Free Essay

Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches to Research

In:

Submitted By fpadilla72
Words 1401
Pages 6
Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches to Research Independientemente del paradigma de investigación, la calidad de las preguntas manejan los métodos de investigación. Como supuestos iniciales se plantea que las aproximaciones cualitativa y cuantitativa no están separadas y discretas, sino más bien son una aproximación conjunta continua. Se debe diferenciar metodología mixta de métodos mixtos, donde la integración de las aproximaciones se da en todas las etapas del estudio de investigación. Se considera una aproximación mixta ya que se pueden plantear dos tipos de preguntas de investigación, se tienen dos tipos de procedimiento de muestro (probabilístico y deliberado), dos tipos de procedimientos para la recolección de datos (grupos focales y encuestas), dos tipos de datos (numérico y de texto), dos tipos de análisis de datos (estadístico y temático) y dos tipos de conclusiones. Las razones para el uso de métodos mixtos se pueden clasificar según su propósito: (a) ganar complementariedad acerca del mismo fenómeno o relación, (b) integridad con el fin de asegurar un cuadro completo del fenómeno, (c) de desarrollo si las preguntas emergen de un secuenciamento (hipótesis previa a ser probada en la próxima), (d) expansión del entendimiento obtenido, (e) confirmación para valorar la credibilidad de las inferencias (preguntas exploratorias y explicativas), (f) compensar la debilidad de un aproximación por medio de la otra, y (g) para obtener diversidad respecto al mismo fenómeno. Los diseños o topologías de los métodos mixtos dependerán del número de fases en el estudio (una fase incluye la etapa de conceptualización, la etapa experimental, y la etapa inferencial), el proceso o secuencia de implementación, la etapa de integración, la prioridad metodológica, el propósito del estudio, y la perspectiva teórica. Estos diseños se han categorizado en secuencial o cronológico (de cuantitativo a cualitativo o de

cualitativo a cuantitativo) donde los resultados de la primera fase llevan al procesamiento de la siguiente, paralela o concurrente, de conversión (cuantificación o cualificación), semi-integrada (diseños cuasi mixtos) y totalmente integrada que toma ventaja del diseño secuencial y el paralelo (las aproximaciones cualitativa y cuantitativa ocurren de una manera interactiva en todas las etapas del estudio). Por definición el muestreo involucra la selección de unidades de análisis. Desde el punto de vista probabilístico (basado en fórmulas matemáticas pre-establecidas) el muestro puede ser aleatorio simple, estratificado, o por clúster. Desde el punto de vista deliberado tradicional (se utiliza mucho el juicio de expertos) el muestreo puede ocurrir antes o durante la recolección de datos, e involucra ciertos casos basados en un propósito específico o pregunta de investigación más allá de hacerlo aleatorio. El muestreo deliberado se lo utiliza cuando se pretende alcanzar una representatividad, se requiere un mayor enfoque en la investigación (para un caso especial o único), o cuando la meta del proyecto de investigación es la generación de la teoría. Los estudios de métodos mixtos involucran ambas técnicas de nuestros, la probabilística y la deliberada. Respecto al muestro en los estudios de métodos mixtos se tienen cuatro tipos de usos: (a) básico (incluye el muestreo deliberado estratificado y aleatorio deliberado), (b) secuencial (uso de estrategias de muestro probabilístico y deliberado), (c) paralelo (uso simultáneo de estrategias de muestreo), y (d) multinivel (las unidades de análisis están anidadas una dentro del otro). La recolección de datos en los métodos mixtos se realiza de dos maneras: no estructura o por narrativa en marcha (preguntas abiertas), y (b) usando instrumentos con un formato estructurado específico (preguntas cerradas). Varios métodos mixtos emplean las dos formas de recolección de datos, ya sea de manera secuencial o paralela. Por ejemplo, la observación cuantitativa estructurada junto con las entrevistas

