...Policing has always been a very difficult topic to discuss specially when the public are the ones that get affected the most. Over the years there has been many different strategies to be able to deter crime and to be able to clean the streets of New York. However, not every approach that has been implemented has been a success for instance the intelligence-led policing model. There is also the Compstat model which has also been implemented and has made better results in different aspects in policing. Although, I think Compstat has a better approach than the intelligence led policing. Compstat is a combination of management philosophy and organizational management tools for police departments. Compstat focuses on organizational strategies that...
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...Predictive Policing Mitchell S. Zellner Dr. Kimberly Anthony, Ph.D. CIS 500 April 15, 2012 In the half past century, four policing models of law enforcement have been employed in order to prevent and reduce crime rates. The four policing models are called professional-policing era model, community policing model, intelligence-led policing (ILP), and predictive-policing model. Professional era model started in the 1960s where the strategy focus was on random patrol, rapid response, and reactive investigation. The highest priority was on rapid response time. Although this model was considered successful, there were major drawbacks. The social interaction between law officials and citizens was non-existent. Law enforcement agents had become totally dependent on technology rather than involving citizens to assist with problem solving. This model was replaced with the community policing model. This model began around the 1990s where it focused on partnership, problem solving, and prevention. The goal was to reestablish ties between law enforcement agencies and their respective communities. Together the two parties could implement strategies that would examine and resolve any major issues or concerns in the community, but most importantly regain the trust between the two entities. The 9/11 terrorist attack on the United States led to the emergence of the ILP. The Patriot Act in combination with the forming of the Homeland Security Agency was a direct result of the attacks....
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...5/2/2012 Police Innovations American policing over the last three decades has gone through many changes and innovations. Police and researchers try to create innovations in order to prevent or reduce crime. Following the white flight and the development of suburban towns, police started to switch from their standard practices to improve their procedures. This paper will explain and compare ten police innovations in order to show how police officers and researchers work to reduce crime. These innovations include problem-oriented policing, community policing, “broken windows” policing, Compstat, hot spots policing, “pulling levers” policing, evidence-based policing, third party policing, Intelligence-led policing, and predictive policing. In addition, it will contain a personal recommendation of which reform police agencies should implement. The paper will explain specific examples on how this reform will be helpful to police agencies. Police and scholars work to enhance reforms vigorously in order to decrease crime, assist with community needs, and prevent further delinquency. Certain police reforms provide more decision-making power to the individual beat officer, and problem-oriented police gives vast amounts of discretion to them. Problem oriented policing (POP) is a logical way of looking at the problem in policing. The POP reform works to understand and analyze crime and policing tactics to try to prevent the crime or at least manage to slow the frequency of the crime...
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...Running Head: Traditional versus Contemporary Policing. Traditional versus Contemporary Policing Name: Course Title: Instructor’s Name: Institution: Date: Traditional versus Contemporary Policing The police force is a law enforcement agency that is mandated to enforce law by the state. Its main purpose is to prevent civil disorder and protect individuals as well as public and private property. The force has permission to use force where necessary. These forces form separate entities from the military and other forces charged with protecting states against foreign aggression. However, it has to be noted that such forces also have internal policing units too, such as the military police-which polices both the military and civilians. Law enforcement is not the only exclusive policing activity. The police are also involved in many other community service activities under various circumstances, but the most common ones are related to law and order preservation (Paynich, Russell & Cosner, 2005). The police force has evolved through time and most of its early policing techniques (traditional policing) have been found to be unreliable, and as a result contemporary policing methods (proactive policing techniques) have taken over the policing process. Traditionally, officers from the police have tried to reduce and prevent crime through making visible patrols, responding to crimes when they occur, making arrests as well as subsequent criminal investigations...
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...preventing crime in the UK, this could be through the power of intelligence led policing, PCSO’s, community safety partnerships, neighbourhood watches Etc. All of these ways can be used to prevent and reduce crime in one significant way or the other, these can improve a community or make a family feel safer in their respected community. Intelligence led policing is a so called strategy that is all future orientated to control crime, this was introduced as a model for policing that ensures that all information is fully researched, developed and analysed to administer intellect which enforces senior managers to provide a strategic direction, lets them make tactical resourcing decisions Etc. There is a reason why this law was administered out, this was because people believed that the police were spending too much time responding to crime and too little targeting offenders. This initiative aims to establish that all police forces use the exact same methods to classify and store information so it can be easily shared and distributed by other forces. By using intelligence led policing, local police officers will be patrolling around key esteemed areas retailed crime across the UK. This method allows police officers to focal point their endeavour and resources on specific individuals and areas so they can make a community feel safer and secure. When the terrorist attacks happened on the 11th of September Intelligence led policing gained a lot of support and momentum in which now days is...
