...sentence. It is a term used in criminal justice to refer to all alternative ways used by courts to punish defendants who have been convicted of breaching the law, other than using a capital punishment or custodial sentence. The adoption of alternative sentencing helps the offender to avoid consequences associated with imprisonment such as revolving door syndrome. Furthermore, it helps to reduce crowding in prisons as well as reduce the cost of imprisonment. In United States, those offenders who commit minor offences receive alternative sentencing such as curfew, unpaid work, rehabilitation, apologies to the victim, and house arrest among others. Therefore, this paper will examine the administration of the courts when addressing sentence alternatives in the United States....
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...Models of Criminal Justice When discussing larger issues such as The Criminal Justice System of America, so often that larger issue is comprised of a myriad of contributing issues that must be addressed. All too often these issues cross the boundaries of the codified models. When we approach the laudable goals of crime control, specifically the burden to keep our citizens safe from criminal abuses, we speak of appropriate penalties for breaking laws, deterrents and “the repression of criminal conduct” (Neubauer & Fradella, 2014, p. 19). The tenets of the due process model are also very worthy. As a reasonable person, I value the protection of individual rights, specifically since it figures so largely in Scripture. As an example, in Proverbs 31:9 we are told to “defend the rights of the poor and needy” and Leviticus 19:15 tells us to “not be partial to the poor or defer to the great” (English Standard Version, 2014). I also think that a person’s circumstances should factor into the evaluation of the offense and that just as God’s redemption is available to all who choose to receive it, so, too, redemption, or rehabilitation, should be offered more often than it is denied. The Question of Balance in the Criminal Justice System One of the hallmarks of the United States justice system is supposed to be its systems of checks and balances with important contributions from citizens of the community, both in our style of government as well as in our criminal justice system. The degree...
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...Write a 350-700-word paper in which you explain the components of the criminal justice system and the criminal justice process. Include how the structure of the government relates to the criminal justice system. Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines. Post your paper as an attachment. Criminal Justice System Paper The phrase criminal justice system refers to a collection of federal, state, and local public agencies that deal with the crime problem. These agencies process suspects, defendants, and convicted offenders and are interdependent as the decisions of one agency affect other agencies. The basic framework of the system is provided by the legislative, judicial, and executive branches of government. Criminal justice is a process, involving a series of steps beginning with a criminal investigation and ending with the release of a convicted offender from correctional supervision. “In the United States the criminal justice system are divided into three categories: federal, state, and military” (Theresa Smith, 1999-2012). There are two goals in the criminal justice system; the “first step the need to enforce the law and to maintain public order and the second step; is the need to protect individuals from injustice, especially at the hands of the criminal justice system” (Schmalleger, 2011). The criminal justice process is taking several steps taken to process a criminal case beginning with an investigation and arrest. The police do and investigation while...
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...Criminal Justice System Mackenzie CJA/204 November 15, 2014 Erica Veljic Criminal Justice System The criminal justice system has many parts that emphasize the importance of following and abiding the law. Crime is a large problem throughout the world and is attempted to be controlled by local and governmental officials. The parts of the criminal justice system are supposed to work as a “well-oiled machine” in receiving justice for crimes committed. Unfortunately it seems that although all agencies of the criminal justice system have the same goal, none work in sync to solidify criminal justice as a system. Crime According to The Free Dictionary Online (2014), crime is “a violation of a law in which there is injury to the public or a member of the public and a term in jail or prison, and/or a fine as possible penalties”. Crime is punishable by the legal sanctions. The relationship between crime and law is without the strict enforcement of the law crime cannot be prevented. The two most common models of how society determines a criminal act include consensus and conflict models. Through the consensus model, society shares the same morals even though communities are quite diverse. The crimes that violate this morally valued system are deemed harmful to society. The conflict model holds that because society is so diverse people are constantly engaged in a power struggle. Those within the dominate groups will codify their beliefs and values into hard law (Thomas, Cage, &...
