...The Six Pack of Flight Instruments It seems as if though cockpits of modern jets are becoming more and more intricate and complex. The have added greatly to the primary flight instruments and have filled vast amounts of space in cockpits. It is still very relevant to the aircraft for which it is designed, but lets get back to basics. Lets cut out all of the excess and focus on a few primary instruments, instruments that one would be guaranteed to find no matter the plane. These are the instruments that make up the “Six Pack” (Learn to Fly, 2013). The “Six Pack” is comprised of the six basic flight instruments that are used by pilots. These instruments are typically found in two rows of three. Going from left to right the instruments that make up the “Six Pack” are the air speed indicator, attitude indicator, altimeter, vertical speed indicator, heading indicator, and turn coordinator. These instruments are the main source of information for pilots. These instruments can be divided into two categories based off of how they work, which are static or pitot-static and gyroscopic instruments. The instruments that fall into the static category are the airspeed indicator, altimeter, and vertical speed indicator. The airspeed indicator shows the aircraft’s airspeed in knots relative to the surrounding air. This is known as true airspeed and can be very valuable information for flight planning. It is also usually just a few knots different than indicated airspeed in...
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...Unusual Attitudes Objective: The student exhibits adequate knowledge of the elements relating to attitude instrument flying during recovery from unusual flight attitudes both nose high and nose low. The student must use proper instrument cross-check and interpretation, and applies the appropriate pitch, bank, and power corrections in the correct sequence to return the aircraft to a stabilized level flight attitude. Procedure: (Nose High) * Increase Power * Apply forward elevator pressure to lower the nose and prevent a stall * Correct the bank by applying coordinated aileron and rudder pressure to level the miniature aircraft and center the ball of the turn coordinator * Level pitch attitude is indicated by the reversal and stabilization of the ASI and altimeter needles. * Straight coordinated flight is indicated by the level miniature aircraft and centered ball of the turn coordinator Note* The corrective control applications are made almost simultaneously, but in the following sequence listed above. (Nose Low) * If airspeed is increasing, reduce power to prevent excessive airspeed and loss of altitude. * Correct the bank attitude and coordinated aileron and rudder pressure to straight and level flight by referring to the turn coordinator. * Raise the aircrafts nose to level flight by applying smooth back elevator pressure * This whole procedure should be done smoothly and all controls should be moved simultaneously * The attitude...
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...Aviation Legislation Term Paper The Federal Aviation Act of 1958 ASCI 254 12/09/14 It has always been the dream of mankind wanting to join the birds in the sky, many innovators created various contraptions to achieve flight. On December 17, 1903, two brothers by the name of Wilbur and Orville Wright decided to test their contraption and it was successful. This event changed the course of aviation as the contraption known as Flyer 1 became the first successful powered heavier-than-air flight. During the course of World War I, airplanes proved to be a useful tool for the military. With the introduction of airmail planes were now utilized for commercial purposes. The Air Mail Act of 1925 gave birth to the airlines and passenger service began. But the airplane did not reach its full commercial potential until 1926 when the Air Commerce Act was passed. This legislation was responsible for issuing and enforcing traffic rules, licensing pilot, certifying aircrafts, etc. (History, n.d.) In 1938 the Civil Aeronautics Act was signed and this was the foundation for an authority to oversee the aviation industry. The Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA) was tasked with the federal responsibilities that the Bureau or Air Commerce used to handle and also was now given the authority power to regulate airline fares and determine airline routes. But in 1940, President Franklin Roosevelt split the Civil Aeronautics Authority into two agencies, the Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB) and the...
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...safety and risk management ,In general aviation human error is common due the facility of handle low loads and fly easier trips, Pilots get bad habits and their behavior can increase the chances of failure in flight, not be able of make a good decision can produce serious accidents and incidents, Do not have the complete information and work with inaccurate data is also common among pilots in general aviation it results in a risk taken every time they’ve flown , latent conditions can be placed for a long time but when it is combined with a bad decision or action could result in a loss; nowadays efforts have improved the aviation safety over the world , but the major challenge is change the bad mindsets and behaviors of the aeronautical personnel to achieve a culture of safety 2 “SAFETY PILOT” AND “NEVER AGAING” ANALYSIS Safety Pilot Starting the reading of the article we can notice that before the series of errors the Pilot in command has had a friend asking about whether one more passenger wouldn’t affect the flight because of the weight and balance. Even if his mind was apparently distracted there was an external little warn, At this point is possible that it wasn’t the first time he was avoiding doing the correct preflight process so maybe he could has received a flight training but his mindset was bad , the concept of safety was under his macho attitude. His friend also advised him to get a...