cualitativas es una estrategia común de recolección de datos. La entrevista es un método poderoso de recolección de datos por la intensidad de interacción entre el investigador y los individuos bajo estudio, cuyos resultados son capaces de generar datos cualitativos y cuantitativos, ya que las preguntas pueden ser abiertas o cerradas (aunque algunas entrevistas utilizan ambos formatos de preguntas). Las entrevistas a grupos focales son otra fuente de datos para los estudios de métodos mixtos, donde las preguntas son típicamente de tipo abiertas, por lo tanto se generan datos narrativos. Los cuestionarios también llevan a obtener datos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Otras técnicas de investigación son las medidas no obstrusivas que permiten examinar fenómenos sociales sin interferir o cambiar el fenómeno bajo estudio. Son técnicas no reactivas donde los individuos observados no reaccionarán durante la investigación. La esencia del análisis de datos cualitativos es resumir la cantidad de datos narrativos, para lo cual se tienen tres enfoques: (a) análisis de contenido (diferenciar el significado superficial de un texto y el significado subyacente de la narrativa), (b) análisis comparativo constante (descomponer el texto en unidades de información y categorizar los que relacionan el mismo contenido), y (c) secuencia de investigación en progreso (determinar los temas asociados). Para el caso de análisis de datos cuantitativos, el análisis de datos numéricos puede ser realizado de dos formas: (a) resumir los datos en indicadores significativos (estadística descriptiva), y (b) estimación de parámetros de la población, pruebas de hipótesis, o predicciones. Los métodos descriptivos más comunes para el análisis y presentación de los datos son las medidas de tendencia central, de posición relativa, y de asociación entre variables.

En cuanto al análisis de datos para métodos mixtos se tienen algunos esquemas. Por ejemplo, para cada tipo de dato (narrativo o numérico) el análisis es por separado, o se puede dar el caso de que se realice una transformación de los datos (de cualitativo a cuantitativo o viceversa). La transformación de los datos puede proveer un mayor entendimiento del fenómeno bajo investigación debida a que: (a) se puede expandir o confirmar las inferencias derivadas de un método de análisis, (b) se puede dar puntos de inicio para alternar las aproximaciones de investigación, o (c) se puede recolectar nuevos datos utilizando otra aproximación. En base a los datos recolectados en el estudio de investigación de métodos mixtos, se realizan las inferencias que son las conclusiones e interpretaciones respectivas. Hacer las inferencias involucra la integración (comparar, contrastar, incorporar, etc.) de los hallazgos de las aproximaciones de un estudio. Lo que se debe tomar en cuenta es que la integración no es la misma en los diseños de los métodos mixtos secuencial, paralelo o de conversión. En el diseño secuencial o de conversión una fase emerge ya sea como una respuesta a las inferencias de la fase previa, o se podría conducir la próxima fase. En cambio en el diseño paralelo, dos respuestas separadas pero relacionadas a las preguntas de investigación son obtenidas, una de cada fase del estudio. Desde la perspectiva de la calidad en la investigación con métodos mixtos, la recolección de los datos mediante las preguntas de investigación tienen un efecto directo en la misma, más aún si la calidad del estudio depende de la credibilidad de los datos cualitativos y cuantitativos. Los investigadores cuantitativos evalúan la calidad de sus datos en términos de validez y confiabilidad, en cambio los cualitativos también evalúan el grado de exactitud con el que se reconstruye la realidad de los participantes del estudio. Otro aspecto que abona a la investigación es el rigor interpretativo, por lo tanto,

si los procedimientos no son implementados con calidad y rigor, la calidad de las inferencias obtenidas será incierta. El diseño de la calidad de las fases cualitativa y cuantitativa se relaciona con el grado en el que el investigador ha usado los procedimientos apropiados para responder las preguntas de investigación, y la efectividad de su implementación. Algunos de los aspectos relacionados a la calidad del diseño de la investigación y su implementación son: (a) idoneidad del método de estudio para responder las preguntas de investigación, (b) fidelidad de los componentes del diseño, (c) consistencia del diseño, (d) técnicas apropiadas del análisis de datos, (e) rigor interpretativo, (f) consistencia interpretativa, (g) consistencia teórica o credibilidad de la explicación, (h) acuerdo interpretativo, (i) diferencia interpretativa, y (j) eficacia integrativa de las inferencias. Por último se tiene la transferibilidad de las inferencias en los métodos de investigación mixtas. En la investigación cualitativa se refiere a la generalización de los resultados, y en términos cuantitativos a la validación externa. Esto significa que se debe maximizar la representatividad de la muestra (deliberada o probabilística), y proveer una valiosa descripción del estudio y su contexto. Referencia Bickman, L., y Rog, D. J. (2009). The SAGE Handbook of Applied Social Research Methods. CA:USA. SAGE Publications.

