...Sociology CIA1 Making sense and construction of social change through the studies of Sanskritization,Westernization and Dominant caste Pooja Agarwal 1313240 IIPSENG INTRODUCTION There have been various changes in the social structure of India brought about by the British administration, its economic policies, educational system and introduction of modern means of communication had a far reaching effect on Indian society and economy. Though the Indian society which is based on the caste system is often regarded as a “closed society”, there is still a possibility for changes. Within the framework of the caste itself some kind of mobility is observed. Lower castes have often tried to claim higher status by imitating the life-styles of upper-castes like the Brahmins and Kshatriyas, while the upper castes including Brahmins, attempt to orient their life-styles on the model of the Westerners. This trend has become so widespread that today not only the upper class and middle class people are trying to orient their behaviour, attitudes, beliefs and life-styles towards those of developed societies; but also the entire mass of people are involved in this process. Daniel Lerner calls this process ‘modernisation’. It denotes a process of social change whereby “less developed societies acquire the characteristics common to more developed societies”. The study of social change in India has taken different shapes and directions depending on the nature, shape and direction. Sociologists...
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...Public Administration consists of, amid other things, principles that are created by the people for the people. The key purpose of having principles is to facilitate orderly living within the community and for government institutions to continue to promote the general welfare of society. Thus here, we shall further discuss the key values of society that are often reflected in public administration. Firstly, according to the text book Public Administration and Management by DFP Du Toit & G Van Der Waldt, in Chapter 4 (Principles of public administration), the word ‘principle’ has various definitions. A principle is defined as a conviction, a standard or rule of personal conduct or a set of moral rules of personal conduct and a general truth underlying reason or action. From this, groupings of classifications of principles were created, principles that emanate from various policies including the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa 108 of 1996. The purpose is to be able to state what is and is not acceptable in a society and this is also known as the behavioural norms of society. Without them, anarchy could result within the society involved. For example, crime in any form is the result of members of society who choose to ignore the accepted principles that create and facilitate orderly living amid the society at whole and as a result, those who choose to live by the unaccepted behavourial norms occasionally create their own. For these reasons, public administration had...
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...Federal Prison Inmate Comparison CJA/234 University of Phoenix Axia Abstract This assignment will include the different types of prisons in the criminal justice system. By comparing and contrasting the prisons in which the named below spent their time in what type of prison and for how long and the crime that sent him or her to prison. Martha Stewart Martha Stewart sent to the Alderson Federal Prison Camp a minium-security prison located in West Virginia also known as camp cupcake. Opened as the first federal prison for women in 1927, Alderson sits on 95 acres and houses 1,055 female prisoners, according to the Bureau of Prisons. Martha Stewart was sentenced to five months. The crimnal charges brought against Stewart was for obstruction of justice and lying to government investigators during an insider-trader probe into the 2001 sale of personal ImClone Systems stock (Money, 2004). Ivan Boesky The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) investigated Boesky for making investments based on tips, and on November 14, 1986, SEC charged Boesky with illegal stock manipulation based on insider information. Although insider trading of this kind was illegal, they rarely were enforced until Boesky. By cooperating with the SEC; Boesky recieved a plea bargain, Boesky received a prison sentence of 3.5 years and fined $100 million. Boesky served two years than was released. Boesky served his sentence at Lompoc Federal Prison Camp near Vandenberg Air Force Base...
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...What is the role of institutions according to North? How far does this theory go towards explaining the contours of world development in the pre-modern growth era? Maddison (2006) stated that he “would characterise the whole period 1000-1820 as ‘protocapitalist’”. He believes the transition from pre-modern to modern economic growth took place at around 1820. This will set the stage for this discussion. Within that period, there were two groups of countries which were differentiated by their deviation in economic growth. They were the Group A nations, which included Western Europe, Western Offshoots and Japan, while the rest of the world made up the Group B nations. The contours of world development in this era, largely shaped by Douglass North’s theory of institutions, can be categorise into two main subsets which are Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and population demographics, for the purpose of this essay. North (1990) defines institutions as “the rules of the game in a society or, more formally, are the humanly devised constraints that shape human action”. Institutions exist in every economy, in the form of either formal or informal constraints, developed to define the choice sets, within which individuals and organisations make their decisions. Economic growth is heavily dependent on the productivity of an economy, which in turn is affected by the costs involved. In the neoclassical world of complete information, the gains of trade are only negated by the costs...