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...Steam gauge cockpits versus glass cockpits. Which system is more effective? Effectiveness of glass cockpits and steam gauge cockpits for student pilots STEAM GAUGE COCKPITS VERSUS GLASS COCKPITS 2 Table of Contents Table of Figures ........................................................................................................................................... 3 Abstract ....................................................................................................................................................... 4 1.0 Introduction ........................................................................................................................................... 5 2.0 Background Information ........................................................................................................................ 7 2.1 Steam Gauge Cockpits ........................................................................................................................... 7 2.2 Glass Cockpits ....................................................................................................................................... 8 3.0 Methodology ......................................................................................................................................... 9 . 3.1 Primary Research .......................................................................................................................
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...Instrumentation & Avionics (Nov 10-13, 2015) The following questions based on the knowledge of chapter 7 Pitot-static instruments Airspeed and airspeed indicator The altimeter and Altitudes Gyroscopic instruments Attitude indicator Turn Coordinator Heading indicator 1. When activated, an emergency locator transmitter (ELT) transmits on A. | 400 MHz (current models) and 121.5/243.0 MHz (older models) | B. | 406 MHz (current models) and 121.5/243.0 MHz (older models) | C. | 400 MHz (current models) and 121.5 MHz (older models) | | 1. Answer B is correct. An ELT is an Emergency Locator Transmitter. ELTs are designed to automatically activate in the event of a crash and send out a signal that can be heard by SAR (Search and Rescue) personnel. * Modern ELTs operate on 406 MHz. These encode your aircraft's identification into the signal they send, and also encode your exact location if the ELT is coupled to an appropriate GPS. 406 MHz ELTs are monitored by orbiting satellites (global coverage) which are designed to alert appropriate SAR (search and rescue) personnel. * Older generation ELTs operate on 121.5 MHz. These do not encode an aircraft identification and also for other reasons have traditionally had a high false-alarm rate. While 121.5 MHz are still installed in many GA aircraft, it is recommended that operators switch to current generation ELTs. In either case, the ELT is generally a brightly colored box (yellow, red, or orange, typically)...
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...in a fixed position no matter what the aircraft attitude may be. There is also an adjustment knob used to adjust the wings up or down to align with the horizon bar. This allows adjustment to the height of the pilot. Preferably, the adjustment should be made when level on the ground. When the wings are aligned with the horizon bar, the aircraft is in level flight. If the wings are above the horizon bar, the aircraft is in a climb. Wings below the horizon bar indicates a decent. The upper blue part of the ball represents the sky. The miniature airplane wings (fixed to the case) represent the wings of the aircraft. In the past, the instrument has been referred to as "an artificial horizon". When in a left turn, the blue portion of the ball will have rolled to the right, as though you were looking at the horizon over the nose of the aircraft. In a right turn, the blue portion will have rolled to the left. The rotor, mounted in a sealed housing, spins in a horizontal plane about the vertical axis. The housing pivots about the lateral axis on a gimbal, which in turn is free to pivot about the longitudinal axis. The instrument case is the third gimbal necessary for universal mounting. The horizon bar is linked to the gyro by a lever, attached to a pivot on the rear of the gimbal frame and connected to the gyro housing by a guide pin. When the attitude indicator is in operation, gyroscopic rigidity maintains...
