...Directing Instructional Goals Since the primary purpose of schooling is learning, then deciding what should be taught, how much of it should be taught, and how it should be organized for teaching are the paramount goals for effective instructional leader. Thus, according to McEwan (1998), it is the ultimate responsibility of the instructional leader to guide the development and implementation of instructional goals or the broad general outcomes that define what students should know and be able to do when they exit the school. In her authoritative work on instructional leadership, she proposes guidelines in directing instructional leadership in school. First, the leader must involve teachers in developing and implementing instructional goals and objectives. Teachers may be encouraged to identify significant, meaningful data to be compiled for the school portfolio; interpret the data, request more data, and identify areas of concern; focus areas of concern on a few priorities and developing goals; participate in study groups to further analyze improvement concerns, select indicators of improvement and recommend validated strategies, affirm the completed school improvement plan; participate in staff development to learn the use of new strategies and assessments; and discuss evidence of progress with implementation and goal attainment (Holcomb, 1999). Second, the school leader must incorporate the designated government and/or system curricula in the development...
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...1 Analysis of Three Instructional Design Models 2 Abstract Instructional design models provide for a systematic approach of implementing the instructional design process for a specific educational initiative (Morrison, Ross, & Kemp, 2004). This paper will briefly describe the purpose and what instructional models are followed by process of three selected models: (a) the Dick and Carey systems approach; (b) Morrison, Ross and Kemp model (also known as the Kemp model); and (c) the Three-Phase design (3PD) model. The process description for each model will serve as the foundation and supporting points required for comparing and contrasting process of the models. 1 Dick and Carey, Kemp, and Three-Phase Design models for Instructional Design Instructional design (ID) models can provide a systematic approach of implementing the instructional design process for specific educational initiatives (Morrison, Ross, & Kemp, 2004). Gustafson & Branch (1997) states that there is a wide variety of instructional design models describing the ID process created for different situations and settings (as cited in Gustafson & Branch, 2002b; Ryder, 2006). The purpose of the instructional design models offer both educational and training organizations design steps, management guidelines and teamwork collaboration options with designers, technicians and clients (Gustafson & Branch, 2002a). Specifically by definition, a model can be defined as “a way of doing something; an explicit representation...
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...April Baylor March 17, 2012 SED-444 Alicia Leach Design Model ADDIE Model Systems Approach Model Kemp’s Instructional Design Model Instruction Design Perspective Developmental/Cognitive Behavioral Developmental/ Cognitive Instructional Strategy Cooperative Learning, Discovery and Questioning Cooperative Learning, Discovery and Questioning Cooperative Learning, Discovery and Questioning Description The Addie Model is a five-phase instructional design that consist of the following: Analysis: identify the environment (audience), goal, objectives and strategies which can be also called the pre-planning phase. Design: write instruction for the learning unit Develop: build content, assignments, assessments which are both formative and summative and develop course materials Implement: Begin teaching and giving instruction. Evaluate: Ask questions? What was done, how was it done and how can you do better? (perform assessments) (Clark, 2000) It is a procedural system including ten major process components: Know your students’ needs so you can know your goals when teaching: Assess the student to set learning objectives and goals Conduct instructional analysis: to determine a step-by-step of what learners are doing when they are performing the goal; to determine what skills and knowledge are required Analyze learners and contexts –identify your students learning styles and setting; this will help towards classroom layout, students’ attitudes and...
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...Understanding the Value of Play Rosetta Billingslea ECE 430 Early Childhood Education Capstone Mrs. Gayla Lloyd December 5, 2011 This essay focuses on the value of play and how important play is in a child’s life. I will show substantial evidence as well as examples that support play as an integral part of early learning along with describing two examples that utilize play as an instructional strategy. Intuitively all early childhood teachers know that play is an integral part of young children’s lives, and that being able to play, both alone and with others, is a hallmark of children’s healthy development. We also understand that play enhances children’s physical, social and emotional, and creative growth, and we daily assess this growth by observing children at play. We observe individual children engaged in different types of play at different times, and we quickly notice that their play becomes more complex and more social as the year progresses. We are able to assess children’s growing abilities to direct their own play, to make decisions about materials and props, and to assert their own ideas and opinions about what they want to play. As children begin to play interactively, we see growth in their abilities to follow the rules of a game, to take turns, to share materials, and to begin to cooperatively solve problems that emerge during the play. By taking a closer look at children’s play, we see that it does more than stimulate...