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...Predictive Policing: Fighting Crime Using Information Technology Andrew E. Carrington III Strayer University Abstract The days of a police department’s dependency on random patrol techniques alone to fight crime are a thing of the past. Police departments across the United States have begun to use a strategy known as COMPSTAT (computer statistics). COMPSTAT is an extremely successful crime analysis and law enforcement management process developed by the New York Police Department. COMPSTAT uses Geographic Information Systems to map the locations of where crimes occur. The application of information technology has enabled countless police departments across the United Stated to reduce crime. This method known as predictive policing has led to a decrease in several crimes such as automobile thefts, robberies, and burglaries. Predictive Policing: Fighting Crime Using Information Technology Using statistics and analytical data to predict criminal activity has become standard practice in several police departments throughout the United States. This type of policing is known as predictive policing. Police and the use of information technology (IT) have received interest from a wide research community. One advantage of the predictive policing and the information systems are they allow for the police to respond to the crime much faster. Predictive policing also involves threats and weaknesses as the transition is attempted to bridge the gap between traditional policing methods...
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...The Reestablishment of Community Policing Problem Statement: This research project seeks to address the law enforcement transition by disengaging from the philosophy of community police and exploring more aggressive practices. While community policing has been perceived as a tactic that increases public effectiveness through the engagement from members of the community, and law enforcement officers with one goal in mind; public safety. Such method of deploying officers, therefore, produced a bond as well as trust between society and police officers. However, in the past ten years other tactics such as intelligence led policing (ILP) have taken all resources and forced agencies to dismantle Community Policing Officers Units. This project will...
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...Jeff Crowe Policing and Society Dr. Greenleaf March 6, 2015 Question 1 The broken windows theory in policing has changed the way many law enforcement agencies, along with the officers within them, have to look at crime. Police have always responded to crime, that is the belief and that has always been their job. What happens, though, when provided with an idea that expresses that crime can be more preventative just by looking at and involving the community to participate? Policing traditionally has always been a response unit, providing its’ service after the fact (after a crime has happened). The broken windows theory counters that traditional style by looking outside of the traditional criminal justice system to see how crime is generated and solutions to fix and prevent it (Trojanowics, 1994). The broken windows theory has views closely related to community policing: The quality of life, as the ultimate goal of policing (Carter & Sapp 1994; Joseph 1994; Kelling and Coles 1996; Skogan 1990; Trojanowics 1994). This type of policing has broadened the goal to assist communities to maintain a safe environment where basic institutions (families, schools, churches, commerce) can effectively operate and thrive within the community (Kelling and Coles 1996). Apprehending criminals is no longer the only focus among law enforcement. Police and their agencies must now adapt to look at what needs to be done to maintain the quality of life in communities as well as alleviate...
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...Policing dates back thousands of years to even before the Roman times. The origins of American policing are closely related the Anglo-Saxon model which gave a more communal responsibility. The four Eras’ of American policing that will be focused on are The Political, Professional, Community Policing, and Homeland Security. The Political era lasted from 1830-1900. This era can be characterized as political in nature and the police are controlled by elected officials. The police during this era were very uneducated in the ways of the laws and were usually hired in based on the patronage system. This meaning that they were friends or family members while eliminating non supporters (Bailey, 2011). During this era the police were not respected and very poorly paid. They had no job security so the police often used their position to supplement their wages. To help ensure job security they would pay workers to vote for their boss. The Political era of policing was corrupt and the police were not liked by criminals or the community. The Professional era started in the early 20th century. This era was also known as the era of governmental reform (Bailey, 2011). The underlying goal of this progressive movement was to eliminate corruption within the police. One of the key individuals of this reform was August Vollmer, Chief of police in Berkeley, California. He proposed to using more modern technologies and structural changes like a centralized command to control corruption (Bailey...
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...The CompStat Model According to University of Maryland, CompStat was established in 1994 as a data management model in N.Y.P.D (New York Police Department). Over the years the model has been credited with increasing the quality of life and decreasing the crime rates in New York City and other cities. Its success has seen other states across the U.S to widely embrace it (Weisburd and Mastrofski, 2003). In this light, this paper seeks to discourse constructs of policing and their performance, in regard to traditional and contemporary strategic frameworks used by New York and Los Angeles Police Department. CompStat is defined as a management process within a performance model that analyzes crime data in a timely manner in order to identify crime patterns and solve the problems (Weisburd and Mastrofski, 2003). Based on the framework, responses are implemented through rapid use of resources which in this case the deployment of law enforcers. In addition, the framework encompasses an accountability structure that ensures the crime data analysis is acted upon, and consequently, the responses correctly implemented. The assessment also identifies the effectiveness of the CompStat model in reducing the levels of crime in the city (Weisburd and Mastrofski, 2003). The four strategies that guide the implementation of the framework include; timely and accurate intelligence, effective plan tactics of the law enforcers, rapid deployment, and a follow-up assessment. The N.Y.P.D and the...
