...INTERNATIONAL POLICY IMPLICATIONS FOR CHILD LABOUR IN INDIA. INTRODUCTION • According to the International Labour Office, any activity other than study or play, remunerated or unremunerated, carried out by a person under the age of 15 years is defined as child labour. • 90 % of the total child employment is concentrated in Asia & Africa, with more than 44 million child labourers in India alone. REVIEW OF LITERATURE • Economic Impact of child labour- a) Micro family level- Short run effect on house hold income, long run effect on house hold poverty through human capital. b) Macro variables- Long run growth & development, FDI & Labour market. • Forms of Child Labour- a) Hazardous and non-hazardous activities b) Agricultural and non-agricultural work c) Jobs in the modern and traditional industries d) Economic and non-economic activities e) wage earners and unpaid family workers • Effect of Child Labour- a) Loss of human capital. b) Slows down technological progress. c) Health problem. • Causes of Child Labour- a) Lack of enforcement of minimum age requirement (confusion regarding description of age limit of child) b) Poverty & schooling problem (inaccessibility of school & lack of quality education). c) Rigid cultural & social role limiting educational attainment. d) Acceptance of social class separation.(lower castes expected to perfirm manual labour...
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...International Trade Theory and Policy Institution Date The aim of this article is to discuss a number of issues associated with the international trade theory and policy. First, the motives, nature and purpose of the original General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade have been discussed in this article. Also, the extent to which this purpose was achieved in the first 6 rounds of negotiations has been discussed. The reasons that drove President Reagan and his administration to propose the eighth round of negotiations are also featured in this article. Lastly, the reasons why there is still a significantly steep “effective” tariff hampering global free trade, despite fairly low tariffs on final goods have also been discussed in this article. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was formed in1947. This was after the United Nation conference whose aim was to create the International Trade Organization failed. The GATT came to an end in 1993. In 1995, the (World trade organization WHO) replaced GATT. GATT principal purpose was to boost fair trade by reducing and taking control of the trade tariffs amongst its member countries. In addition, it was responsible solving any trade disputes between the member countries. Before it ended, The GATT had become interested in the intellectual property rights and the effects of global trade on the environment. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade had a provision known “as the most favored nation status.” GATT refers...
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...should be allowed to protect infant industries, like limiting it to a domestic market. Report also looks at Comparative Advantage theories explanation to countries varied fortunes, including the International trade theory and underlining the economic growth, because of the foreign trade. The last question that the report outlines is the economists believes on capitalism in regards to maximising welfare. As a result of the report it was decided to recommend the integration of producers of data categories into international chain. Comparative Advantage theory • How does the Comparative Advantage theory explain countries’ varying fortunes? Use examples to explain your answer. International trade theory International trade plays an increasingly important role in economic development. Throughout the post-war period be volumes of world trade rapidly increased, and their environments- Annual growth (1.5 times) faster than the global the first volume of production. As a result, on the one hand, foreign trade has become a powerful factor for economic growth and on the other hand, significantly increased dependence on international trade. It is evident that international trade is growing because it benefits the participating countries. - Economic theory shows that international trade. There is a means by which developing countries Specialization can raise the...
