...Intercultural Conflict Management How should we define an intercultural conflict? Is there any difference between a conflict and an intercultural one? The following chapter, which is a summary of the chapter “Constructive Intercultural Conflict Management” (Stella Ting-Toomey, Communicating Across Cultures, 1999, pages 194-197), attempts to answer these two questions. At the end of the chapter, we also include an extract of the “Intercultural Conflict Style Inventory” (Mitchell Hammer, 2002) 1. Definition of intercultural conflicts “Intercultural conflict is defined as the perceived or actual incompatibility of values, norms, processes, or goals between a minimum of two cultural parties over content, identity, relational, and procedural issues. Intercultural conflict often starts off with different expectations concerning appropriate or inappropriate behavior in an interaction episode.” (Ting-Toomey, 1999, p.194). Another author holds a similar view: “Conflicts are always cultural, since we are all cultural beings. Yet the very definition of conflict is challenging because of our cultural ways of seeing”. (Michelle Le Baron and Venashri Pillay, Conflict across Cultures, 2006, page 13). According to Le Baron, conflict occurs at ← the material level, or the “what” of the conflict; ← the symbolic level, the meaning of issues to the people involved, especially those meanings that resonate with peoples' identities, values, and worldviews; ← and the...
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...Intercultural Conflict Analysis3 On the Treyvon Martin Case There are two sources of conflict in the Treyvon Martin case. One being that Zimmerman acted in self-defense or that Martin was the deadly victim of racial profiling by a neighborhood watch volunteer. This case is still considered cloudy with the circumstances that arose to the death of this teenage boy. According to reports the boy was unarmed and had gone to the store to buy candy, which he had in his hand when he was supposedly attacked by Zimmerman. Zimmerman claims that Martin had a gun and tried to attack him and in self-defense he shot Martin. Value differences in this case are ethics and diversity, where there was a call for social justice and diversity added context to this case. In social justice, a societal system speaks up for those who lack power in society and oppose unfair treatment in a justice system. Snap judgements made by a volunteer neighborhood watchman as well as racial profiling resulted in the needless death of a teenage boy. The parents of Treyvon Martin would not have been heard in their pleas for justice in their sons’ death because of their placement in society and lack of power. The Treyvon Martin case is an example of the role of social comparison. Zimmerman being an example of ethnocentrism where being Hispanic had his own group of values that he based his decision on in reference to Treyvon Martin being a threat to the community. Bibliography Deggans, E. (2012)...
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...Present by Novieta Hardeani Sari, ST, M. Si (Lecturer of Strategic Communication from Universitas Nasional, Jakarta) For the 10th Biennial Convention of PACA 2014 on June 24-26, 2014, at UNPAD, Bandung Backgrounds The understanding of creating an applicative and qualitative public policy products need revealed the phenomenon of the democracy implication that will represented in dialectic communication (public sphere) by “Political Community”(Habermas, 1992). MARKET [Civil Society (Organizations) & Private Sectors] Political Organization (Legislative) Product Organization (Government) Data of Civil Society Organizations (CSO) These platforms came from the several problems that causes the CSO development did not go well. Those issues related to the large numbers of CSOs in Indonesia, according to Kesbangpol (Nation Union & Political) of Ministry of Home Affairs Data showed that CSOs number in Indonesia reached to 139.957 CSOs, which are: Number of CSO 65.577 25.406 Registered at: Ministry of Home Affairs Ministry of Social Services 48.866 108 (Foreign NGO) Ministry of Justice & Human Right Ministry of Foreign Affairs Backgrounds Civil Society Organizations represent majority of society voices. Civil Society Organizations as a social control power in policy, in regulation, in the life of democracy. Parallel activities among Civil Society Organizations and Media can provide the transform of the social politic condition (to reach the civil society independency...
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...Gran Torino Film Analysis Norma J Morehead Intercultural/International Communication 10 June 2012 Cultural conflict and popular culture are two experiences in life that assist in defining intercultural communication and how its influence affects our daily intercommunication. Cultural conflict is inevitable as we live out our daily lives in the identities we have selected for ourselves, the identities relating to our ethnicity and in those identities others have selected for us. These identities are bound to conflict with another individual’s identities which is why there is a need for understanding what intercultural communication is and how it can be enhanced becomes vital to peaceful living around the world. Popular culture is a reference point for information used to determine who we want to be, who we are, and what we want in life. Popular culture has its good attributes and its bad attributes, both shape our society. Popular culture as it relates to television, video games, music videos and print media has a negative reputation because it is driven by money. There are characteristics of popular culture that are positive and enrich the lives of individuals such as the fine arts; the symphony, theatre, and museums. In a free society we are fortunate to have a choice. We are a free society and we want to remain a free society which makes the need for successful intercultural communication that much more important to achieve. Released in 2008, the film Gran Torino...
