.../assignments/data_sources 3. Which of the following are examples of manipulation and transformation commands? (Choose all that apply.) a. sed b. pr c. join d. paste 4. Which of the following is true of the pipe operator? (Choose all that apply.) d. It redirects the output of one command to the input of another command. 5. Because the data was formatted the same in two inventory files, you decided to combine their contents into one file. Now you want to determine if there are duplicate entries on consecutive lines in the new file. Which of the following commands enables you to find the duplicate entries? c. uniq 6. Your friend is using the command comm entryfile, but is getting an error message. What is the problem? (Choose all that apply.) b. It is necessary to use either the -m or -t option with the comm command. 7. Your boss is trying to import the customers file into her spreadsheet program, but the data goes into the spreadsheet incorrectly. This is because the fields are separated by dashes (-) and the spreadsheet program requires the fields to be separated by colons (:)....
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...Running Head: DECISION MAKING STYLES AND CROSS CULTURE Decision Making Styles and Cross Cultural Misunderstanding Name: University: Course: Tutor: Date: Abstract In an organizational setting, the employees might be of different cultures and therefore have different values. This is likely to bring about a clash in the operations in an organization. Managers normally have difficulties in making decisions based on the fact that those decisions mar rub a certain culture the wrong way. This Essay looks at the ways in which cultural differences could impact decision making in an organizational setting. It also determines whether there are any ways in which this cultural difference can be exploited for the benefit of the organization. These cultural differences do affect the company’s decision making process and therefore slows down business activities that depend on decision making in order to run. This is a great challenge in a business environment and might bring the performance of a business to a halt. This essay therefore looks into ways in which this challenge can be minimized. The distinct cultural differences between employees of an organization play out in the day to day running of the organization. These cultural differences may be in the form of dressing, values upheld, punctuality, overtime working, teamwork, etc. For example, we look at the Russian managers and the Chinese managers. Chinese managers are...
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...Abstract Intercultural communications is often marked by the impact of cultural differences on communication, commonly resulting in miscommunication or misunderstanding. This paper examines the challenges influencing intercultural communications between the Japanese and the Americans. In its conclusion, it emphasizes on the sensitivity to the mentioned cultural differences in order to create harmony and understanding amongst people with different ethnic backgrounds. Intercultural Communications between the United States and Japan Introduction According to Dima (1990), intercultural communication refers to the exchange of ideas between people belonging to different cultures, in spite of them using the same language. Intercultural communication plays an important role, in that cultural differences can often lead to miscommunication and misunderstanding. This is increasingly becoming important in today’s multicultural society such as in the US (Inoue, 2007). What are the common challenges of intercultural communications between America and Japan? How do cultural differences play part in shaping the Japan-American intercultural communication? As defined by Peace (2002), culture is a "system of beliefs, values, and assumptions about life that guides behavior and is shared by a group of people; and these are transmitted from generation to generation, rarely with explicit instructions," (p.14). There are a variety of cultures that...
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...1. Introduction Multiculturalism refers to communities containing various attitudes and behaviour that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization. According to (Immigration and Multiculturalism, n.d.), Australia is a country of migrants, originally from United Kingdom, which more than the path of two hundred years, displaced an original inhabitant and founded a liberal-democratic state. In the early days, Australians were disturbed by the subject of 'ethnicity'. For over fifty years, part of Australia ‘cultural issue' has been solved by implementing a rule of elimination. Australia changes their approach and at last discarded it in the late 1960s to enlarge its people after World War 2. From this environment, acceptance of a 'cultural diversity' guiding principle in 1970s was a past removal of the preceding procedure. Within the fundamental nature, cultural diversity not only evidenced and showed the growing multiculturalism of the country but as well as to hold and form it. Therefore, definition of “Multiculturalism promotes the integration of ethnic acceptance and respect for cultural diversity, community harmony and inclusion.” is true. Skilled labour is any worker who has acquired certain skill in their job or may have attended a college or technical school. An example of a skilled labour job is carpenters. Unskilled worker is a worker who has not acquired special skill or proficiency. If there is a shortage of migrant skills, the...
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...This essay will be discussing whether effective cross-cultural management has to be grounded in a detailed knowledge of individual cultures with examples of two multinational companies: Wal-Mart and Alfa Laval. II/ The Debate on Cross-Cultural Management: Globalisation has increased the awareness of consumers, and made nations more inter-dependent. In these days, international corporations require managers who can adapt to various environment quickly and work with their partners as well as employees from other cultures (House et al., 2001). Today, business in different nations should increase their sensitivity and respect for one another’s cultural differences to gain benefits from the growth of international business. Mainly, intercultural...