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...nterII. 무역정책 1. 무역정책의 수단 무역정책: 국가간의 재화와 서비스의 흐름에 직접적인 영향을 미칠 목적으로 도입되는 정책 산업정책: 소비, 생산, 고용의 산업간 배분에 영향을 미칠 목적으로 도입되는 정책. 하지만 간접적으로 무역의 흐름에 영향을 미치게 된다., 2. 무역정책의 수단 1. 수입경쟁시장의 보호수단 가격규제 관세(tariff): 가장 투명하고, 왜곡이 적은 보호수단 종량세(specific tariff), 종가세(ad valorem tariff) 최소가격 제한 반덤핑 법, 가격지지 협정 등 물량적 규제 수입쿼터(import quota) 수입면허(import license) 쿼터 부과로 수입품의 공급이 축소하고, 수입품의 가격이 상승하면 수입을 할 권한 을 가진 사람의 소득은 증가하게 된다. 이를 쿼터 지대라고 부른다. 관세는 이러 한 지대를 정부에 귀속시키지만 물량적 규제는 그 방법에 따라 지대의 일부, 혹은 전부를 외국의 공급자에게 귀속시킬 수 있다. 이러한 면에서 수입억제효과가 동일 또한 물량 할 경우에도 물량적 규제는 관세보다 많은 후생손실을 초래하게 된다. 적 규제는 국내 공급자의 시장지배력을 증가 시키거나 외국 공급업자와의 담합을 초래함으로써 소비자에게 관세보다 더 큰 피해를 주기 쉽다. 또 수출국의 기술진 보가 있거나 국내 수입시장이 확대될 경우 관세 하에서는 수입량이 자동적으로 증 가하지만 물량적 규제 하에서는 이것이 불가능하다. 왜곡시키지만 물량적 규제는 이를 마비시킨다. 즉 관세는 비교우위의 작동을 이에 더하여 쿼터는 수출국간 차별 을 가져오기 쉬우며, 행정절차와 감독이 매우 복잡하고, 로비와 부패를 유발한다. GATT 명시적으로 수입쿼터를 제한하고 있으나, 많은 예외 인정 외환규제(exchange control) IMF 8 조 규제사항 국산화비율 규제(local content requirement) 국산화 비율이 일정 수준에 미달하면 수입품으로 간주 판매금지 혹은 높은 관 세 부과 참고: 스크린 쿼터 자율적 수출규제(VER, voluntary export restraint) 협정을 거부할 경우 명시적인 보호정책을 취할지 모른다는 위협을 배경으로 수 출국이 수출량을 동결하거나 축소하겠다는 협정을 맺도록 외교적으로 유도. 쿼터와 같은 효과를 가지면서 지대를 전부 외국 기업에게 귀속시킴으로 가장 비효율적인 수입규제 수단으로 평가. 1 2. 수출시장의 보호 수출보조금 내수가격을 증가 시켜 소비자에게 피해를 주며 외국시장 공급가격 을 하락 시켜 교역조건을 악화시킨다. 대부분의 경우 이러한 피해가 수출업자 의 이익을 상회함으로 경제학은 이를 자국의 후생을 자발적으로 감소시키는 우 매한 행위로 간주한다. GATT 규제사항. 자율적 수입확대(VIE, voluntary import expansion) 협정을 거부할 경우 보복정책을 취할 것이라는 위협을 배경으로 수입국이 수입량 을 확대할 것이라는 협정에 조인하도록 유도 ...
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...capital. Seeing commercial liberalism as a solution to conditions and woes that caused World War II, they believed that applying laissez-faire economics (as theorized by Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and John Maynard Keynes) at the international level would “promote more equal access to scarce resources, attract foreign capital and expertise, and foster competition – which generates pressure for increasing efficiency to lower production costs” (Kegley 305). Opening the world’s markets would create interdependence, increase communication, and states would want to solve their problems diplomatically, instead of with war, to avoid a loss in their investments. The nations at the Bretton Woods conference agreed to create three “pillars” for this new strategy: the World Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Monetary Fund, and the International Trade Organization (ITO). The ITO would be the engine for expanding world trade. The ITO became ensnared in negotiations, and states decided that they needed a temporary solution until the ITO could be established, so they signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), fulfilling the push towards commercial liberalism (Kegley 146). One of the clearest ways that GATT changed international policy is that it altered the basic nature of trade agreements themselves. Before the GATT treaty was signed, trade agreements were bilateral, or between two states. A nation would have individual agreements with each of its trading...
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...The International Bond Market Impact of Unconventional Monetary Policy Yu Zhang 130023326 University of Dundee College of Arts and Social Sciences School of Business April 2014 Content Abstract ................................................................................................................................................... 2 Chapter 1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 3 Chapter 2 Literature review.................................................................................................................. 6 Chapter 3 Data and Methodology....................................................................................................... 10 3.1 Data.............................................................................................................................................. 10 3.2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 4 Four Central Banks’ Unconventional Monetary Policy Announcements Details ........ 13 4.1 Important Announcements........................................................................................................ 13 Table 1 Important announcements by the Federal Reserve ............................................................ 13 4.2 Quick Summary: .....................................................
