...International Trade Theory and Policy Institution Date The aim of this article is to discuss a number of issues associated with the international trade theory and policy. First, the motives, nature and purpose of the original General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade have been discussed in this article. Also, the extent to which this purpose was achieved in the first 6 rounds of negotiations has been discussed. The reasons that drove President Reagan and his administration to propose the eighth round of negotiations are also featured in this article. Lastly, the reasons why there is still a significantly steep “effective” tariff hampering global free trade, despite fairly low tariffs on final goods have also been discussed in this article. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was formed in1947. This was after the United Nation conference whose aim was to create the International Trade Organization failed. The GATT came to an end in 1993. In 1995, the (World trade organization WHO) replaced GATT. GATT principal purpose was to boost fair trade by reducing and taking control of the trade tariffs amongst its member countries. In addition, it was responsible solving any trade disputes between the member countries. Before it ended, The GATT had become interested in the intellectual property rights and the effects of global trade on the environment. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade had a provision known “as the most favored nation status.” GATT refers...
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...nterII. 무역정책 1. 무역정책의 수단 무역정책: 국가간의 재화와 서비스의 흐름에 직접적인 영향을 미칠 목적으로 도입되는 정책 산업정책: 소비, 생산, 고용의 산업간 배분에 영향을 미칠 목적으로 도입되는 정책. 하지만 간접적으로 무역의 흐름에 영향을 미치게 된다., 2. 무역정책의 수단 1. 수입경쟁시장의 보호수단 가격규제 관세(tariff): 가장 투명하고, 왜곡이 적은 보호수단 종량세(specific tariff), 종가세(ad valorem tariff) 최소가격 제한 반덤핑 법, 가격지지 협정 등 물량적 규제 수입쿼터(import quota) 수입면허(import license) 쿼터 부과로 수입품의 공급이 축소하고, 수입품의 가격이 상승하면 수입을 할 권한 을 가진 사람의 소득은 증가하게 된다. 이를 쿼터 지대라고 부른다. 관세는 이러 한 지대를 정부에 귀속시키지만 물량적 규제는 그 방법에 따라 지대의 일부, 혹은 전부를 외국의 공급자에게 귀속시킬 수 있다. 이러한 면에서 수입억제효과가 동일 또한 물량 할 경우에도 물량적 규제는 관세보다 많은 후생손실을 초래하게 된다. 적 규제는 국내 공급자의 시장지배력을 증가 시키거나 외국 공급업자와의 담합을 초래함으로써 소비자에게 관세보다 더 큰 피해를 주기 쉽다. 또 수출국의 기술진 보가 있거나 국내 수입시장이 확대될 경우 관세 하에서는 수입량이 자동적으로 증 가하지만 물량적 규제 하에서는 이것이 불가능하다. 왜곡시키지만 물량적 규제는 이를 마비시킨다. 즉 관세는 비교우위의 작동을 이에 더하여 쿼터는 수출국간 차별 을 가져오기 쉬우며, 행정절차와 감독이 매우 복잡하고, 로비와 부패를 유발한다. GATT 명시적으로 수입쿼터를 제한하고 있으나, 많은 예외 인정 외환규제(exchange control) IMF 8 조 규제사항 국산화비율 규제(local content requirement) 국산화 비율이 일정 수준에 미달하면 수입품으로 간주 판매금지 혹은 높은 관 세 부과 참고: 스크린 쿼터 자율적 수출규제(VER, voluntary export restraint) 협정을 거부할 경우 명시적인 보호정책을 취할지 모른다는 위협을 배경으로 수 출국이 수출량을 동결하거나 축소하겠다는 협정을 맺도록 외교적으로 유도. 쿼터와 같은 효과를 가지면서 지대를 전부 외국 기업에게 귀속시킴으로 가장 비효율적인 수입규제 수단으로 평가. 1 2. 수출시장의 보호 수출보조금 내수가격을 증가 시켜 소비자에게 피해를 주며 외국시장 공급가격 을 하락 시켜 교역조건을 악화시킨다. 대부분의 경우 이러한 피해가 수출업자 의 이익을 상회함으로 경제학은 이를 자국의 후생을 자발적으로 감소시키는 우 매한 행위로 간주한다. GATT 규제사항. 자율적 수입확대(VIE, voluntary import expansion) 협정을 거부할 경우 보복정책을 취할 것이라는 위협을 배경으로 수입국이 수입량 을 확대할 것이라는 협정에 조인하도록 유도 ...