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...Carl Guerrier Prof. Zanetich HEA 470 12/13/13’ Cultural Competence To begin with, in order for people to understand cultural competence, they must know the meaning of culture. What is culture? Culture can be defined as different experiences of people customs, values, beliefs, and languages. It also entails of worldviews, ways of communicating and knowing. Also culture can be classified as race/ethnicity, social class, age, sexual orientation, religion, gender or disability. Cultural of conglomerates can refer to people who are not related by lineage. For example, they are not in the same lineage for organizational culture, disability community culture, and gay culture. Not only that, but culture can mean to the institutions. This can means family, education, government, and religion. This help with economic systems that preserve and shape patterns of thought, behavior, and beliefs. Cultural competence is associated with the ability to talk effectively with people of socio-economic backgrounds. Cultural competence can be associated in the same category of government agencies, non-profit organizations, and human resources that consist of employees work with people of different ethnic/cultural backgrounds. Cultural competence has four components. They are cross-cultural skills, knowledge of different cultural worldviews, awareness of one’s own cultural worldview, and having...
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...Norman E. Wilson Global Management Reflection Week 3 April 18, 2012 Reflecting on Cross Cultural Negotiations As I reflect on what I have learned regarding Cross Cultural Negotiations, I now possess the knowledge that it is one of many specialized areas within the wider field of cross cultural communications. By taking cross cultural negotiation training, negotiators and sales personnel give themselves an advantage over competitors. There is an argument that proposes that culture is inconsequential to cross cultural negotiation. It maintains that as long as a proposal is financially attractive it will succeed. However, this is a naïve way of approaching international business. Let us look at a brief example of how cross cultural negotiation training can benefit the international business person: There are two negotiators dealing with the same potential client in the Middle East. Both have identical proposals and packages. One ignores the importance of cross cultural negotiation training believing the proposal will speak for itself. The other undertakes some cross cultural training. He/she learns about the culture, values, beliefs, etiquette and approaches to business, meetings and negotiations. Nine times out of ten the latter will succeed over the rival. This is because 1) it is likely they would have endeared themselves more to the host negotiation team and 2) they would be able to tailor their approach to the negotiations in a way that maximizes the potential of...
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...Business Memo To: From: Date: 2/5/2014 Subject: Manager-Employee Issues I am writing the memo to share some issues I have with one of my employees. Ten moths ago I hired a salesman with Chinese origin to help the company to take over the Chinese businesses in Plano, Texas. I cannot “click on personal level” with him since the very beginning of our relationship which is causing troubles in our communications. Another reason for our communication problem could be the different cultural background we have and our opposite personalities. I believe employees should be able to connect to their leader to become good followers. I think I am extrovert and should be able to get closer to him over time but there are some other issues that I need to address immediately. I have a problem with Wu’s performance inconsistencies his vision of how things should be done, obviously conflicting with my leadership style. He definitely is able to do “as I say” but not willing - he does not keep daily contact, works outside the office more than normal and his various meetings usually conflict with AccountBack activities and meetings. I do not know if this is based on cross cultural differences or situational leadership. I definitely should consider a mismatch of leadership style and development level of my subordinate. I should reconsider my participating approach towards my employees. It definitely worked for our branch and the financial results are proving it but most of the salesmen...
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...Bennett's Stages of Intercultural Sensitivity Milton J. Bennett is the co-founder of the Development Model of Intercultural Sensitivity. This was research done to explain the development of increasing sophisticated in our experience and navigation of differences in culture. It consist of three ethnocentric stages: denial, defense and minimization, and end with three ethnorelative stages: acceptance, adaption and integration. These models were created to be able to communicate with other cultures because of the diversity in the world. One particular development model is Acceptance of Difference. This model in particular shows how we acknowledge show appreciate our cultural differences in how we treat each other and see the importance in what each culture believes. Accepting cultural differences is important in order for organizations to be able to work together without as much difficulty as possible, or being able to relate to one another to get things done in corporations and universities. This model of acceptance of difference allows us to analyze each person's way of living and how to exist around it. There are different ways to respond to this model, one is cognitive structure, which takes a look at each cultural( including one's own) in different categories. There is affective quality which being curious of the different cultures. Another response is behavioral emphasis which is having a substantial amount of knowledge of different cultures as well as...
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...Barna`s claims that language, nonverbal communication and high anxiety are stumbling blocks in intercultural communication are supported by experience. As we all know intercultural communication can be very stressful and create uncomfortable moments, when someone speaks to a person from a different cultural without knowing or able to speak the same language, sometimes can make things more difficult and could end up creating problems because the other person didn`t not understand what they meant. In today`s society people don`t need to leave there house or go a day without speaking to a person from another country, so is very easy to live this experience in a daily basis. In the essay “Intercultural Communication Stumbling Blocks” LaRay M. Barna identified the different stumbling blocks that create barriers in cross-cultural communication. Barna`s claim that language, nonverbal sing and high anxiety are stumbling blocks in intercultural communication are supported by experience. Barna claims in her essay “that language is one of problems people can find in intercultural communication, since language is the most important communication problem that we seem to have the most” (69). For example, in the essay called mother tongue by Amy Tan she mentions her mother and said “how some people would understand 50% of her English and some people would understand more, but she said that she understood her mother perfectly fine” (48). Another example, I have is when I used to work as a furniture...