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...and efficient international policies would be the key component to for U.S to communicate with other countries. So, how about the international policies in that period? How was it related to the domestic policies? The international policies the United States adopted were tied to its domestic policies in many aspects, such as the impression of women as well as the racial economy related to corporate culture. When it came to the impression of women in the international policy, the word, “diplomatic wives”, occurred to the mind. From the perspective of domestic part, women obtained their desired right to the elective franchise in 1920. It indicated the improvement of women’s status and their involvement in politics aspect. From the perspective of international policies, as in the article of Diplomatic Wives stated, “hundreds of married women accompanied their Foreign Service husbands to diplomatic and consular posts” (Wood 3). Those diplomatic not only preformed their traditional responsibilities as wives but also maintain American representation in diplomatic missions. For example, they would live well and dress appropriate without enough expense fee just in order to show goodwill of America. All of the involvement of women in diplomatic derived from the improvement of women status in the United States. Therefor, domestic and international policy were connected in the part of women’s effect. Another connection between domestic policy and international policy was racial economy...
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...国际贸易理论与政策 笔记整理 第一讲：国际贸易导论（概念、研究范围、产生与发展） 国际贸易的概念 ◆ 国际贸易是指国与国之间的商品交换。 ➢ 商品：货物、服务、知识产权。 ➢ 货物：实体商品，货物贸易是有形贸易。 ➢ 服务：指作为商品独立交换的服务，服务贸易是无形贸易。 ➢ 知识产权：指作为商品独立交换的知识产权，知识产权贸易是无形贸易。 ·知识，人类智慧的结晶。 ·产权，财产权，包括工业产权和版权等。 ·知识产权大部分包含在产品之中，我们讲的是独立交换的。 我们认识的国际贸易，从一个国家角度来讲，叫对外贸易、海外贸易等。从国际角度看，是各国对外贸易的集合。 E.g. 国际贸易统计是各国总进口或总出口之和，而不是总进出口之和。 ◆ 国际贸易的性质 从商品交换的实质来看，国际贸易与国内贸易是一致的，都是以盈利为目的。但是，与国内贸易相比，国际交换的完成相当复杂，交换能否完成取决于多种因素。如国家对进出口的限制等。看似诸多因素来源于国家管理，而实际上诸多因素这可理解为来源于“国际”。 （一）国际的两层含义 （讲究均衡--不是平衡，可以维持即可） 1. 不同国家人之间的交换关系 这方面研究国际交换本身的问题，即具体如何做国际买卖的问题（交换的方法、交换的国际规则和国际惯例），是我们通常所说的国际贸易实务的内容。 ➢ 交换的内容：品质、数量、包装、价格、装运、支付等等（最基本的国际贸易合同）。 ➢ 交换的方法：包销、代理、寄售等国际贸易方式。 ➢ 交换的规则、惯例：《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》、《国际贸易术语解释通则》、《跟单信用证统一惯例》等等。 2. 国与国之间的贸易利益关系 国际贸易也是一种国际关系，是国际经济关系，指国与国之间因贸易形成的经济关系，直接涉及国家利益。因此，这种关系必然对贸易国产生相互影响。如，对本国进口的限制就是对出口国的直接限制，对出口国产生必然影响。 ·国际贸易与国内贸易最大的不同 在国内贸易中，一方有钱要买货，另一方有货要卖钱，双方只要达成买卖协议（合同）就可以最终完成交换。 但国际贸易不同，能否完成交换还取决于国家的批准或认可。 ➢ 原因： （1）国际贸易由各国的对外贸易组成，而各国的对外贸易又都是由各国有目的管制的，即管理和控制。严格地说，任何一项国际交换都必须经过国家的批准或认可，否则不能发生。失去或者逃避国家管制的国际交换即为走私。 （2）国际贸易是世界经济的一部分，关系着各国的利益，是一种利益平衡关系。任何一种商品的出口，在国际市场上都存在着一定的份额比例，需要有秩序的增长或削减。这种份额的比例关系轻易不能打破，否则将产生国家间的贸易纠纷。 ·其他不同： 规则的不同、经济影响、要素流动影响、货币汇率影响、风险大小等等 （二）对外贸易体制 ➢ 体制：是指政策、措施、制度及其运行。 ➢ 对外贸易体制：是一国与他国从事贸易交往，从本国角度出发建立的一套管理体系，目的是为本国服务。 ➢ 对外贸易政策：是国际贸易发展方向的导向，通过鼓励或限制性政策，控制进出口流量，以保证外贸能够为总体经济服务。同时，减少与贸易伙伴间的贸易摩擦。如出口退税政策，鼓励出口的产品退得多，限制出口的产品退得少。再如，在纺织品贸易摩擦严重的时候，我国对部分纺织品实行出口征税，进行自我限制。 ...