Similar Documents

Premium Essay

Quantitative Research Method

...Section III. Choice of Research Method: Quantitative, Qualitative or Mixed? The selection of data analysis techniques to deal with research questions or hypotheses and the techniques chosen for the data collection is informed and guided by what we call the research method. Hence, research method is a procedure, and also the analytical techniques to be chosen and the methods to be chosen will also be dictated by the choices of the methodologies made and by the theoretical framework (Sumner and Tribe, 2008). Research methods for knowledge claim and strategies is of three types: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. In quantitative method, a positivist claims is used as a tool for the researcher to investigate primarily for knowledge....

Words: 1084 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Developing Research 2

...NUR: 553 Developing Research 2 To show an in-depth understanding of the research process and its components this assignment will use a study conducted by Wills et al. (2005) to critique. Within the assignment there will be a description of the qualitative methodology used, followed by a discussion of the strengths and weakness and its appropriateness and relevance of the design for the study. It will then go on to critique the title of the study, the abstract, the literature review, the method and design and the data collection section of the study. To conclude this assignment there will a brief summary. A qualitative research approach seeks to understand humans by exploring their experiences, attitudes and behaviour (Dawson, 2009). It relies on methods that allow the researcher into the personal, intimate and private world of the participants (Polgar and Thomas, 2008). Qualitative research designs allow for in-depth assessments and the opportunity to put participant’s responses in context (Parahoo, 2006). Data collection methods include in-depth interviews, observations, recordings and other documentation (Parahoo, 2006). In qualitative research the hypotheses are generated during data collection and analysis, and measurement tends to be subjective (Parahoo, 2006). The flexibility in the nature of qualitative exploration also applies to the size of the samples and the sampling techniques (Parahoo, 2006). According to Polit (2010) qualitative research is based on the quality...

Words: 1777 - Pages: 8

Premium Essay

Towards a Typology for Undertaking Doctoral Research in the Built Environment

...Towards a typology for undertaking doctoral research in the built environment Ade Alao Abstract This paper considers issues associated with identifying a typology for doctoral research in the built environment. It argues that a definition of the built environment knowledge base in terms of its constituent subject disciplines is unhelpful for doctoral research as the generation of new knowledge in an interdiscipline requires integration across the various subject disciplines. A typology for research design is identified as being capable of guiding the doctoral researcher but will require further research to tested and verify it’s theoretical and empirical basis. Keywords: Typology, Doctoral Research, Built Environment, Interdisciplinarity 1. Introduction “The built environment disciplines is a term that has come to be used by many UK universities to refer to a range of practice-oriented subjects concerned with the design, development and management of buildings, spaces and places….. …..they are a very heterogeneous collection of fields of study and practice, including architecture, town planning, land and property management, building surveying, construction technology, landscape design, housing policy and management, transport planning and urban regeneration. In some institutions disciplines such as geography and environmental management are also included. As such, they comprise something of a microcosm of the university as a whole, comprising business-oriented...

Words: 3310 - Pages: 14

Free Essay

Cross-Cultural Psychology

...Running head: CROSS-CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY Cross-Cultural Psychology Charlene Marasco PSY/450 Sally Fleming March 28, 2011 Cross-cultural psychology Cultural psychology is an interdisciplinary program of research that explores the relationship between individual minds and the complex environments in which they are deployed. The approach focuses on the contribution that content-rich, complex environments – ranging from workplaces to cultural traditions to nation states – make in shaping basic cognitive processes. The comparative approach, or cross-cultural approach, uses experimental methods to compare and contrast groups in their performance on a range of psychological tasks with the objective of demonstrating cultural difference and commonality on some psychological aspect in the lab and field (Cultural Psychology., n.d). Cross-cultural psychology Cross-cultural psychology is a comparative study of cultural effects on human psychology, from different cultural groups, which looks at the psychological diversity and the underlying reasons for such diversity. Meaning how people in groups relate to the environment and the world around them, like feelings, thoughts, how and where they live, and how cultural groups at one point interact with another group. Cultural psychology is contributing significant insights into higher-order...