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...Criminal Justice System Lori Labrecque CJA/204 February 9, 2015 Robert Bradley The criminal justice system has goals that it tries to achieve. The criminal justice system is to respond in the name of society when there is a crime that has been committed. Crime is a harmful act or omission against the public, which the State wishes to prevent and, upon conviction, is punishable by fine, imprisonment, and/or death. (Burton, 2007) No conduct constitutes a crime unless it is declared criminal in the laws of the country. Some crimes (such as theft or criminal damage) may also be civil wrongs for which the victims may claim damages in compensation. (Burton, 2007) Laws are defined as a set of rules, regulations and principles that follow how society runs. Crime cannot be prevented, laws are meant to create order; order is necessary so that individuals in society know what is acceptable or unacceptable behavior socially and morally. Individuals know that if they do not stay in the bounds of acceptable behavior that there will be consequences of varying severity in response to their actions. These consequences act as deterrents but are meant to further remind us not to repeat that action or behavior. These consequences also reinforce others on what would happen to them should they engage in criminal acts. The two most common models of how society determines which acts are criminal are the consensus model and the conflict model. The consensus model consists of the agencies...
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...IntroductionA.Growth of the system has changed how much people know about corrections1.In 1973 the prison incarceration rate was 96 per 100,000 Americans2.By 2008, after 35 years of steady growth, the U.S. imprisonment rate reached 506 per 100,0003.About 7.5 million Americans are now in the corrections system4.Correctional population growth continued throughout the 1990s, although crime rates fell by more than 50 percent between 1993 and 20075.The expansion of corrections has affected some groups more than others6.About one-third of all African American men in their twenties are under some form of correctional control7.Prison budgets, by far the most expensive portion of the overall penal system, grow even when monies for education and others services lag8.Today, Corrections pervasive—especially for poor, minority Americans II.The Purpose of CorrectionsA.Punishment1.From the earliest accounts of humankind, punishment has been used as one means of social control, of compelling people to behave according to the norms and rules of society2.Protecting society by defining limits of behaviorB.Three basic concepts of Western criminal law define the purpose and procedure of criminal justice1.Offense2.Guilt3.PunishmentC.The central purpose of corrections is to carry out the criminal sentence1.Corrections—the variety of programs, services, facilities, and organizations responsible for the management of individuals who have been accused or convicted of criminal acts2.Corrections encompasses...
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...Jail and Prison Within today’s corrections system, there are prisons of three security levels; minimum-, medium- and maximum-custody. Inmates may move between these custodies depending on their progress in self-control and responsibility, and movement is possibly in both direction, toward leniency and restrictiveness (Schmalleger, 2011, p. 471). The two facilities I chose are the Van Nuys Jail, the largest local jail in my neighborhood and San Quentin State Prison. Van Nuys is a pretty standard jail; it’s not used for any specific types of inmates, but mostly houses inmates that are awaiting their court date or transport to a county jail. San Quentin State Prison has multiple custodial levels within its wall comprised of a maximum security cell block, a medium security dorm setting and a minimum security firehouse. San Quentin State Prison is also the only facility in California to house a gas chamber and death row (California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitations, n.d.). The most notable difference between the jail and prison I have chosen lie in size, mission and scope. The Van Nuys Jail is the equivalent in security to a minimum-custody facility. Inmates are only held here until they are released on their own recognizance, post bail or are taken to court for their arraignment (Shouse California Law Group, n.d.). San Quentin, on the other hand, is a much larger facility that houses over 135,000 inmates for all lengths of sentences. The facility provides vocational and...
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...Introduction The courtroom procedures and operations, an evaluation of the diversity and the roles of the judges, prosecutors, defense counsel, and personnel within the court are reviewed. Understand the benefits and pitfalls involving independent and mutually interdependent. There are ethical and legal standards that affect participate and understand how it affects the substantive laws and procedural law in the criminal justice system. When it comes to judges and their role in the courtroom, there are several roles in which they have to follow. Judges have the authority and right to make sure all court procedures and rules are followed by every party within the courtroom. They also decide on the issues of law, after hearing both the jury’s and lawyers arguments. Judges also have the ability to grant encourage cooperation and adjournments amongst both parties, while hearing out the evidence of a case. Judges are impartial decision making on the pursuit towards justice ("The Role of the Judge", 2006). The roles of Prosecutors The roles of the Defense Counsels, the defense counsel are a licensed trial lawyers. The accused must have legal representation during a court procedure. The defense counsel in many cases a judge appoints legal counsel to the offender. In these cases, the defendant does not have the financial mean to cover the cost of an attorney to represent them during the trial or court procedures. Defendants that are financially able to cover the cost of...