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...Tourism; An Efficient Dynamic on Intercultural Dialogue Saulat Ali Department of Communication Studies, College of Applied Sciences Salalah. Ministry of Higher Education. PO BOX: 119 Salalah P.C: 211 Sultanate of Oman Tel: +968-98932578 Email: saulatali@gmail.com Abstract The last quarter of a century has witnessed rapid development of the intercultural field. These days, intercultural dialogue is not only a regional or national necessity but it is crucially global. Human being is social creature who needs dialogue; so wisdom of human is the wisdom of dialogue. Tourism industry is one of the accomplishments of cultural dialogue which not only is a kind of industry but also it is a science, art and knowledge. The primary objective of this research revolves around impact of cultural tourism on intercultural communication. Have our own cultures, discussed with other cultures; and among these discussions and interactions we can complete and revise our culture and exchange it with others. Cultural tourism paves the way for intercultural dialogue. Intercultural dialogue should be enhanced to improve intercultural acceptance. Tourism extends our knowledge and information in two ways: better understanding of ourselves and others. Keywords: Globalization; Intercultural Communication; Cultural Tourism; Cultural Dialogue; Oman 1. Introduction: For the past decade or so, events such as September 11 terrorist attacks, Bali bombings, London bomb attacks, shooting...
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...Anytime we communicate it is influenced by our culture, this chapter focuses on developing cultural competency, recognizing variation in a diverse world and adapting and improving communication across cultures. The term Intercultural communication refers to exchanging information between people from different cultures. With the ever-changing business environment, businesses are adapting a more diverse workforce. With a diverse workforce, there are advantages of different national, religious, and ethnic backgrounds. Cultural competency is essential for working in or with a diverse group of individuals. Cultural competency requires a blend of attitude, knowledge and skills. The book recommends some steps to help ensure your success with intercultural communication. Starting first with understanding diversity and culture. A broad definition of diversity: the entire characteristic that define people as individuals. Diversity is closely related to people’s culture. The book defines culture as a shared system of symbols, beliefs, attitudes, values, expectations, and norms for behavior. Your cultural background defines your attitude about what is appropriate in a situation and establishes norms of behavior. Culture shapes the way we communicate, view work, interpret conflict, define and solve problems, and resolve dilemmas. There are challenges of communicating with and motivating these diverse employees and at the same time maintain cooperation and harmony among them. When communicating...
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...each company’s culture. (Kreitner, 2009, p. 107) In doing this, I could focus on each aspect of the business and how it is interpreted in a foreign country. For example, I would have them watch the previous day’s news on the Web so if a client wanted to talk about current news, my sales personnel and executives would know what they are talking about. It is important to know what the current events are. It can be local sports news, the weather, or entertainment new. It is very important to know what is going on. You cannot afford to sound like you don’t know anything about the foreign country you are doing business with. I would also try to get my employees familiar with the other culture through exposure to a series of simulated intercultural incidents, or typical problem situations. (Kreitner, 2009, p. 107) An example would be an incident when you have to answer why people in a certain culture respond a certain way. You could have several answers to choose from and you find pick until you find out the correct answer. When you pick the correct answer, the feedback is extensive, describing similarities and differences between the two cultures. Gradually, the trainee starts thinking like the people from the other culture. In a way, the trainee learns to get “into the shoes” of the people from the other culture. The result is a training program that makes people more comfortable in working in the other culture. Another training technique I would use is language instruction...