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...approach to training takes on a different nature and tactic than an instructional designer. By consulting for companies whose (most of the time) aim are for profit, the design of the instructional model needs to be tied in with performance goals of the company, and not necessarily prescribe an instructional systems design (ISD) that focuses on just the design, delivery and evaluation of the instruction itself, if any. By thorough analysis, identification of lackluster processes, and linking to company goals, the performance consulting can greatly enhance the overall performance of an organization. This also involves consulting with management, selling the management on the solutions, and garnering support from several key players within the organization while keeping in mind the need to maintain efficiency and profitability for the organization itself. Human Performance Technology (HPT) can be defined as an approach using a set of methods and procedures to generate solutions geared towards improving productivity and competence. HPT uses a “systematic” combination of three processes: performance analysis, cause analysis, and intervention selection (ISPI, 2007). In contrast, Training and Development may take up a very similar approach, usually that of analyze, design, develop, implement and evaluate (ADDIE) training efforts as a one-size-fits-all approach to systemic remediation (Pearlstein, 2011). Like Instructional Design, HPT is more grounded in theoretical foundation, empirical...
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...INTRODUCTION Background to the study ICT (information and communication technologies) in education lives a life at the crossroads between evidence based policymaking, learning and the fast-changing world of technology. Key stakeholders (politicians, parents, teachers, school leaders) demand evidence of the impact of ICT derived from research, monitoring and evaluation (Friedrich and Francesc, 2009). The challenge for policymakers is (in collaboration with the research community and the educational community) to develop a sustainable knowledge base for ICT in education, in which key indicators and other sources of information are identified, which enables better insight into the use and effects of ICT for learning. Technology has been said to have impacted many different types of people in different types of environments as a dynamic communication tool. For instance, Ali and Richardson (2012) explained that technology has pervaded all aspects of society and the field of education is no exception, the learning and teaching environment has also changed drastically. Technology has impacted on teaching and learning activities, and it is now seen increasingly as an enabler of learning. Morgan (2008) added that technology is no longer the wave of the future, the future is now. This generation has been classified by Prensky (2001) as “Digital Natives” and students who have been born into and are totally immersed in an environment that is surrounded by technology. Technology provides...
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...COMPARISON AND CONTRAST OF THE PRIMARY FOCUS, METHODS & TOOLS OF INSTRUCTIONAL DESIGN, CURRICULUM DESIGN, & PROGRAM EVALUATION ADDIE model: ADDIE is an effective tool used by instructors to design and develop instruction material. It is very famous tool adapted by many instructors because of its flexibility as it can be modified as and whenever required by the instructor. This model was developed in 1970 for U.S army for educational technology by Florida State University’s Center. It’s a systematic model for instruction comprising of five phases: 1) Analysis 2) Design 3) Development 4) Implementation 5) Evaluation Phases of ADDIE: 1) Analysis: During the analysis phase, the learner’s goals, objectives and learning problems are identified by the instructor. The learning environment, modes of imparting the knowledge and any other constrain are also observed by the instructor. 2) Design: This is the next sequential stage in the ADDIE model where a blue print or prototype of the learning material is made catering to the needs of the learner. A detailed systematic design is created for the user here. 3) Development: Actual creation of the learning material It could be an integration of various tools and technologies. Developing the procedure for the maximum learning outcome is focused on this phase. 4) Implementation: The designed plan is put into action in this phase for the learner by imparting knowledge through the planned tools and activities. 5) Evaluation:...