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... Nations’ Role in International Tax Policy A Research and Policy Brief for the Use of the NGO Committee on Financing for Development Hamrawit Abebe, Ryan Dugan, Michael McShane, Julie Mellin, Tara Patel, and Linda Patentas Graduate Program in International Affairs, Milano School of International Affairs, Management, and Urban Policy, The New School March 7, 2012 TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY BACKGROUND AND PERSPECTIVES BACKGROUND AND ANALYSIS THE OECD, G77, G20, AND EU ON UPGRADING THE UN TAX COMMITTEE KEY INSTITUTIONAL PLAYERS ARGUMENTS FOR AND AGAINST A UN TAX BODY 3 4 8 12 17 REFLECTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OECD AND UN TAX COMMITTEE GLOBAL TAX POLICIES POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 20 28 38 APPENDIX GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS REFERENCES 44 48 52 2 Executive Summary The report provides an analytical view on the role of the United Nations in tax policy, highlighting the interventions made by and challenges to key players in attempts to streamline global tax cooperation. The first section of the paper provides a background on the importance of tax related issues, emphasizing its importance within the Monterrey Consensus. Debates are introduced between two key institutional players regarding global tax cooperation, the OECD’s Committee on Fiscal Affairs and the UN Tax Committee. Views from key players the OECD, Group of 77, Group of 20, and European Union are addressed in the areas of international tax cooperation, the...
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...January 16, 2011 Challenges to Domestic and International Poverty Policy The most recent Census Bureau statistics on poverty rates in the United States calculate that 14.3% of Americans were living in poverty in 2009, up from 13.7% in 2008. That corresponds to 43.6 million people living below the poverty threshold compared to 39.8 million the previous year, the third consecutive annual increase. (US Census Bureau) These numbers increase even further when using new standards suggested by the National Academy of Sciences in a 1995 report. These figures, released as an unofficial “Supplemental Poverty Measure” set the 2009 rate at 15.7%, or more than 47.8 million people. (Short, US Census Bureau) The global rates are even more astonishing, with Globalissues.org reporting World Bank data that has roughly 40% living on less than USD$2 per day, and a stunning 80% living on less than USD$10 per day in 2005. UNICEF estimates that 22,000 children under five years of age die of preventable diseases every single day. These are all sobering statistics, making the ravages of poverty both more concrete and more difficult to accept. An exploration of poverty, both domestic and international, involves a variety of fields and methods, from statistics to sociology, political science to psychology, and more. Such a multi-disciplinary topic allows for a wide range of different perspectives, and an array of different approaches. As we see with the two different sets of data from the...
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...Vo l u m e 2 N u m b e r 2 , 2 0 0 1 / p . 2 3 5 - 2 4 5 e s t ey j o u r n a l . c o m The Estey Centre Journal of and Trade Po l i cy An Analysis of an Alliance: NAFTA Trucking and the US Insurance Industry 1 Bradly Condon Professor, Department of Business, Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo de Mexico I n t e rn ational L aw Tapen Sinha Seguros Comercial America Chair Professor, Department of Actuarial Studies, Instituto Tecnologico Autonomo de Mexico and Professor, School of Business, University of Nottingham In the NAFTA, the United States agreed to phase out restrictions on the operation of Mexican trucking companies in the United States. When the deadlines came, the Clinton Administration chose to maintain the restrictions. Following a NAFTA panel ruling against the United States, the Bush Administration announced it would remove the restrictions. The decision has met with opposition from both truckers and insurers in the United States, who cite safety concerns. This article examines the economic, political and legal forces at work in this debate, as well as the relationship between the NAFTA and WTO rules on trade in services that apply. Keywords: NAFTA; insurance; trucking; WTO Introduction y a 285–143 roll call, the U.S. House of Representatives voted on June 26, 2001, that it would block the Transportation Department from issuing permits that would let Mexican trucks operate throughout the United States. This vote is the result of opposition from...