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...traditionally accomplished using indices of cultural values. Although a number of researchers have attempted to identify measures to account for the core elements of culture, there is no consensus on those measures. This article uses an alternative method—discourse analysis—to observe what actually occurs in terms of communication practices in intercultural decision-making meetings, specifically those involving U.S.-born native English speakers and participants from East Asian countries. Previous discourse studies in this area suggest that differences in communication practices may be attributed to power differentials or language competence. Our findings suggest that the conversation style differences we observed might be attributed to intergroup identity issues instead. Keywords: intercultural communication; intercultural communication; group communication; discourse analysis; intercultural management; group decision making; communication accommodation theory In an increasingly global economy, multicultural work teams are becoming more commonplace, and fostering teamwork in multicultural teams is a growing challenge. The growing body of intercultural research suggests important Jolanta Aritz is an Associate Professor of Clinical at the Center for Management Communication at the Marshall School of Business at USC. She teaches business communication courses in the Marshall undergraduate and graduate programs. Robyn C. Walker is an Assistant Professor of Clinical at the Center for Management...
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...Pruitt’s negotiation styles model, and Rahim’s conflict management model, this research examines how national culture influence the way people choose negotiation and conflict resolution handling styles through an empirical study of 87 individuals in the U.S. The respondents were divided in two groups: American, and Ethiopians. The results show that the individualism-collectivism cultural dimension did differentiate the members of the American culture from the members of the Ethiopian culture. Among the negotiation and conflict management styles object of this study, the dominating style was found to be preferred by those with high concern for self, whereas the cooperating and the integrating styles were found to be preferred by those with high concern for others. Introduction In order to remain competitive in their respective markets companies around the world are expanding their horizons beyond their original country, and they are increasingly seeking international partnerships and business ventures in different cultural environments. The ability to negotiate across national borders and within the organization has become increasingly important in the past decade, but despite the continuous growth of business globalization negotiation and conflict resolution styles are often misunderstood. According to much of the literature available scholars have conducted substantial research on the subjects of negotiation and conflict resolution over the past years, including some...
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...Language, Culture, and Behavior Can one’s culture affect their communication behaviors? According to an article by Margaret Cote entitled “Language Reflects Culture”, the answer is yes. She begins by discussing the cultural differences between the Saulteaux Indian language and the English language. She states that “language determines the way a person views the world” and describes how Indian people view things around them differently than English speaking people do (Cote, 1985). She bases this on her personal experience of being fluent in Saulteaux and English and states “I have two different attitudes and even two different personalities, depending on which language I use” (Cote, 1985). In this paper I will discuss how attitudes and behavior are determined by the language one speaks and how language does indeed reflect a culture. Culture is an important in your life because it is a part of who you are. It not only influences your perception of yourself and others, but your perception of everything in life with which you have contact (Hybels & Weaver, 2007). Concepts and objects have frames of reference that differ from culture to culture (Cote, 1985). Many cultures have their own language and therefore, the meaning of a word in one language may not be the same in another. For example, Cote explains that when she returns home the language she speaks and her cultural identity is determined by the topic of the conversation. If she is discussing her personal life...
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...International Journal of Business and Management; Vol. 7, No. 16; 2012 ISSN 1833-3850 E-ISSN 1833-8119 Published by Canadian Center of Science and Education Cross-Cultural Etiquette and Communication in Global Business: Toward a Strategic Framework for Managing Corporate Expansion Ephraim Okoro1 1 School of Business, Howard University, Washington, USA Correspondence: Ephraim A. Okoro, Department of Marketing, School of Business, Howard University, 2600–Sixth Street, NW, Washington, D.C. 20059, USA. Tel: 1-202-806-1545. E-mail: eaokoro@howard.edu Received: March 22, 2012 doi:10.5539/ijbm.v7n16p130 Abstract The expanding scope of business corporations in the first decade of the twenty-first century is drawing much scholarly attention, and the trend has been described as a fact of life that defies the stretch of human imagination. The concept of global economy has expanded consumer awareness, defined new standards and rules of operations, and increased the need for national and corporate interdependence. Multinational organizations are exploring opportunities around the world, demonstrating sensitivity towards cultural differences in order to gain from the proliferation and growth of international enterprise. Recent studies indicate that while some corporations compete successfully in the global marketplace, others have failed to sustain their competitive advantage because of cultural imperialism or inadequate acculturation of their managers on international assignment...