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...and Carey design models for Instructional Design for instructional design are very important because they can provide a procedural way of establishing or implementing the instructional design process for a particular initiative of education. There exists several instructional design models which illustrates the ID process meant for dissimilar settings and situations .The aim of these instructional design models is to give training and educational organizational design process, guidelines for management and collaboration of teamwork options with designers, clients and technicians. A model in general can be described as a pattern or example that prescribes relationships in a normative sense. A model can also serve as a communication and visual tool to assist in conceptualizing complicated instructional design process or schematics as well as how the various elements and stages relate to each other. It should be noted that the application of the model relies on the instructional scenario, problem or task. To make sure that there is a procedural way of establishing the instructional design process for a particular educational initiative, instructional design should be used. This is because they serve as important tools of learning and they make the work of teachers easier. According to Carey and Carey (2001), ...instructional design can be defined as the systematic method for analyzing, designing, developing, evaluating and managing the instructional process efficiently; based on...
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...Running Head: Needs Assessment 1 Needs Analysis of The Instructors of their knowledge of objectives Brian Fitch Western Governors University Background The Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) provides graduate education for the Department of Defense and NATO forces in the science and engineering disciplines. The school is a part of the Air University and the Air University is a part of the Air Education and Training Command. The Institute is divided into three smaller schools, the Civil Engineering School, The Systems Engineering School and the School of Systems and Logistics. The School of Systems and Logistics provides Professional Continuing Education to several career fields including science, engineering, program management, acquisition, and logistics. This analysis concentrates on the School of Systems and Logistics. The school further divided into three academic departments Logistics, Acquisitions, and Systems. The school has more than 100 instructors that are a mixture of military and civilian. The military instructors are typically assigned to the school for three years. Within the tree years they usually experience a one year deployment to support the war effort. The civilian instructors are employed with the school an average of ten years. Most of the civilian instructors are retired military and considered the best Subject Matter Experts...
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...Dianna L. Pittman Jones International University EDU630 Assignment 5.1 "Task analysis for instructional design is a process of analyzing and articulating the kind of learning that you expect the learners to know how to perform". (George Mason University) Although task analysis has been approached from several perspectives, there is one constant among them. Task analysis, at a minimum, assists the instructor or designer to understand the content to be taught. According to George Mason University, (n.d.) instructional designers perform task analysis in order to: * determine the instructional goals and objectives; * define and describe in detail the tasks and sub-tasks that the student will perform; * specify the knowledge type (declarative, structural, and procedural knowledge) that characterize a job or task; * select learning outcomes that are appropriate for instructional development; * prioritize and sequence tasks; * determine instructional activities and strategies that foster learning; * select appropriate media and learning environments; * construct performance assessments and evaluation. Below is a goal analysis I developed to assist learners in understanding the business planning process for a beauty business. Goal: At the end of six weeks, learners will know the main components of a business plan and through the use of business planning software, will develop a business plan that will be used to measure comprehension and be...
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...INTRODUCTION What is an instructional Systems Design model? According to Smith and Ragan (2005), instructional design is the entire process: from the analysis of learning needs and goals, through the development of instructional materials and activities, to the evaluation of all instruction and learning activities. Spector and Muraida (1997) refer to instructional design as a structuring of the learning environment for the purpose of facilitating learning or improving learning effectiveness. Instructional design is the systematic process of translating general principles of learning and instruction into plans for instructional materials and learning (Seels and Glasgow, 1998; Morrison, Ross and Kemp, 2004). Instructional design is the application of theory to create effective instruction (Jonassen, 2001; Reigeluth, 1999). An instructional design framework focuses on the creation of a learning experience that delivers knowledge in a more effective, interactive, and engaging way, and that can be measured, managed and directed for maximum impact (Piskurich, 2000:7). Smith (2001: [online]) states that instructional design focuses on what learners are to know, the information to be provided, while the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) (2001) emphasises that instructional design is the process by which an educator determines the best teaching methods for specific learners in a specific context, in the attempt to achieve a specific goal. There are two classes...