Words: 1171 - Pages: 5

Premium Essay

Comps

...10 Qualitative Research Methods in Psychology Deborah Biggerstaff Warwick Medical School University of Warwick, Coventry UK 1. Introduction In the scientific community, and particularly in psychology and health, there has been an active and ongoing debate on the relative merits of adopting either quantitative or qualitative methods, especially when researching into human behaviour (Bowling, 2009; Oakley, 2000; Smith, 1995a, 1995b; Smith, 1998). In part, this debate formed a component of the development in the 1970s of our thinking about science. Andrew Pickering has described this movement as the “sociology of scientific knowledge” (SSK), where our scientific understanding, developing scientific ‘products’ and ‘know-how’, became identified as forming components in a wider engagement with society’s environmental and social context (Pickering, 1992, pp. 1). Since that time, the debate has continued so that today there is an increasing acceptance of the use of qualitative methods in the social sciences (Denzin & Lincoln, 2000; Morse, 1994; Punch, 2011; Robson, 2011) and health sciences (Bowling, 2009; Greenhalgh & Hurwitz, 1998; Murphy & Dingwall, 1998). The utility of qualitative methods has also been recognised in psychology. As Nollaig Frost (2011) observes, authors such as Carla Willig and Wendy Stainton Rogers consider qualitative psychology is much more accepted today and that it has moved from “the margins to the mainstream in psychology in the UK.” (Willig & Stainton...

Words: 16075 - Pages: 65

Premium Essay

Biomedical Scientists

...Biomedical scientists’ perception of the social sciences in health research* Mathieu Albert a,*, Suzanne Laberge b, Brian D. Hodges a, Glenn Regehr a, Lorelei Lingard a a b University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada ´ ´ ´ Available online 11 March 2008 Abstract The growing interest in interdisciplinary research within the Canadian health sciences sector has been manifested by initiatives aimed at increasing the involvement of the social sciences in this sector. Drawing on Bourdieu’s concept of field and Knorr-Cetina’s concept of epistemic culture, this study explores the extent to which it is possible for the social sciences to integrate into, and thrive in, a field in which the experimental paradigm occupies a hegemonic position. Thirty-one semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore biomedical scientists’ receptiveness toward the social sciences in general and to qualitative research in particular. We found that these respondents exhibited a predominantly negative posture toward the social sciences; however, we also found considerable variation in their judgments and explanations. Eight biomedical scientists tended to be receptive to the social sciences, 7 ambivalent, and 16 unreceptive. The main rationale expressed by receptive respondents is that the legitimacy of a method depends on its capacity to adequately respond to a research question and not on its conformity to the experimental canon....

Words: 8237 - Pages: 33

Premium Essay

Management

...Qualitative Research Defining and Designing 1 8 T he qualitative research methods introduced in this book are often employed to answer the whys and hows of human behavior, opinion, and experience— information that is difficult to obtain through more quantitatively-oriented methods of data collection. Researchers and practitioners in fields as diverse as anthropology, education, nursing, psychology, sociology, and marketing regularly use qualitative methods to address questions about people’s ways of organizing, relating to, and interacting with the world. Despite the interdisciplinary recognition of the value of “qualitative research” (or perhaps because of it), qualitative research is not a unified field of theory and practice. On the contrary, a plethora of viewpoints, sometimes diametrically opposed to one another, exist on the subject. Scholars regularly debate about what qualitative research is, how and why it should be conducted, how it should be analyzed, and in what form it should be presented. In fact, fundamental and often heated disagreements about philosophical assumptions and the nature of data exist among qualitative researchers. We don’t pretend to be able to solve any of these controversies. Nor do we suggest one approach or viewpoint is superior to another in the grand scheme of things. How one approaches qualitative research, and research in general, depends on a variety of personal, professional, political, and contextual factors. Ultimately, there...

Words: 15061 - Pages: 61

Premium Essay

Project Topic

...uses, see Research (disambiguation). "Researcher" redirects here. For the oceanographic research ship, see NOAAS Researcher (R 103). Basrelief sculpture "Research holding the torch of knowledge" (1896) by Olin Levi Warner. Library of Congress, Thomas Jefferson Building, Washington, D.C.Research comprises "creative work undertaken on a systematic basis in order to increase the stock of knowledge, including knowledge of man, culture and society, and the use of this stock of knowledge to devise new applications."[1] It is used to establish or confirm facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, support theorems, or develop new theories. A research project may also be an expansion on past work in the field. To test the validity of instruments, procedures, or experiments, research may replicate elements of prior projects, or the project as a whole. The primary purposes of basic research (as opposed to applied research) are documentation, discovery, interpretation, or the research and development (R&D) of methods and systems for the advancement of human knowledge. Approaches to research depend on epistemologies, which vary considerably both within and between humanities and sciences. There are several forms of research: scientific, humanities, artistic, economic, social, business, marketing, practitioner research, etc. Contents 1 Forms of research 2 Etymology 3 Definitions 4 Steps in conducting research 5 Scientific research 6 Historical...