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...Finding the Root Causes of Crime Crime prevention is not a new idea. In fact, most police forces have been actively engaged in crime prevention activities for a number of years, and their efforts are increasingly being supplemented by volunteer based neighborhood and community initiatives. What is new is the emerging tendency to shift away from an exclusive focus on police based approaches in favor of a broader conception of how to prevent crime. The result is a number of new possibilities for delivering on the promise of crime prevention, and the emergence of a number of new participants in the area of prevention activities. One example of this new development is the direct participation of municipal governments in the organization of crime prevention structures and the delivery of crime prevention services and activities. The involvement of municipal governments in the area of crime prevention has been spurred by the popularity of municipal crime prevention councils in Europe (especially in France), and by the successes of locally organized and community-based initiatives in North America. In both cases, the involvement reflects a sense that, whatever crime prevention is, the police cannot do it alone. Moreover, there is a growing awareness that crime prevention is an inherently political domain: citizens are increasingly vocal about where and how scarce municipal resources are allocated in the “war” on crime, and politicians are increasingly being held accountable for the...
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...The United States criminal justice system, an outwardly fair organization of integrity and justice, is a perfect example of a seemingly equal situation, which turns out to be anything but for women. The policies imposed in the criminal justice system affect men and women in extremely dissimilar manners. I plan to examine how gender intersects with the understanding of crime and the criminal justice system. Gender plays a significant role in understanding who commits what types of crimes, why they do so, who is most often victimized, and how the criminal justice system responds to these victims and offenders. In order to understand the current state of women and the way in which gender relates to crime and criminal justice, it is first necessary to provide a comprehensive analysis of the historical evolution of women in the criminal justice system and the affect that the different waves of feminism have had on policies and practices towards women in this system. I plan to argue that the criminal justice system is another form of patriarchal control, a sexist organization which creates conflict between the private sphere of a woman's life and the public. This control extends far beyond the just incarcerated women, it affects all women. Despite the fact that there have been changes to certain policies and prison regulations, though made with resistance, none of the changes have been for the better. By looking at past and present situations as well as the differing feminist perspectives...
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...Psychological Impact Ana Stout PSYCH/535 September 2, 2013 University of Phoenix Psychological Impact Psychological impact describes the social and political pressures that influence or impede acceptance, psychological progress, affliction and behaviors of an individual. To understand what these pressures are you must first have a clear understanding of tcultural,political and social views on an issue. Social refers to the interaction between groups and individuals within the same society supporting an interdependent relationship among its members. Political refers to the governmental entities, which operate a structured relationship with members in the system. Cultural refers to the similarities of beliefs and/or background of a group of people. These are the numerous influences on an individual’s on views and behaviors in distress. There are many views social, political and cultural views on homelessness. The homeless because they do not have a home may find shelter under a bridge, in open or secluded areas or may spend the day on the street and go to homeless shelters for rest, food and to use their facilities. Homelessness occurs for a variety of reasons. I believe that some people chose to be homeless just as other people chose to be a director. I also believe that shelters should be open for people who need a place to go when they do not have money to pay and shelters should accept families with children. If the homeless person...
