...LABOUR FORCE FLUCTUATIONS AND ITS OUTCOMES INFLOWS FROM THE UNEMPLOYMENT POOL (NEWLY UNEMPLOYED) Look at the level of unemployment as a pool, i.e. there are inflows and outflows from the pool. Sacked or laid off. Temporarily laid off (but expecting to be taken on again). Voluntarily unemployed. People not previously employed School leavers People who were previously employed but left the workforce and didn’t register, and have decided to return to it. Immigrants People resigning from work OUTFLOWS FROM THE UNEMPLOYMENT POOL People get jobs or create their business People leave the labour force completely (retired and discouraged workers). Emigrants COSTS OF UNEMPLOYMENT Economic costs of Unemployment are estimated at over 7% of GDP. Loss in output that could have been produced if everyone was working Loss in tax revenue Loss of income Unemployment can lead to a lack of social cohesion, and physical and mental health, increased crime rates. Most unemployed people feel a low level of selfesteem REASONS FOR EU’S HIGH UNEMPLOYMENT RATE Competition from other areas of the world. Rapid growth in labour costs. High minimum wages have discouraged employers from hiring low-skilled workers. Replacement ratio - generous welfare benefits have weakened incentives for people to take available jobs. Tax wedge – discouraged workers. Restrictions against firings have discouraged firms from employing workers. MINIMUM WAGE EFFECTS MINIMUM WAGES, JANUARY 2014 (1) (EUR...
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...Immigration Bailout Melissa Leal ENG/215 April 06, 2015 Charlotte Babb Immigration Bailout Immigration reform, are you informed to what is going on? I’m going to explain how neither parties are taking into consideration how this will affect our nation, how the current immigration reform is putting a strain on our country, how all this is just a political struggle to gain the most influence, and options on how to solve the issues at hand. Let me start by explaining how this personally affects me. My husband is a border patrol agent. The information that I have gathered is strictly information that I have heard from either the media or things spoken indirectly. By no means did I get my information from my husband. The reason this affects many families of homeland security is, the constant back and forth between both parties trying to come to some agreement about a budget, this has been a long-standing issue. The government shutdown happened last year; this affected many federal employees. The difference being is that homeland security workers were still required to go out and do their job without pay. They had to put their lives on the line just as American soldiers did. What I think is the people do not realize that both parties fail to solve the issue and they just put a Band-Aid on it. Then the public is informed that there has been some type of resolution. In hindsight, I was one of those people. I failed to realize the truth until it actually directly affected me....
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...2003, Le Grand 2003). In health care, choice is a popular reform model adopted by administrations of di erent political orientations in many countries, including the US, the UK, Denmark, Italy (Lombardy), the Netherlands, Germany and Sweden. The belief is that by increasing choice for patients, providers of care or insurers will become more responsive to patient demand, which in turn will drive greater eciency in the delivery and funding of health care. However, whether enhanced patient choice will make hospital choice more responsive to quality is not well established, although the consequences of poor quality in health care can be dire. Patients' health can be severely compromised by poor quality care, including, as we show below, an increased risk of death. Thus there is a need to understand the responses of health care consumers when they are o ered more choice. This is exactly the issue we address here. To do this we exploit a reform which introduced patient choice and tie this to the estimation of a structural demand model that explicitly incorporates the institutional features of the reform. This enables us to identify the e ect of increasing choice on patient behavior. We use the model to quantify the gains from the reform in terms of patient welfare and survival and to analyze how the changes in patients' choices translate into changes in the competitive environment faced by hospitals. The reform we exploit is from the English National Health Service (NHS)...