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...2…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 6 2.1 Explain how economic systems attempt to allocate resources effectively……………………. 6 2.2 Assess the impact of fiscal and monetary policy on business organizations and their activities………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8 2.3 Evaluate the impact of competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the activities of a selected organization…………………………………………………………………………………… 9 Task 3………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 3.1 Explain how market structures determine the pricing and output decisions in various organizations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10 3.2 Illustrate the way in which market forces shape organizational responses using a range of examples……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11 3.3 Judge how business and cultural environments shape the behavior of Armani…………. 12 Task 4……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13 4.1 Discuss the importance of international trade, and globalization to Armani or other organizations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13 4.2 Impact of global factors on Armani or other organizations……………………………………. 14 4.3 Evaluate the impact of policies of the...
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...Table of Contents Task 1 2 Different types of organizations and the purpose 2 1.1 Purpose of organization 2 1.2 Meeting Stakeholders objectives 4 1.3 The responsibilities that the Sainsbury organization has and the strategies they employ to meet these responsibilities. 6 Task 2 8 2.1 Different economic systems and resource allocation 8 2.2 Impact of fiscal and monetary policies in Business Organization 11 2.3 Impact of Competition policy and other regulatory mechanisms on the business 12 Task 3 14 Behaviour of Organisation in the Market Place 14 3.1 Market structure to determine the pricing and output decisions of businesses 14 3.2 Market forces shape organizational responses 15 3.3 The business and cultural environments shape the behaviour of an organization 16 Task 4 19 4.1 The significance of international trade to UK business organizations 19 4.2 The impact of global factors on UK business organizations 21 4.3 The impact of policies of the European Union on UK business organizations 25 Conclusion 28 References 29 Task 1 Different types of organizations and the purpose 1.1 Purpose of organization Before we learn about the types of organizations, we need to learn the basic purpose of setting organizations. The main purpose of organization is to provide a pathway to their business setup and to set the main objective for their business. Organizations help in making profit in a standard way. The different purpose of organizations...
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...particularly strong in the areas of financial modeling and conducting legal and technical due diligence. These strengths are applicable in a wide variety of fields and we are constantly branching out to new areas to expand our product offering. Keystone has a global network of expert consultants across major cities including Boston, Delhi, Dubai, Hong Kong, London, New York, San Francisco, Singapore, Sydney, and Washington DC. Keystone is continually expanding to other major cities as its business grows. OUR APPROACH Keystone’s Project Teams pair international experts with local talent to devise Global Best Practice Solutions tailored to the specific country context. This also allows us to offer a high international quality service locally. Our first and foremost goal is to craft concrete and actionable steps for our clients that deliver results. OUR STRENGTHS Expertise : Keystone draws its strength from its diverse team of international experts. The company has a select group of affiliate consultants and experts residing abroad who work on projects as required. The team is comprised of practitioners and academics from a variety of disciplines, all with complementary skills, and extensive expertise. Keystone also maintains strategic links with other consulting and research institutes throughout the world. Experience : The company’s competitive...
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...Faculty Research Working Papers Series Industrial Policy for the Twenty-First Century Dani Rodrik November 2004 RWP04-047 The views expressed in the KSG Faculty Research Working Paper Series are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the John F. Kennedy School of Government or Harvard University. Copyright belongs to the author(s). Papers may be downloaded for personal use only. INDUSTRIAL POLICY FOR THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY* Dani Rodrik Harvard University John F. Kennedy School of Government 79 Kennedy Street Cambridge, MA 02138 (617) 495-9454 Fax: (617) 496-5747 E-mail: dani_rodrik@harvard.edu http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/rodrik/ This version September 2004 * This paper has been prepared for UNIDO. I am grateful to Francisco Sercovich for his guidance. I am also grateful to Robert Lawrence, Lant Pritchett, Andres Rodriguez-Clare, Andres Velasco, and especially Ricardo Hausmann and Roberto Unger for conversations over the last few years that led to the development of these ideas. None of these individuals should be held responsible for the views expressed here. I also thank Magali Junowicz for expert research assistance. I. Introduction Once upon a time, economists believed the developing world was full of market failures, and the only way in which poor countries could escape from their poverty traps was through forceful government interventions. Then there came a time when economists started to believe government failure was by far the...
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