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...Jail and Prisons Comparison Adis Hodzic CJA/234 Introduction to Corrections Professor Anthony J. Pekich March 6th, 2014 In considering the jails, as well as state and federal prisons, and in modern America, one must understand the historical contexts in which the three institutions were conceptualized and put into practice. Then a discussion of the reasons behind the drastic recent growth off these three ancient institutions must be had. Finally, a review of the security classifications which enable these facilities to carry out the business of incarceration and rehabilitation in a secure and safe manner should be conducted to round out our consideration of these ancient institutions. The role of jails and prisons is a complicated one, made more complicated by an increase in demands upon these facilities, both in terms of higher populations, and an increase in rehabilitative functions expected from them, as well as political pressures and general changes of policies over the years. By understanding the reason jails and prisons came into such wide use and the historical changes to those institutions, it can be more fully examined whether these institutions, have been successful in the missions they have been tasked with. These modern jails, in America, trace their predecessors back to England, where the very first jail, or gaol, as it was called in 1166, was built by King Henry II. Originally these buildings were designed to house offenders awaiting trial...
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...causes including spread if information communication technology, the global mass media, cheap flights, deregulation of markets and easy movements of businesses. Held et al argues there’s been globalisation of crime; an increasing interconnectedness of crime across national borders. The same process that brought globalisation of legitimate activities has also brought the spread of transnational organised crime. Globalisation creates new opportunities for crime and new means of committing crime, for example cyber crime. Manuel Castells (1998) argues because of globalisation there is a globalised criminal economy worth £1 trillion. This takes a number of forms such as arms dealing, human trafficking, green crime and many others. The global criminal economy has both a demand and supply side. A reason for scale of transnational organised crime is demand from the rich west. However the global criminal economy couldn’t survive without a supply side that provides the source for demands of the west, such as drugs and prostitutes. This supply is linked to the globalisation process. For example third world drug producing countries such as Columbia have large populations of impoverished peasants. For them drug investment is attractive; it’s simple to produce and commands high prices. In Columbia, 20% of peasants rely on cocaine production for their livelihood; cocaine out sells all other exports. Thus to understand drug crime we cannot focus only on countries where drugs are consumed. Globalisation...
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...amounted to a public law as a wrong against the king. From Germanic law - notion of man's "peace" surrounded his person & home. to disturb either was offense that justified him in repelling the breach. King as a semi-sacred figured - anyone who attacked him was guilty of a more serious crime. As the King's power grew, his peace was extended to religious shrines & people. By extending his peace, king brought them protection - attacking them was like attacking the king. By Norman times, the king's peace had expanded to royal officers & to highways over which the king traveled. Over time, it was projected over his entire realm. It was generalized into a jurisdictional principle - that jurisdiction over serious crime belonged to the king's courts. Criminal manners became know as placita coronae = pleas of the crown. That jurisdiction had a monopoly over jurisdiction for major crime. The remainder, lesser issues were punished in the hundred courts & in the manors of the towns. (pg 31-32) The king consulted with the "wise men" of the realm ( endemic of Germanic Kingship). It was routine for him to deliberate with major land-holders on important matters of the state. Advisers formed this court (witan) - the Normans perpetuated it as curia regis (king's court). It was customary for the king to take magnates of the kingdom ( of which he depended) into his confidence to gain their opinion on matters...
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...Acknowledgement: First and foremost, I would like to thank to our course teacher Md. Nasir Shikder for the valuable guidance and advice. He inspired me greatly to work in this assignment. His willingness to motivate me contributed tremendously to my assignment. I also would like to thank him for sharing practical experience and showing us some document that related to the topic of our assignment. Besides, I would like to thank the authority of Southeast University for providing us with a good environment and facilities to complete this assignment and also for offering this subject “Media & Information Technology Law”. Finally, an honorable mention goes to my family and friends for their understandings and supports on me in completing this assignment. Without helps of the particular that mentioned above, I would face many difficulties while doing this. Abstract: “Fair is foul and foul is fair” recollecting the lines enshrined in Shakespeare’s play Macbeth, one could indisputably perceive what is contemplated acceptable today may conceivably be malevolent and vice versa perchance deplorable now and adequate in future. To understand the antagonism of free trial and free media one has to reflect on the evolutions of court and media and its present scenario. The judiciary and the media share a common bond and play a complimentary role to each other: man is the centre of their universe. Both the judiciary and the media are engaged in the same task: to discover the truth...
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