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...Woods, New Hampshire to discuss the new world order in trade and finance that would be instituted once the fighting stopped. The states at Bretton Woods embraced the philosophy of commercial liberalism, pursuing free trade in open markets, and the removal of any barriers to this trade and its resulting capital. Seeing commercial liberalism as a solution to conditions and woes that caused World War II, they believed that applying laissez-faire economics (as theorized by Adam Smith, David Ricardo, and John Maynard Keynes) at the international level would “promote more equal access to scarce resources, attract foreign capital and expertise, and foster competition – which generates pressure for increasing efficiency to lower production costs” (Kegley 305). Opening the world’s markets would create interdependence, increase communication, and states would want to solve their problems diplomatically, instead of with war, to avoid a loss in their investments. The nations at the Bretton Woods conference agreed to create three “pillars” for this new strategy: the World Bank for Reconstruction and Development, the International Monetary Fund, and the International Trade Organization (ITO). The ITO would be the engine for expanding world trade. The ITO became ensnared in negotiations, and states decided that they needed a temporary solution until the ITO could be established, so they signed the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), fulfilling the push towards commercial liberalism...
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...INTERNATIONAL TRADE & INVESTMENT Prof. Dr. Natalia Ribberink World Trade Center, Seoul, South Korea (Picture: Ribberink) INTERNATIONAL TRADE & INVESTMENT Preliminary Notes World Trade Center, Seoul, South Korea (Picture: Ribberink) Preliminary notes • Combination of lecture, seminar, group work and other forms of learning as appropriate; • Grading: working paper 60%, case studies 40% • Communication: natalia.ribberink@haw-hamburg.de © Prof. Dr. Natalia Ribberink 3 Agenda Chapter 1: Chapter 2: Chapter 3: Chapter 4: Chapter 5: International trade and investment environment International trade policy and instruments Forms of international trade FDI theories, patterns and forms FDI policy instruments For details s. Syllabus (will be provided in class on Nov 10, 2015). © Prof. Dr. Natalia Ribberink 4 Message icons Further reading Question for group discussion Case study Int. Trade & Investment Vocabulary © Prof. Dr. Natalia Ribberink 5 Online sources: AuslandsGeschäftsAbsicherung des Bundes: www.agaportal.de Außenwirtschaftsportal: www.ixpos.de Berne Union: www.berneunion.org.uk Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau: www.kfw.de OECD: www.oecd.org Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland: www.destatis.de The Economist: www.economist.com UNCTAD: www.unctad.org World Trade Organisation: www.wto.org © Prof. Dr. Natalia Ribberink 6 CHAPTER 1: International trade & investment environment Westside Market...
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...E 3. A 4. C 5. B 6. E 7. C 8. B 9. E 10. E Bretton Woods System: international financial system devised shortly before the end of WWII that created the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund Collective security: The idea that an attack on one country is an attack on all the countries Containment: U.S policy of opposing Soviet expansion and communist revolutions around the world with military forces, economic assistance, and political influence Cuban Missile Crisis: the 1962 confrontation over the deployment of ballistic missiles in Cuba that nearly escalated into nuclear war between the United States and the Soviet Union Defense policy: area of policy making that focuses on the strategies that a country uses to protect itself from its enemies Democratic enlargement: policy implemented during the Clinton administration in which the United States would actively promote the expansion of democracy and free markets throughout the world Department of Defense: chief executive branch department responsible for formulation and implementation of U.S defense and military policy Department of Homeland Security: cabinet department created after the 9/11 terrorist attacks to coordinate domestic security efforts Department of state: chief executive branch department responsible for formulation and implementation of U.S foreign policy Détente: the improvement in relations between the United States and the Soviet Union that occurred...