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...SUMMER BUDGET 2015 HC 264 July 2015 SUMMER BUDGET 2015 Return to an order of the House of Commons dated 8 July 2015 Copy of the Summer Budget Report – July 2015 as laid before the House of Commons by the Chancellor of the Exchequer when opening the Budget. David Gauke Her Majesty’s Treasury 8 July 2015 Ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 8 July 2015 HC 264 © Crown copyright 2015 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email: psi@nationalarchives.gsi.gov.uk. Where we have identified any third party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. This publication is available at www.gov.uk/government/publications Any enquiries regarding this publication should be sent to us at public.enquiries@hmtreasury.gsi.gov.uk Print ISBN 9781474122733 Web ISBN 9781474122740 ID 25061566 07/15 PU1820 Printed on paper containing 75% recycled fibre content minimum Printed in the UK by the Williams Lea Group on behalf of the Controller of Her Majesty’s Stationery Office The Budget report is presented pursuant to section 2 of the Budget Responsibility and National Audit Act 2011 and in accordance with the Charter for Budget Responsibility...
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...The Velvet Divorce: An Economic Analysis of Cause and Effect In light of EU enlargement and discussion of the Eurozone, Czechoslovakia has emerged as a role model for comparison. The two central European countries of the Czech Republic and Slovakia present an interesting case study on the optimum currency area and on political unification. Despite economic, social and demographical convergence as well as an overwhelming majority opinion in favor of unification, the two countries split less than five years of having political autonomy. Following their split, Slovakia and the Czech Republic took different approaches towards approaching a market-economy, yielding somewhat surprising results. This paper will analyze the viability of Czechoslovakia as an optimum currency area, recount its history in the context of economic and political differences, and then illustrate how differences in political philosophy affected their economies today. Unlike most other research this paper aims to prove that, while political differences may have been the deciding factor in dissolution, it was really economic differences between the two, originating from geographic differences and early history, that necessitated the divorce. Economic Analysis and the Optimum Currency Area When analyzing the dissolution of Czechoslovakia, and particular when searching for truth as to its cause, it’s important to note that it was in fact a two part split – first the political union and then the monetary...
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...consumption to illustrate the call for tax reform. This essay is to explain three questions mentioned following by the article. Specifically, it further examines the suggestion for heavy tax on alcohol concerning the elasticities of demand for alcohol. Question 1: Using the data provided in the article, calculate the price elasticity of demand for alcohol. According to Jackson, McIver and Wilson (2012, p.153), own-price elasticity of demand which is simply know as elasticity of demand is a way to measure the sensitiveness of consumers’ demand to a change in the product’s price, and the formula to calculate it is the percentage change in quantity demanded of a good divided by the percentage change in its price. The law of demand illustrates that the price and quantity demanded are inversely related verifying from the down-sloping demand curve, therefore the own-price elasticity must be negative. However, it is conventional to ignore the negative sign, and simply use the absolute form of the elasticity of demand. In this article, it shows that for a 10 percent increase in price of alcohol could have about 5 percent decrease in consumption. According to above formula, the price elasticity of demand for alcohol is 0.5 (5%/10%). Moreover, one (1) is an important value for elasticity of demand by using absolute form. If the elasticity of demand is more than 1, it shows a relatively larger change in quantity demanded for a given change in price and the product is elastic demand...
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...The problems of race and urban poverty remain pressing challenges which the United States has yet to address. Changes in the global economy, technology, and race relations during the last 30 years have necessitated new and innovative analyses and policy responses. A common thread which weaves throughout many of the studies reviewed here is the dynamics of migration. In When Work Disappears, immigrants provide comparative data with which to highlight the problems of ghetto poverty affecting blacks. In No Shame in My Game, Puerto Rican and Dominican immigrants are part of the changing demographics in Harlem. In Canarsie, the possible migration of blacks into a working/middle-class neighborhood prompts conservative backlash from a traditionally liberal community. In Streetwise, the migration of yuppies as a result of gentrification, and the movement of nearby-ghetto blacks into these urban renewal sites also invoke fear of crime and neighborhood devaluation among the gentrifying community. Not only is migration a common thread, but the persistence of poverty, despite the current economic boom, is the cornerstone of all these works. Poverty, complicated by the dynamics of race in America, call for universalistic policy strategies, some of which are articulated in Poor Support and The War Against the Poor. In When Work Disappears, William Julius Wilson builds upon many of the insights he introduced in The Truly Disadvantaged, such as the rampant joblessness, social isolation, and...