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...Assignment 1: Predictive Policing marta dawit CIS 500 October 15, 2013 Predictive policing is the application of logical techniques particularly measureable technique to identify likely goal for police interference crime or successfully past crimes by making statistical predictions. The use of statistical and geospatial analyses to forecast crime levels has been around for decades. Since having happened not long years, however, there has been a surge of interest in diagnostic tools that draw on very large data sets to make predictions in reinforce of crime prevention. These tools constantly increase police departments’ confidence on information technology (IT) to collect, maintain, and analyze those data sets, however. These analytical tools, and the IT that supports them strongly, are largely developed by and for the commercial world. In addition Most Universities and technology companies have created computer programs IT based on private-sector models of forecasting consumer behavior. Businesses use predictive analytics to determine sales plans. For example, take one of the bigger company like BJS analyzes weather patterns to determine what it stocks in stores, bottled water, overstocking duct tape, and strawberry Pop-Tarts before major weather events. The first two items are expected, but the Pop-Tarts represent a non-obvious relationship. These relationships are uncovered through statistical analyses of previous customer purchases during similar major weather events...
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...in apprehending the crime perpetrators. Predictive policing, or programs such as COMPSTAT, is taking data from disparate sources, analyzing them and then using the results to anticipate, prevent and respond more effectively to future crime. “The predictive vision moves law enforcement from focusing on what will happen and how to effectively deploy resources in front of the crime, thereby changing outcomes,” writes Charlie Beck, chief of the Los Angeles Police Department (Predictive Policing: The Future of Law Enforcement, NIJ, 2012). Community policing is the practice that emphasizes foot patrols that allow officers to develop relationships on their beats and thereby lets the community help set law enforcement priorities. Both practices show police presence and patrolling in the communities, however, programs like COMPSTAT that use statistical data only gives part of the picture. Even though the application of IT in policing can help to reduce crime in targeted areas based on the data provided, any data-driven approach to a problem results in the lack of understanding of an issue as a whole. Community policing offers the officers the opportunity to understand the “why” of crime rather than the simple “what, where and how often” that the COMPSTAT data offers. It requires change from traditional to strong strategically set methods combined with better intelligence. This initially led to the innovation of predictive policing in 1994 by NYPD. This paved way for evolution of...
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...The future of policing Jennifer Picard CJS/210 08/24/2014 Michael Crumpler The future of policing Many police officers believe that 20 years from now some of them will be able to operate much of the things they do today. They will have the advance technology, and the operating concepts which are driving the significant changes in the day to day operations. There is also many of the police officers who will have the personal education, and to build the internal support which will include changes in transitioning to the shared technical platforms, and the leveraging of technologies. This will then give the criminals new technology that will become available. The one key to the future of policing will not be the technology. It will be the ways which police forces will adapt to the technology to their needs. There is also the technology that will be used to predict a crime before it happens. This will help lessen the crime rates before they get out of hand. This will also reduce the agencies costs. The predictive-policing models by the police department builds, and enhances the promise of the new intelligence led policing with this new technology, new business process, and new algorithms, the predictive policing is based on the information based patrol, and the rapid response. It is supported by the preposition of assets, and the proactive, and the strategy, and police. This is the predictive policing which promises measurable results, includes the crime reduction. The more...
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...The policing originated in 1982 when criminologists George Kelling and James Wilson wrote an article titled "Broken Windows" in the "Atlanta Monthly." In their article, the authors equated crime to a neglected broken window in need of repair. When the window is left unrepaired, it is subjected to vandalism as it sends a message that the building owners and the police cannot control minor crimes (Brandon & Kelling, 2015). In the same way when minor crimes like begging, vandalism and graffiti are left unchecked by those concerned in authority, then the situation produces a community surrounding where crimes will prevail. Criminals will feel that as they can get away with minor crimes they can also get away with committing serious offenses. The...
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...1. Compare and contrast the application of information technology (IT) to optimize police departments’ performance to reduce crime versus random patrols of the streets. Information Technology and Performance optimization of Police department Increase in crime rate, which is widespread demands policing to be proactive rather than reactive. It requires change from traditional to strong strategically methods combined with better intelligence. This initially led to the innovation of predictive policing in 1994 by NYPD. NIJ defines Predictive Policing as “taking data from disparate sources, analyzing them and then using the results to anticipate, prevent and respond more effectively to future crime” This paved way for evolution of COMPSTAT (Computer Statistics) which used all crime related data as its input to anticipate a crime. (Willis, J., et al, 2004) Traditional methods include random patrolling which has limited ability to identify crime because patrolling entire location may not be possible. This would involve additional Police personnel and lot of time. Accurate anticipation, timely targeted action and reduce resources for random patrolling turns into achievable goals. 2. Describe how COMPSTAT, as an information system (IS), implements the four (4) basic IS functions: Input - Data gathering process which is building block of COMPSTAT comprises of information compiled from variety of sources like police incidents, arrest reports, suspect debriefing, telephone...
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