Words: 4251 - Pages: 18

Premium Essay

Case Study Definition

...persons, events, decisions, periods, projects, policies, institutions, or other systems that are studied holistically by one or more methods. The case that is the subject of the inquiry will be an instance of a class of phenomena that provides an analytical frame — an object — within which the study is conducted and which the case illuminates and explicates." Another suggestion is that case study should be defined as a research strategy, an empirical inquiry that investigates a phenomenon within its real-life context. Case study research can mean single and multiple case studies, can include quantitative evidence, relies on multiple sources of evidence, and benefits from the prior development of theoretical propositions. Case studies should not be confused with qualitative research and they can be based on any mix of quantitative and qualitative evidence. Single-subject research provides the statistical framework for making inferences from quantitative case-study data.[2][4] This is also supported and well-formulated in (Lamnek, 2005): "The case study is a research approach, situated between concrete data taking techniques and methodologic paradigms." The...

Words: 2035 - Pages: 9

Premium Essay

Three Abreviated Research Plan

...Three Abbreviated Research Plans Introduction This paper demonstrates research methods that are used in investigations of health disparities in the United States. Research is a process of investigating concepts and theories that will contribute to a scientific body of knowledge. When presented with a problem, researchers or healthcare specialist can use a quantitative, qualitative or mixed methods approach to solutions or explore avenues that might improve health, health outcomes and health services (Bowling, 2002). As health disparities grow in the United States and research is ongoing, three abbreviated research plans are presented as probable solutions to this concern targeting communities and populations that are underserved. Comparison and Evaluation of Strengths and Limitations of Research Methods Used in These Abbreviated Plans Research is an organized investigation to explain, describe, and control an observed phenomenon that involves inductive and deductive methods. Researchers will use a quantitative research design to verify that the research method used is valid and will produce accurate scientific results (Vidgen, n.d.). The strengths involved in using the quantitative research method can test and validate theories that have been already formed about why and how phenomena occur. Quantitative research allows the researcher to measure and analyze data that is précis which may help eliminate the influence of many variables and allow more reliable cause-and-effect...

Words: 4212 - Pages: 17

Premium Essay

Review the Process of Implementing Cloud Computing of Smes in Uk - an Exploratory Study

...competitiveness and performance for small and medium-sized enterprise (SMEs). Cloud computing or on-demand computing is IT infrastructures that empower SMEs with various capabilities to store, share and access information, data and resources in third-party data center. Cloud computing when implemented strategically will help enterprises to improve their performances, processes and efficiency. Despite the importance of cloud-based computing, limited research has done to study about the implementation and usage of cloud-based computing in the SMEs within the UK context (Shiels et al., 2003). The objective of the research reviewed in this proposal is to contribute to the valuable research on cloud solutions by studying the implementation of SMEs. UK was selected for this research as in UK, SMEs accounts for the vast mojarity of all companies and it is home of innovation companies that develop with the development of information and communication technologies. The relevant literature are referred and the theoretical framework is used in this research are discussed in the next part of the paper. 2. Literature Review According to Sultan, N. A. (2011) small- and medium-sized enterprises can take a lot of advantages from embracing cloud solutions. Because no matter of what type of business, all companies have the same objectives is to maximize earning while minimizing capital and operational expenses. The fact is that, nowadays, SMEs have begun using simple applications of cloud platform...