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...MAKING VISION 2021 A REALITY: GLOBALIZATION AND REGIONAL COOPERATION CHALLENGES FOR BANGLADESH Course Name : International Economics SUBMITTED BY: Muhammad Jahangir Alam ID:40814010 14TH Batch MBA (Marketing), University of Dhaka. Date of Submission: 28.12.2010 Introduction Born from the great Liberation War of 1971, Bangladesh is a non-communal, progressive, democratic state that has worked to establish an economy and society free of inequality, and to nurture a culture of democracy and respect for human rights for all fostered by patriotism in all areas of social existence. Along with a tolerant democracy, the aspiration is for a more caring society based on a system of values rooted in the culture and traditions of Bangladesh. The country’s value system will develop as it progresses, and the values will translate from collective to individual perspectives creating a collective drive to work together towards national development. Bangladesh’s heritage, rich in content and diversity, shall have a place in our present and be the anchor for the country’s ambitions. Globalization in the broadest sense implies integration of economies and societies across the globe through the flow of technology, trade and capital. Economic globalization is a process of rapid economic integration between countries that is driven by the increasing liberalization of international trade and foreign direct investment...
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...European Economic Policies 1. THE MULTIPLE DIMENSIONS OF AN ENLARGED EUROPE 1.1 THE HISTORICAL DIMENSION Many unprecedented achievements characterize the Europe we see today; for the first time since Charlemagneʼs Holy Roman Empire in the 9th century in the ninth century, most of the European continent (400 million citizens) is again united and in peace. For the first time (at least since the last century) a set of countries have autonomously decided to relinquish to a supranational authority the control of one of the key symbols of a nation, its currency, without renouncing their identity or independence (along with numerous innovations). All this in less than 60 years. Historically, a period of war in Europe has ended with one or more treaty (e.g. 30 years war → Westfalia, Napoleonic war → Vienna Congress, WW1 → Versailles) The end of WW2 produced a series of treaties which, among other things (UN), laid down the founding pillars of the modern European Union The First 40 years (1950 – 89) Its acknowledged that the start of the European integration can be identified in the “Schuman declaration” a speech by French foreign minister in 1950. He proposed that France and Germany and other nations wishing to join, pool their coal and steel resources. It was an opening of credit to Germany (only 5 years after the first tank left Paris) and it implicitly recognized the new world order with france and germany allied with the US. It was also a security measure for France with respect to Germany...
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..................... 5 1.4. Social Responsibility to Offset Lower Financial Returns......................... 5 2. The Topic: the Impact Investing ............................................... 6 3. Benchmarking ......................................................................... 6 4. Conclusions ............................................................................ 7 Sources ......................................................................................... 8 2 Social Entrepreneurship Individual Assignment Introduction The social offer is largely garrisoned by the State and, it involves sanitary sector, education, and services to the person and in general the welfare. Because of the problems that European States are facing, and Italy even more than the rest of the others, the national debates are focusing on the formalities of dealing with public budgets issues summed with the concurring steady growth of social needs (for instance for: kindergartens, health and elderly). The prevailing proposals concern about private integration,...
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...One Step Closer to the End of Poverty Every day deaths are caused by some type of disaster all over the world. Some disasters can be prevented, like warfare and poverty, whereas other disasters can come without warning, such as natural disasters. When countries are suffering from poverty or are shaken up by something such as an earthquake or hurricane, they look towards American Humanitarians and our government to lend them a hand. Newspapers constantly talk about countries pleading for help: "We have the resources, we have the know-how to end extreme poverty” (Stossel, Patrick McMenamin 42). And it is true. Our government does provide money and resources to these countries that are begging for help, but not enough. Our country provides more money to aid countries in their civil wars than it does to provide foreign aid for countries that desperately need help. Most aid is intended to be spent as investment projects in particular areas of need such as supplying medicine and water to Third World countries, and rebuilding new roads and homes for countries that are destroyed by natural disasters. The main problem, as most experts put it, is that “aid is substitutable and what the money is supposed to be used for is spent on something else” (Rieff 225). Warfare should be the last thing our government should be focusing on with disasters such as Haiti’s earthquake and with so many deaths from diseases caused by poverty. To help reduce poverty in the world, American...