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...Key Features of Budget 2012-2013 http://indiabudget.nic.in Key Features of Budget 2012-2013 APPROACH TO THE BUDGET For Indian economy, recovery was interrupted this year due to intensification of debt crises in Euro zone, political turmoil in Middle East, rise in crude oil price and earthquake in Japan. GDP is estimated to grow by 6.9 per cent in 2011-12, after having grown at 8.4 per cent in preceding two years. India however remains front runner in economic growth in any cross-country comparison. Monetary and fiscal policy response for better part of past 2 years aimed at taming domestic inflationary pressure. Growth moderated and fiscal balance deteriorated due to tight monetary policy and expanded outlays. Indicators suggest that economy is turning around as core sectors and manufacturing show signs of recovery. At this juncture, it is necessary to take hard decision to improve macroeconomic environment and strengthen domestic growth drivers. Twelfth Five Year Plan to be launched with the aim of “faster, sustainable and more inclusive growth”. Five objectives identified to be addressed effectively in ensuing fiscal year. If India can build on its economic strength, it can be a source of stability for world economy and a safe destination for restless global capital. OVERVIEW OF THE ECONOMY GDP growth estimated at 6.9 per cent in real terms in 2011-12. Slowdown in comparison to preceding two years is primarily due to deceleration in industrial...
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...Key Features of Budget 2012-2013 http://indiabudget.nic.in Key Features of Budget 2012-2013 APPROACH TO THE BUDGET For Indian economy, recovery was interrupted this year due to intensification of debt crises in Euro zone, political turmoil in Middle East, rise in crude oil price and earthquake in Japan. GDP is estimated to grow by 6.9 per cent in 2011-12, after having grown at 8.4 per cent in preceding two years. India however remains front runner in economic growth in any cross-country comparison. Monetary and fiscal policy response for better part of past 2 years aimed at taming domestic inflationary pressure. Growth moderated and fiscal balance deteriorated due to tight monetary policy and expanded outlays. Indicators suggest that economy is turning around as core sectors and manufacturing show signs of recovery. At this juncture, it is necessary to take hard decision to improve macroeconomic environment and strengthen domestic growth drivers. Twelfth Five Year Plan to be launched with the aim of “faster, sustainable and more inclusive growth”. Five objectives identified to be addressed effectively in ensuing fiscal year. If India can build on its economic strength, it can be a source of stability for world economy and a safe destination for restless global capital. OVERVIEW OF THE ECONOMY GDP growth estimated at 6.9 per cent in real terms in 2011-12. Slowdown in comparison to preceding two years is primarily due to deceleration in industrial...
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...关于管理哲学（A Philosophy of Management）一文的反思 关于管理方面的书籍可谓汗牛充栋，在这其中，戴维斯关于管理哲学的一文篇幅虽然不长，当中却涵盖了颇多引人深思的真知灼见。 在剑桥词典中，哲学被定义为对于特定学科理解方面的理论及观点（the philosophy of something: A group of theories and ideas related to the understanding of a particular subject）; 管理则被定义为对于某物（某事）的组织与控制（management: the control and organization of something），由此可知，管理哲学是对如何对某物（某事）进行组织和控制的理论与观点，在戴维斯的文章中，某物（某事）可视为是某组织。对于什么是组织的管理，德鲁克（Peter F. Drucker）有过这样的定义：“我们可以通过管理任务来界定什么是管理，管理必须完成三项同等重要而又极其不同的任务：1组织结构的特定目的和使命；2使工作富有生产力并使员工有所成就；3管理组织结构的社会影响和社会责任。（First we have to define management in and through its tasks. There are three tasks, equally important but essentially different:1 the specific purpose and mission of the instiution;2 making work productive and the worker achieving;3 managing social impacts and social responsibilities）”不知是英雄所见略同，还是德鲁克借鉴了戴维斯的思想，德鲁克关于管理的定义与戴维斯这篇文章中的一些观点如出一辙。 在这面文章中，戴维斯共列出了十条原则：1. 相信管理的主要目标是为客户提供满意的服务，利润是必要的但却是附属的；2. 相信私有财产和自由竞争并且反对削弱自由市场体系的力量；3. 相信组织的所有者，管理者和执行者的利益必须从属于组织的主要服务目的；4. 相信推动技术进步和促进经济发展是组织的所有者及管理者的义务；5. 相信运用科学技术作为基础来分析解决生意上的问题的重要性；6. 相信刺激，奖励与惩戒对于激励经济增长的重要性；7. 相信对于领导管理方面的原则的持续学习的重要性；8. 相信高标准的道德是正确的生意关系的基础；9. 相信劳动者集体有讨价还价的权利；10. 相信保持个人主动性及行动自由的重要性。可以说每条原则展开后都是一篇大文章，这里仅就本人感兴趣的几条原则进行评述。 一．戴维斯提出了“利润是必要的但却是附属的”的观点，这与传统意义上常说的“厂商的目标就是追逐利润最大化”颇有不同。商人逐利，看似天经地义，实则不然，如果商人单纯的信奉利润最大化原则，则极为容易陷入到压榨商业链条的每一环节来提高自身利润的误区。对于上游供应商，这样的企业往往苛刻压价并尽最大限度的延迟还款；对于自身，这样的企业往往通过种种手段迫使员工从事高强度的工作以提高生产（服务）效率；对于下游消费者，这样的企业往往故弄玄虚，任意编造卖点来欺骗消费者；对于同行业者，这样的企业往往挥起价格战屠刀，必先除之而后快。即使在今天这样高度发达的商业环境中，上述现象依然屡见...