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...Contemporary World Issues Biography Paper Boaz 3B By: Jerome Bircumshaw Even to this day some people believe women are not capable of achieving what the male can do. However one women in 1928 changed the image of the face of women forever. Soon to be an American aviator, Amelia Earhart was born on July 24, 1897, in Atchison, Kansas. She was the daughter of a successful railroad attorney. Because of her father’s occupation, Amelia spent her childhood growing up in many different towns. Her fascination for adventure and thrill seeking started off at a young age where Amelia and her big sister Muriel decided one day that they wanted to make a plane. There was a lack in material, so they decided to make a rollercoaster instead. Even though neither one of the girls knew how to make a roller coaster, they got some wood from an old wooden fence they tore down. First, they made the “car” by placing the bottoms of roller skates under a big piece of wood and the rest of the wood was used to make a slide that went from the top of a woodshed to the ground. With Amelia and her bravery, she went first and rolled quickly down the unstable slide. The “car” hit the ground and Amelia bounced into the air and turned into a somersault, luckily escaping injury. Years after the family moved to Des Moines, Iowa where they attended a state fair. That is when Amelia got to see her first airplane which did not impress Amelia. The airplane was made of wood...
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...2/8/2015 14 CFR 91.175 The regulation 14 CFR 91.175 refers to takeoffs and landing under IFR conditions. This regulation is meant to pilots and their passengers safe during instrument flight, but this can only happen if the regulation is understood. There was a recent crash on a localizer DME approach where the aircraft descended to MDA and reported that he had the approach lights in sight. The pilot immediately after he reported that he had the approach lights in sight descended to 100 feet above touchdown zone elevation and struck a rising tree covered hill a few miles from the end of the runway. This crash was the cause of not fully understanding the regulation and all that it says. In section (c), Operation below DH/DA or MDA, subsection (1) states that: The aircraft is continuously in a position from which a decent to a landing on the intended runway can be made at a normal rate of decent using normal maneuvers… The aircraft did not follow that particular part of the regulation. It is extremely important to remember that no pilot without meeting 3 things. The first has been mentioned above, the second states that: The flight visibility cannot be less than the visibility prescribed in the standard instrument approach being used And the third is that part that most instrument rated know verbatim, and it states: (3) Except for a Category II or Category III approach where any necessary visual reference requirements are specified by the Administrator...
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...invention of flight has revolutionized the world of transportation. One of the most significant factor to be successful in flying is air navigation. This includes proper flight planning, being able to read the flight instruments to allow the pilot to fly from one destination to another without getting lost, breaking laws, and keeping everybody on board safe. During the beginning age of flights, “the pilots solely used their own senses to guide them, giving rise to the phrase ‘flying by the seat of your own pants’” (RAAF Museum, 2014). In 1929, James Doolittle proved the feasibility of instrument guided flying when he took off and landed entirely on instruments (info please, 2014). Early navigating consisted of a set of six essential flight instruments which includes: altimeter, airspeed indicator, turn and bank indicator, vertical speed indicator, artificial horizon, directional gyro/ heading indicator. In 1937 the British Royal Air Force chose this set of sex essential flight instruments which would remain the standard panel for the next 20 years (Flight Global, 2014). It was not until the late 1970’s where Honeywell pursued a new mission to develop a new flight management system that would allow pilots to plan and have the system automatically fly the aircraft. Their first developed flight management system was used on the commercial airliner Boeings 757 and 767. Honeywell was able to develop an FMS, its capabilities can be summarized into four functions: flight planning –...
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...looking from the ground. Most people don’t realize the preparations that happens before a flight. Checking weather,flight planning, and understanding the rules and regulations of you’re route of flight. Like I said, looks can be deceiving when admiring from earth. A pilot needs to know the highest mountain peak in the area of flight, the route in and out of departing and arriving of airports airspace. As a manager of an airline you have to understand how important airspace is, so that you can understand the importance of hiring good pilots. The first airspace I want to discuss is class A airspace or ALPHA. This airspace is very simple. It starts from FL180 MSL (flight level 18,000 feet mean sea level) and extends up to FL600 as its ceiling. The only aircrafts that can operate in this airspace are aircrafts under IFR. This airspace is as similar as a highway for cars, but a highway for airplanes flying at 500 plus knots. This airspace is generally used by only commercial airliners and other large turbine jets. The second airspace is class B airspace or BRAVO. This ones a little more complex and tricky then the rest of them, but i’ll make it easy to understand in a managers perspective. This particular airspace starts from the surface and extends up to 10,000 feet MSL. Most BRAVO airspace resemble an upside down wedding cake. Its shaped this way to accommodate for all published instrument procedures and sizes of aircraft, when an aircraft enters airspace. Ever pilot needs an Air...