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...related terms used in papers presented at the Interlaken Workshop on Decentralization, 27-30 April 2004, Interlaken, Switzerland. As this is a work in progress, there may be many parts needing improvement/changes. We look forward to receiving your comments and suggestions (L.yuliani@cgiar.org). Decentralization Definitions and descriptions of decentralization used in the papers include: • “Decentralisation is usually referred to as the transfer of powers from central government to lower levels in a political-administrative and territorial hierarchy (Crook and Manor 1998, Agrawal and Ribot 1999). This official power transfer can take two main forms. Administrative decentralisation, also known as deconcentration, refers to a transfer to lower-level central government authorities, or to other local authorities who are upwardly accountable to the central government (Ribot 2002). In contrast, political, or democratic, decentralisation refers to the transfer of authority to representative and downwardly accountable actors, such as elected local governments” (Larson). • “The term decentralisation is used to cover a broad range of transfers of the "locus of decision making" from central governments to regional, municipal or local governments” (Sayer et al.). • Decentralization reform refers to “transforming the local institutional...
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...Parting at the Crossroads: The Development of Health Insurance in Canada and the United States, 1940-1965 Author(s): Antonia Maioni Source: Comparative Politics, Vol. 29, No. 4 (Jul., 1997), pp. 411-431 Published by: Ph.D. Program in Political Science of the City University of New York Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/422012 . Accessed: 12/10/2013 14:05 Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at . http://www.jstor.org/page/info/about/policies/terms.jsp . JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact support@jstor.org. . Ph.D. Program in Political Science of the City University of New York is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Comparative Politics. http://www.jstor.org This content downloaded from 130.63.180.147 on Sat, 12 Oct 2013 14:05:01 PM All use subject to JSTOR Terms and Conditions Parting at the Crossroads The Development of Health Insurance in Canada and the United States, 1940-1965 AntoniaMaioni Frequentlyraised in recent discussions abouthealth care reformin the United States has been the model of the Canadianhealth insurancesystem.' While debates about health insurance often...
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...It is almost certain that you will be better off choosing your strongest question to do first. You should choose questions on the basis of how well you can answer the section (c) part. The (c) part carries 25 of the 40 marks available for the whole answer. Do not choose a question simply because you can do part (a) especially well. The (a) question is only worth 5 marks. It would be illogical to choose your strongest (a) part if you cannot do well on section (c). If you cannot decide between several (c) parts, i.e. you can do more than one equally well, make your choice on the basis of part (b) which carries 10 marks. But remember, it is the (c) parts that will determine most what your overall mark will be. So, when you first look at the exam paper, look at the (c) sections first. Assessment Objectives Each question is divided into three sections, as follows: carries 5 marks carries 10 marks carries 25 marks The way you answer questions should be determined by the way assessment objectives are distributed. Assessment objectives provide the basis upon which examiners award marks. You need to be familiar with them to maximise your marks. They will help direct your revision and with the answers to the questions. A full explanation of...
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...Quazi Tasnim Hasan ID # 112 111 051 Assignment No. 4 What is economic integration? For the Last 65 years, the world has undergone significant changes. The decade of the 1970s was dominated by the two energy crises. Industrial economies were faced with a new “enemy”: stagflation—a combination of high inflation and unemployment. Developing countries were increasingly becoming more dependent on foreign borrowing and centrally planned economies were unable to secure economic growth. Furthermore, the world witnessed a radical transformation during the past two decades. The greatest economic experiment of the twentieth century was the movement from communism to a market economy, which began in Mikhail Gorbachev’s Russia in the mid-1980s, and then spread to Eastern Europe at the beginning of the 1990s and to China later on during the same decade. Although the transition to a free market has led to disappointing outcomes, most Eastern Europe countries have concentrated on integrating their economies with Europe and on becoming part of the EU. All these events led to the world becoming more and more global in nature and to defining globalization as a closer economic integration among nations through increased trade and capital flows. It also refers to labor movement and technology transfer across international borders as well as cultural and political issues, which are beyond the scope of this chapter. Globalization is the result of technological processes occurring mainly in the...
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