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...Technology and Training Jennifer Mitchell BUS 375 Instructor Charles Orgbon January 30, 2012 Technology Taking Over Electronic technology has worked its way into just about every area of American society. The new technologies are changing jobs and the training that is received for these jobs. This paper is going to look at technology and how it has impacted the way employees are trained. The attitudes towards technology and the laws that surround it will be shown. Different tools that are used with technology in training will also be given. The things that technology has allowed to occur for training will also be looked at. Technology is becoming a part of training in many organizations and it is growing with new methods being used as new technologies are formed. Technology Attitudes and Law The technology in the workplace is changing very rapidly and companies that can't keep up will drop out of competition. The American Society for Training and Development (ASTD) reports that less than $1500 per employee was spent for training in 1996. The largest part of that (49 percent) was spent for technical and professional training. Only two percent was spent for New Employee Orientation and three percent on quality, competition and business practices training (Reh, 2012). Computers and associated technology have become central to modern life. In a society where the population is rapidly ageing, the acceptance and utilization...
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...Instructional Design Analysis Linda Lee AIU Online Abstract This analysis will analyze the process of instructional design. It will discuss the instructional design disciplines. There will be a discussion on instructional design and how it aligns with scientific methods. The ADDIE model will be detailed in this essay. The difference between instructional theory and learning theory will be compared and defined. The most important component of the instructional design process will be visited. The task that instructional designers perform will be discussed as well as the skills that he or she is required to possess. The conclusions drawn will be included. Instructional Design Analysis The definition of Instructional Design is a systematic way to develop instructional materials that are structured well by using objectives, related teaching strategies, systematic feedback and evaluation. It can also be defined as the scientific way to create detail oriented specifications for the design, development, evaluation, and maintenance of instructional material, which facilitates performance and learning. According to Wilson, (2004) instructional design can be defined as a technology, a science, an art or a craft. The instructional designer observes what is happening and collects empirical data in order to improve a particular topic. Empirical data is what the designer observes with their eyes and ears. Principles of the discipline of instructional design Instructional...
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...CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE COLLEGE GRADUATESCHOOL ------------------------------------------------- Talisay City POWERPOINT PRESENTATION: TOWARDS ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF FILIPINO STUDENTS An Abstract of A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School Carlos Hilado Memorial State College Talisay City, Negros Occidental In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in Education Major in Educational Management By Regina M. Delotina May 2010 CARLOS HILADO MEMORIAL STATE COLLEGE GRADUATE SCHOOL Talisay City ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Chapter 1 Introduction “Education is the ability to listen to almost anything without losing your temper or your self – confidence. – Robert Frost” Education is a process by which man transmits his experiences, new findings, and values accumulated over the years, in his struggle for survival and development through generations. Education enables individuals and society to make an all-round participation in the developmental process, by acquiring knowledge, ability, skills, and attitudes. According to the Regional Memorandum No.88, s.1993 – A longer time spent in teaching Filipino from first year and up. It also provides that students should be encouraged to undertake Filipino experiments and teaching should require maximum students activity with emphasis on reflection...
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...interactive TV, and CD-ROM. The definition of e-learning varies depending on the organization and how it is used but basically it is involves electronic means of communication, education, and training. Many terms have been used to define e-learning in the past. For example web-based training, computer-based training or web-based learning, and online learning are a few synonymous terms that have over the last few years been labeled as e-learning. Each of this implies a “just-in-time” instructional and learning approach. Regardless of the definition you chose to use, designers, developers, and implementers make or break the instructional courses and tools. E-learning is simply a medium for delivering learning and like any other medium, it has its advantages and disadvantages. E-learning covers a wide array of activities from supported learning, to blended or hybrid learning (the combination of traditional and e-learning practices), to learning that occurs 100% online. Sound e-learning is founded on instructional design principles pedagogical elements that take into account learning theories. Given its nature, online distance education is well matched with e-learning and flexible learning but is also used for in-class teaching and blended learning. History of...
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