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...a great impact and place in my work career. I work in the supply chain/logistics field so a lot of my internal/external business communications are with international people outside of the US. I think in many ways this makes me more globally minded. My intercultural awareness in business matters can really make the difference in establishing better communication with those that I work with. I think a lot of my strengths come from understanding everyone is different. Also I think it is important to have awareness of different cultures, tones or speech in email or verbal communication because you can be perceived many different ways. I believe most of my weakness comes from not being someone who has traveled or spent time abroad. I simply cannot relate to some of the issues in regards to cultural differences because I have not experienced it long enough. I feel a great plan to build on cultural awareness that I already have as well as learn and grow in my weakness would be to continue to learn. Some of the most important areas I have already stressed but many factors go into intercultural understanding. Education is key to increasing sensitivity and building a cultural knowledge. Discussion can help address any possible conflicts and the same goes for asking questions. When you do both you can learn and grow. I would also say another step I would take would be to celebrate diversity more. Look at examples of why and how it is important...
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...cultural groups. The authors examine the connections between cultural diversity, innovation and thriving, prosperous urban communities, in relation to the economic, social and cultural mix of Britain’s population. They developed tools to harness the potential of diverse communities, and their powers of innovation, for use by policymakers, planners and practitioners. These include a set of indicators of openness to check the readiness of a city to take advantage of diversity, and the intercultural lens through which professionals can examine the familiar in a new light. The study evaluated six aspects of local activity: public consultation and engagement urban planning and development business and entrepreneurship schools the arts and creative industries sport. The project went further by helping participating cities to develop specific economic, social, cultural and planning policies and so to become role models for others. The study draws on local case studies and in-depth interviews with 33 intercultural innovators in seven UK cities, with comparative analysis also conducted in Europe, North America and Australasia. It is aimed at policymakers and practitioners in local and regional government, neighbourhood renewal and community cohesion. This publication can be provided in alternative formats, such as large print, Braille, audiotape and on disk. Please contact: Communications Department, Joseph Rowntree Foundation, The Homestead, 40 Water End, York YO30 6WP. Tel: 01904 615905...
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...Journal of International Business Studies (2006) 37, 525–543 & 2006 Academy of International Business All rights reserved 0047-2506 $30.00 www.jibs.net Cross-cultural competence in international business: toward a definition and a model James P. Johnson1, Tomasz Lenartowicz2 and Salvador Apud3 Crummer Graduate School of Business, Rollins College, Winter Park, USA; 2Deparment of Management, International Business and Entrepreneurship, College of Business, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA; 3LBJ School of Public Affairs, The University of Texas, Austin, USA Correspondence: Dr James P. Johnson, Crummer Graduate School of Business, Rollins College, Office number 204, Winter Park, FL 32789, USA. Tel: þ 1 407 646 2486; Fax: þ 1 407 646 1550; E-mail: jpjohnson@rollins.edu 1 Abstract Many international business failures have been ascribed to a lack of crosscultural competence (CC) on the part of business practitioners. However, the international business literature appears to lack an adequate conceptualization and definition of the term ‘CC’, focusing instead on the knowledge, skills and attributes that appear to be its antecedents. In this conceptual study, we propose a definition of CC as it applies to international business and develop a model for understanding how CC is nurtured in individuals, linking our definition to the concept of cultural intelligence. We discuss the components of the model and suggest that there are environmental and contextual impediments...
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...Presentation Outline The Joy Luck Club: Culture Clash and Identities I/ Introduction to The Joy Luck Club * About 4 mother-daughter (Lindo - Waverly, Ying Ying - Lena, An mei - Rose, Suyuan - June) duos living in America * 4 mothers were immigrants from China with tragic past * 4 daughters are American born and raised * A movie with many layers of intercultural and intergenerational communication (miscommunication) between mothers and daughters, as well as the daughters’ struggle with their cultural identities II/ Relevant literature and intercultural communication term * High context/ Low context Cultures * Collectivism / Individualism * Cultural Identity III/ Language barriers Even though the mothers speak understandable English, there are differences between the mothers’ English (alternative version of English with different accents and dialects) and the daughters’ English (American Standard English) Analysis: Analyses scenes where the differences are prominent Ex: [The title of the movie] The word “Joy Luck” does not exist in English. It is a poor, fractures version of English [Clip 01: The opening sequence (family/ friend gatherings)] Even though they are both speaking English, when spoken in groups (of mothers and of daughters), the languages used in each group seem different => Analyze differences in grammars, vocabulary and accents IV/ Communication style * High/Low Context China (high context) vs US (high context) ...
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