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...US Financial Crisis US Financial Crisis This paper aims to describe the US Financial Crisis in terms of causes, impact, and remedial actions taken by the public and private sectors. It presents the thesis that the financial crisis is also a crisis of values that prompts a reevaluation of the premises of American capitalism. In particular, that prosperity is the foundation of peace and order. A review of literature provides the basis for a short commentary on the subject. Preliminary review of literature on the subject brings to fore some distinct patterns in consumer and investors behavior that make them peculiarly venerable. First is the tendency of investors to join the bandwagon of speculative investment and of putting their money where others put theirs. Second is an apparent lack of understanding on the relationship between risk and returns. Third is an apparent lack of appreciation for the principles of supply and demand. The principle states that excessive supply will reduce the price and demand for a product to the advantage of the buyer, while a lack of supply will increase demand and price of a product to the advantage of the seller. Causes Economists stress the importance of tracing the root causes of the financial crisis in order to provide a systemic solution to the present financial crisis. Most references present the cause of the financial crisis to be the “subprime mortgages.” However, subprime mortgages by itself did not cause the housing bubble...
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...UNDERSTANDING THE SUBPRIME LENDING The term "subprime" refers to the credit status of the borrower, which is being less than ideal. Subprime lending is a general term that refers to the practice of making loans to borrowers who do not qualify for the best market interest rates because of their deficient credit history. According to the U.S. Department of Treasury guidelines issued in 2001, "Subprime borrowers typically have weakened credit histories that include payment delinquencies i.e. non-payment of the mortgage, and possibly more severe problems such as charge-offs, judgments, and bankruptcies. They may also display reduced repayment capacity as measured by credit scores, debt-to-income ratios, or other criteria that may encompass borrowers with incomplete credit histories." This is when the borrowers have a poor credit history that is they are bad borrowers. Subprime lending is also called B-Paper, near-prime, or second chance lending, as the borrowing is done to customers with a poor credit history or no credit history without any security in return of the money lending. Subprime lending encompasses a variety of credit instruments, including subprime mortgages, subprime car loans, and subprime credit cards, among others. A subprime loan is offered at a rate higher than A-paper loans due to the increased risk. Subprime lenders To access this increasing market, lenders often take on risks associated...
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...lay_man Says @Cricaddict- By this point you mean that average age of population is less than 22 years or there is some typo mistake? Sorry to barge in but i could not understand this line Yes avg age of population, for yemen - 17.9, syria - 21.5, egypt - 22 or 23 yrs.. in general a very young population and umemployed, so frustration and anger.. thats why the uproar.. @layman updated.. S.P. Jain Institute of Management & Research PGDM Finance Class of 2014 | CAT'11 - 99.04%le QuoteReply. Like . Share 3 cricaddict Reply #22 03:44 PM, 10 Mar '12 Limits of Foreign Direct Investment in various sectors in India :: Non-Banking Financial Com-panies (NBFC) : 100% Petroleum Refining (Private Sector) : 100% Petroleum Product Marketing : 100% Oil Exploration : 100% Petroleum Product Pipelines : 100% Housing and Real Estate : 100% Power : 100% Drugs & Pharmaceuticals : 100% Road, Highways, Ports and harbours : 100% Hotel & Tourism : 100% Electricity : 100% Pharmaceuticals : 100% Transportation infrastructure : 100% Tourism : 100% Mass transit : 100% Pollution control : 100% Mining (Mining of gold and silver and minerals other than diamonds and precious stones) : 100% Advertising : 100% Films : 100% Mass Rapid Transport Systems : 100% Pollution Control & Management : 100% Special Economic Zones : 100% Air Transport Services (Domestic Airlines) : 100% for NRIs 49% for Others Single Brand...
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