Words: 2789 - Pages: 12

Free Essay

Report

...RESEARCH PROPOSAL Module: Research Methodology Module Leader: Malcolm Bennison Program: MSc (ITM) Submitted by: Student ID: Table of Contents Working Title……………………………………………………………………………………..3 Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………..3 Background of the Study………………………………………………………………...……3 Purpose of the Study…………………………………………………………………………..3 Rationale for the Topic………………………………………………………………………..4 Statement of the Problem……………………………………………………………………..4 Research Objectives…………………………………………………………………………...5 Research Questions……………………………………………………………………………5 Literature Review…………………………………………………………………………………6 Cultural Tourism………………………………………………………………………………6 The Importance of Cultural Tourism………………………………………………………….7 Tourism Development………………………………………………………………………...7 Case Study: Natural History Museum………………………………………………………...8 Economic Impact……………………………………………………………………………...8 Employees and Services………………………………………………………………………9 Tourists’ Behavior…………………………………………………………………………...9 The NHM as Visitor Attraction……………………………………………………………….9 Research Methodology…………………………………………………………………………..10 Research Philosophy………………………………………………………………………….10 Research Approach and Design………………………………………………………………11 Data Collection…………………………………………………………………………….....11 Data Analysis Method………………………………………………………………………..12 Sampling Technique………………………………………………………………………….12 Ethical Consideration……………………………………………………………………………...

Words: 3080 - Pages: 13

Premium Essay

Revenue Management

...Module Code(s) | Co-Requisite Module Code(s) | Last Revision Date | ECTS Credits | | | | | | | TFRM9001 (2011-12) Research Methods for Masters Thesis | TFRM9001 (2011-12) Research Methods for Masters Thesis | | 30 |   |   |   |   |   | Contact Hours | Max Class Size | Duration | Date approved | Approved  Checked | | | 1   Semester |   |            |            | School of delivery: School of Hospitality Management & Tourism |   | Author: Jennifer Lawlor Geraldine Gorham | Description: This module facilitates postgraduate students to undertake and complete an independent investigation in a research area of their choice. |   | Aims: The main aim of this module is to enable a student to research a particular area of interest through the preparation and completion of a Masters' thesis. | Learning Outcomes: | Outcome | | On completion the learner will be able to: 1. Complete a Masters' thesis, having investigated an individual subject/research area or tested a hypotheses outlined in a research proposal. 2. Conduct an analytical literature review appropriate to the research area under investigation. 3. Utilise appropriate research methodological techniques within the context if their research. 4. Present their findings, conduct an analysis of same, draw conclusions and provide recommendations within their research area. | | Learning and Teaching Methods | Methods | | Each student shall maintain regular and scheduled thesis...

Words: 2824 - Pages: 12

Free Essay

Survey Research

...counseling because this disease can have a devastating effect on the psyche of any human being suffering with this illness. Many minority teens and adults have a passive attitude when it comes to HIV/AIDS, and when confronted with the issue, they need to have access to the proper channels for information and support. Over 33 million people worldwide are living with HIV infection, and approximately 56,000 new HIV infections are reported every year in the United States alone (Kamen, et al., 2012). Black heterosexual men (BHM) are seldom mentioned in HIV prevention research, policy, and interventions, despite evidence that heterosexual contact is becoming the leading exposure category for BHM (Bowleg & Raj, 2012). It is important to identify the risk factors and treatments available for African Americans with HIV/AIDS. HIV Prevention Research Black heterosexual men (BHM) are not usually discussed in HIV prevention research, policy, and interventions, despite the fact that heterosexual contact is the leading exposure category for BHM. This is the main reason for the study. The effect of HIV/AIDS on BHM include the "down low" myth, BHM's lives in terms of poverty, unemployment, and incarceration, and a...

Words: 4234 - Pages: 17

Premium Essay

Research Methods

...Business research Business research can be described as a systematic and organized effort to investigate a specific problem encountered in the work setting that needs a solution. It comprises a series of steps designed and executed, with a goal of finding answers to the issues that are of concern to the manager in the work environment. This means that the first step in research is to know where the problem areas exist in the organization, and to identify as clearly and specifically as possible the problems that need to be studied and resolved. Once the problem that needs attention is clearly defined, then steps can be taken to gather information, analyze the data, and determine the factors that are associated with the problem and solve it by taking the necessary corrective measures. This entire process by which we attempt to solve problems is called research. Thus research involves a series of well-thought-out and carefully executed activities that will enable the manager to know how organizational problems can be solved, or at least considerably minimized. Research thus encompass the process of inquiry, investigation, examination, and experimentation. These processes have to be carried out systematically, diligently, critically, objectively, and logically. The expected end results would be the discovery that will help the manager to deal with the problem situation. Definition of research 1. A voyage of discovery or a journey/movement from the known to unknown; An attitude;...

Words: 23393 - Pages: 94