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...TF essay A/ Write a passage 1. Airplanes and helicopters can be used to saved people’s lives. First helicopters can be used for rescuing people in trouble. Try to imagine, when you’re lost in the dense forest or in the mountaintop, airplanes and helicopters are very essential. At that time, they’re your last hope! Second, planes can transport food and supplies when disasters- earthquake, volcano, flood, etc- strike. Third, both types off aircraft can transport people to hospitals in emergencies. For example, transform suddenly, blood poisoning, cardiac infarction, etc. Finally, helicopters and airplanes can be used to provide medical services to people who live in remote areas. They haven’t full live. They are destute of many things. So, people in the cities want to collect for them. But, the transportion by cars or trains is not simple and very long. That is why people need the helping of aircraft. In summary, airplanes and helicopters are very useful to save people. 2. Studying in another country is advantageous in many ways. A student is exposed to a new culture. He or she is able to have knowledge about that country’s condition of life, festivals, etc. That student’ll be in contact with many interesting and useful things. He or she can tell his/her friends in this country about traditional culture of their country and scenic beauties,etc. That’s also a form of cultural exchange among 2 countries. Sometimes he or she can learn a new language. Learning a new...
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...offer low cost flights to everyone and increasing the number of people flying versus other modes of transport. Currently rated as the third largest domestic flight company within Australia and a top five international airline by capacity offering 3000 flights per week to 56 destinations in 17 countries with a fleet of 80 aeroplanes. In the New Zealand and Trans-Tasman region Jetstar has flown over 1.8 million passengers to date, 75 million passengers in total since the companies launch in 2004 and 20 million passengers flown in the past year alone. Virgin Blue was welcomed to Australia in August 2000, operating only one route with 2 aircraft and 200 personnel. The second year seen an extra 13 routes added to the schedule followed by a further 9 routes the year after. The breakthrough year for Virgin Blue was 2004 joining the international market offering flights to New Zealand, Cook Islands, Fiji, Vanuatu and Tonga and by 2005 welcoming the companies’ 50th aircraft to the Australian fleet. Today Virgin Blue can boast partnerships with Etihad, Trans-Tasman Alliance and Delta Airlines offering many flights across many countries at both low cost and business class with now over 25 different routes domestic and internationally. Tiger Airways was launched in late 2003 and after only 5 years had welcomed their 11th millionth passenger on board the low-cost Asia Pacific Airline, Tiger openly based the low-fare airline on Europe’s Ryan Air trying to cut the cost of in flight expenses without...
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...approval of a modification of the aircraft, after an application has been made for such issue, renewal, validation or approval, as the case may be; or (b) proceed to or from a place at which any inspection, test or weighing of the aircraft is to take place for a purpose referred to in sub-paragraph (a). (3) The aircraft and its engines shall be certified as fit for flight by the holder of a licence as an aircraft maintenance engineer entitled in accordance with the provisions of the Fourth Schedule so to certify, or by a person approved by the Civil Aviation Authority for the purpose of issuing certificates under this condition. (4) The aircraft shall carry the minimum flight crew specified in any Certificate of airworthiness or validation which has previously been in force under the Regulation in respect of the aircraft, or is or has previously been in force in respect of any other aircraft of identical design. (5) The aircraft shall not carry any passenger or cargo except passengers performing duties in the aircraft in connection with the flight....
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...firefighter has an average of 5 days off per week. Close to home: There are many fire stations in NYC and many firefighters live near their fire station. Will you need any new skills: You will need to understand stand how fires work and how to rescue people. Education: Pass both the computer-based test and physical ability test, Go through firefighter 1 classes and have high school diploma. Airline Pilots: Salary: $76,000-$110,000/year Hours: Hours depend on the type of flying the pilot is doing. For example, some pilots fly out of the country that which are usually longer flights therefore more hours are worked. Close to home: The pilots are always traveling so they are not close to home. Need any new skills: They will need to know how to fly and land a plane as well as dealing with emergency situations. Education: 250 hours of flight experience for a commercial pilot's license, 1,500 hours of flight time for an airline transport pilot certificate. Also they need a college...
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