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...International Journal of Business and Management; Vol. 7, No. 16; 2012 ISSN 1833-3850 E-ISSN 1833-8119 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Cross-Cultural Etiquette and Communication in Global Business: Toward a Strategic Framework for Managing Corporate Expansion Ephraim Okoro1 1 School of Business, Howard University, Washington, USA Correspondence: Ephraim A. Okoro, Department of Marketing, School of Business, Howard University, 2600–Sixth Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20059, USA. Tel: 1-202-806-1545. E-mail: eaokoro@howard.edu Received: March 22, 2012 doi:10.5539/ijbm.v7n16p130 Abstract The expanding scope of business corporations in the first decade of the twenty-first century is drawing much scholarly attention, and the trend has been described as a fact of life that defies the stretch of human imagination. The concept of global economy has expanded consumer awareness, defined new standards and rules of operations, and increased the need for national and corporate interdependence. Multinational organizations are exploring opportunities around the world, demonstrating sensitivity towards cultural differences in order to gain from the proliferation and growth of international enterprise. Recent studies indicate that while some corporations compete successfully in the global marketplace, others have failed to sustain their competitive advantage because of cultural imperialism or inadequate acculturation of their managers on international assignment...
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...entered into a partnership with the goal of finding ways to better prepare American business students for intercultural communication in the global economy. This consortium was formed and funded on the assumption1 that business students, while receiving excellent training in the business component of international business, are woefully under-prepared for face to face communication with members of other cultures, and thus could potentially compromise American ventures abroad. The group, calling itself the Alliance for the Promotion for Cross-cultural Skills for Business Students, was financed by the Fund for the Improvement of Post-secondary Education (FIPSE) and was charged with the creation of programs requiring business student participation in study abroad programs and in innovative intercultural communication curricula setup precisely for this target group. In their effort to create this cross-cultural skills curricula for business students, Alliance members initially faced three tasks: defining the problem in theoretical rather than anecdotal terms; developing a set of pedagogical practices grounded in that theoretical framework, and which could be deployed in the study abroad context; and gathering empirical data in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the practices. The decision to use the study abroad experience as a primary vehicle for teaching intercultural communication was also based on a widely held assumption: "one of the most frequently articulated assumptions...
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...reading also distinguishes what is needed for effective virtual team considering the people, process and technology point of view and underlying characteristics of virtual teams and challenges the entail. Comment: I don’t fully agree with the use of global virtual teams. Organizations cannot take employees and put them in teams and expect them to work. It takes effort and time from both the employees and managers. However if correctly done, then yes building virtual teams could deliver even greater benefits. When focusing on global virtual teams, developing and increasing an individual’s and a team’s intercultural competence is an important variable in determining the team’s success. Trusting relationships in a disciplined structured environment is essential to the success of global virtual teams. These relationships are built through increased team member intercultural competence. Building trusting relationships is a differentiator that keeps people motivated, engaged, and committed. When cultural diversity is part of the equation, building-trusting relationships means being open-minded, curious, and accepting of others’ differences. Also another reason why I find this concept not as useful is because of the technology use. Technology has many uses but has a limit on the use of social, non-verbal and emotional features that you have in a face-to-face setting. Technology isn’t cheap or easy to...
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...Discussed in previous chapters was how excellent communication is essential to successful business communication. Anytime we communicate it is influenced by our culture, this chapter focuses on developing cultural competency, recognizing variation in a diverse world and adapting and improving communication across cultures. The term Intercultural communication refers to exchanging information between people from different cultures. With the ever-changing business environment, businesses are adapting a more diverse workforce. With a diverse workforce, there are advantages of different national, religious, and ethnic backgrounds. Cultural competency is essential for working in or with a diverse group of individuals. Cultural competency requires a blend of attitude, knowledge and skills. The book recommends some steps to help ensure your success with intercultural communication. Starting first with understanding diversity and culture. A broad definition of diversity: the entire characteristic that define people as individuals. Diversity is closely related to people’s culture. The book defines culture as a shared system of symbols, beliefs, attitudes, values, expectations, and norms for behavior. Your cultural background defines your attitude about what is appropriate in a situation and establishes norms of behavior. Culture shapes the way we communicate, view work, interpret conflict, define and solve problems, and resolve dilemmas. There are challenges of communicating with...
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...1. Given that there is potential for the Swedes to work in the PHL, a. What cultural differences do you see that may cause friction in a working relationship and an office/factory environment? There are many Swedish cultural practices that need to be taken into account when dealing with Swedes one of which is how they address one another in the work place. In the Swedish culture they do not use honorific like Mr or Mrs but rather address one another no matter what position that person is by his/her first name. In the Philippine culture, we always address those of higher position as Sir/Mam or Mr/Mrs which is perfectly normal and accepted by our culture but if we address the Swedes in such a way it might be interpreted as an insult to them. Aside from this another difference would be that their work clothing is often conservative but casual. It is not unusual for them to wear sandals or tennis shoes at the office. This is different when it comes to the culture of the Philippines. For us wearing sandals or tennis shoes would be would count as disrespectful and out of place in the office. Their way of addressing their superiors and their way of dressing are just a few cultural differences that need to be taken into account while conducting business with them. b. What Swedish cultural traits or work ethic do you feel should be adapted by Filipinos? One positive cultural trait of the Swedish culture that Filipinos should adapt would be the compromise and consensus...
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