain or increase their market share. This could lead to huge unpaid balances which may put the finances of the companies in danger given the fact that the depositors will one day come for their monies. These can have a telling effect on the cash flow position of the firm which indeed raises an issue of profitability and survival. The management of these core assets is vital to their survival. It is for these reasons that the researcher wants to identify the various working capital strategies used by these financial institutions in dealing with such situations and the consequences of such policies on the profitability of these firms. 1.2 Problem Statement: As the main provider of financial needs, the main debacle of financial institutions is not with the several services and products they provide, nor in their...
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...CONCEPT, THEORY OR TOPIC: The topic of this article is the decline of marriage, its causes, and who is mainly affected. TITLE OF ARTICLE: ” Brookings Institution Study Explores Nuances of Marriage Decline” CONNECTION TO CONCEPT, THEORY OR TOPIC IN THIS WEEK’S READING ASSIGNMENT: The article is related to the broad topic (Week 2’s assignment) of ‘marriage decline’ and its relationship to modern society. This concept and topic may be found on page of our text. CITATION: Hamilton, C., Brookings Institution Study Explores Nuances of Marriage Decline, October 15, 2015. http://genprogress.org/voices/2015/10/15/40356/brookings-institution-study-explores-nuances-of-marriage-decline/ SYNOPSIS OF THE ARTICLE: There are many reasons why marriage is on the decline. This article explains that one of the main reasons why marriage is being prolonged is due to a lack of ‘marriageable’ men. The study also shows that most non-marriageable men are the nation’s black population, as well as the highly educated white population. (Hamilton, 2015). According to research found in the article, women are the main source of income for their family in 41% of households. Women no longer must settle for the men strictly in their demographic regions. Brooking’s study also shows two ways in which we can support marriage. The first way would be to improve economic opportunities (Hamilton, 2015). The 2nd way is to help deter away from unwed mothers and unexpected pregnancies. ANALYSIS AND...
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...I am choosing to do dog fighting for the first part. To me people that support and encourage dog fights are sick people. I believe that it could be considered to be more than one theoretical perspective for a few reasons. I think mainly it is the conflict theory. I think that the human being is using its power on the poor animals. They have no voice and are forced to be violent and blood thirsty when most likely that’s not what the animal wants. They are forced to fight till death and if they lose they are usually injured pretty sever and just tossed to the side or killed by their owner. The owner has power of them. For dog fighting it’s hard to have certain culture components because it can come in all forms. There is no certain clothes or race or ethnic or gender that is set for dog fighting. Obviously usually it is men that get involved as opposed to woman. Maybe that don’t necessarily have a religion due to what they are doing. From what I have seen the majority of people that do support or participate are African American somewhere around their mid-20s or older. I feel that children that around this kind of behavior is defiantly learned. If you see your parents or siblings acting in this you see it is okay, and it’s not. They will learn that it is okay to treat harmless animals in a aggressive manor. I think that it does have a big effect on your family. Not only is it morally wrong it is also illegal. If you were to get caught participating in this...
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...Polanyi’s embedded economy notion indicates a person or a group of people participating in daily rituals that incorporate economics; their practice of economics is camouflaged in a social institution morally sought out by their personal beliefs. At the simplest level, economics is the distribution and production of goods. When an economic institution is embedded in a noneconomic institution, people do not think about the production and distribution of goods but about their daily routine and expectations within a community. A person can perform daily tasks completed by a thought process that they are doing this task for religion, family, legal reasons, etc. but they do not do it for economic purposes. Noneconomic institutions in an embedded economy are the core of society and shape a person’s mindset. A disembedded economy can be characterized as separating all institutions into their own categories. While every social institution does intertwine. Economics is the underlying factor in these institutions, economics demands it’s own institution because of the advancement of modern society. The disembedded economic process revolves around individual affluence and focusing on what goods are produced and distributed in order to reach self-accomplishment. Disembedded economies allow individuals to be selfish and reach your ideal welfare state. It’s important to note that a disembedded mindset ultimately evolved so that individually, we can reach affluence and differentiate...
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...different kinds of institutions-The rule of the game (Law), Social Technologies, Instituted Practices will be briefly introduced. Second part would be summarization of institutions’ evolution from different scholars. The impacts of institutions to economic progress would be mentioned separately here also. Then the third part would be how these three institutions’ combination influences the economic improvement, and more scholars’ economic progress concepts would be discussed together. In this part, three institutional issues would be used as framework to discuss the economic progress brings by institutions. In from family units to business units section, basically it would be how institutions organize a hierarchical social structure for efficiently managing to facilitate division of labor, divide the payoffs, and so on. Following the first section, peace, love, and understanding section argues that laws and language development build up trustable economic environment for strangers to cooperate. Last section is building computers out of people, which integrates two sections earlier and emphasizes institutions creating a web of social structures, norms, protocols, legal structures together making the whole human society as a computer that could self-organized deal with complex problems and pursue the same goal which individual cannot accomplish. In sum, take Taiwan as an example to illustrate all the ideas. 1.Introduction of Institutions: Started by...
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...Public Administration consists of, amid other things, principles that are created by the people for the people. The key purpose of having principles is to facilitate orderly living within the community and for government institutions to continue to promote the general welfare of society. Thus here, we shall further discuss the key values of society that are often reflected in public administration. Firstly, according to the text book Public Administration and Management by DFP Du Toit & G Van Der Waldt, in Chapter 4 (Principles of public administration), the word ‘principle’ has various definitions. A principle is defined as a conviction, a standard or rule of personal conduct or a set of moral rules of personal conduct and a general truth underlying reason or action. From this, groupings of classifications of principles were created, principles that emanate from various policies including the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996. The purpose is to be able to state what is and is not acceptable in a society and this is also known as the behavioural norms of society. Without them, anarchy could result within the society involved. For example, crime in any form is the result of members of society who choose to ignore the accepted principles that create and facilitate orderly living amid the society at whole and as a result, those who choose to live by the unaccepted behavourial norms occasionally create their own. For these reasons, public administration had...
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...Research proposal Gender Discrimination and the Role of Education to Overcome it A. Introduction: 1.1 Background Discrimination is a growing problem in each and every society and it is deep rooted in the culture of many societies, which affect the everyday working life in innumerable ways. Discrimination is a well established phenomenon, which poses a great threat to economies, organizations and individuals. There is a wide range of knowledge which helps us understand the basics of discrimination and which provides us with the required data to interpret different cases of discrimination. The existing research further helps us understand discrimination in management of all kinds, especially that due to gender. There is a wide range of knowledge, which confirms the continuing existence of gender discrimination and its deep impact on the lives of individuals and their employers. (Ashberner, 1991; Arnold et al.1995; Davidson and Cooper, 1993; Marshall et al., 1995). Gender Discrimination is the worst of all discriminations and it badly affects the progress of any society. As mentioned above, discrimination has its grounds in the culture of any society. The prevailing thought in the society acts as a catalyst in worsening the situation of gender discrimination. Pakistan is no exception to this main problem which exists almost everywhere around the globe, even in the developed...
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