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...International Trade Simulation and Report Team B: Kimberly Castillo, Tanya Bell, Elijah B. Gowdy, Derrick Brown ECO/212 June 6, 2012 Instructor, John Holmberg One Advantage and One Limitation of International Trade Advantage and limitation of International Trade, Countries have different quantities, qualities, and cost for resources such as land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship (University of Phoenix, 2009). International trade is the import and export of these resources between countries. International trade allows countries to distribute their resources more efficiently. Importing and exporting of resources is vital to the economy. A gain from International trading is a price increase or decrease, in the local markets. If it is cheaper to make a good and export the good the importer will gain from trade by getting a good at a better price than what the opportunity cost of it would be. If the market price was higher, a lower price exporter will allow market price to fall and pose a benefit for consumers, in the sense that everyone gains the most with minimal losses in the short run. Four Key Points Emphasized in the Simulation Within the simulation team b has identified four key points that were underlined. First there is what is called dumping. Dumping is the selling of goods and products in other countries at a cost that is lower than the cost of those goods and products in its own country. Another key point identified in the simulation...
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...Impact of WTO on Globalization Trade Policy Introduction World Trade Organization (WTO), found in 1995 and headquarters is in Geneva, has its clearly main purposes since its beginning that to promote economic and trade development all over the world. Up to the end of 2008, there are more than 135 members in the organization. In particularly, with the expansion of globalization trade, international business is more often than any time in the history. As one of the most crucial carrier of economic globalization, WTO establishes a set of international trade rules focusing on the liberalization, which play a strong role of encouraging and guiding in the process of economic globalization (Pauwelyn, 2005). This essay will mainly discuss WTO’s influence on the rules of globalization trade in combination with the current reform of trade policy. It will explain the topic from the following four aspects in detail: first, the basic rules WTO set up for the international trade, then, rules on e-commerce, the new rising global business, third, the preferential rules made by WTO for developing countries, and at last, it will discuss the impacts of WTO’s regulations on environmental issues when doing global trade. Basic Rules WTO set up for the Global Trade WTO's main objective is to provide adequate competitive opportunities for the trade among the members, which needs recognized common rules and principles for members to abide. There are two basic principles, namely the MFN principle (referred...
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...International Economics, 9e (Krugman et al.) Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 What Is International Economics About? 1) Historians of economic thought often describe ________ written by ________ and published in ________ as the first real exposition of an economic model. A) "Of the Balance of Trade," David Hume, 1776 B) "Wealth of Nations," David Hume, 1758 C) "Wealth of Nations," Adam Smith, 1758 D) "Wealth of Nations," Adam Smith, 1776 E) "Of the Balance of Trade," David Hume, 1758 Answer: E Page Ref: 1 Difficulty: Easy Question Status: New 2) From 1960 to 2009, A) the U.S. economy roughly tripled in size. B) U.S. imports roughly tripled in size. C) the share of US Trade in the economy roughly tripled in size. D) U.S. Imports roughly tripled as compared to U.S. exports. E) U.S. exports roughly tripled in size. Answer: C Page Ref: 1 Difficulty: Easy Question Status: New AACSB Codes: Dynamics of the Global Economy 3) The United States is less dependent on trade than most other countries because A) the United States is a relatively large country with diverse resources. B) the United States is a "Superpower." C) the military power of the United States makes it less dependent on anything. D) the United States invests in many other countries. E) many countries invest in the United States. Answer: A Page Ref: 2 Difficulty: Easy Question Status: New AACSB Codes: Dynamics of the Global Economy 4) Ancient theories of international...
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...TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT A RESOURCE BOOK Edited by Adil Najam Mark Halle Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz TRADE AND ENVIRONMENT A RESOURCE BOOK Edited by Adil Najam Mark Halle Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz Trade and Environment: A Resource Book © 2007 International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD), International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development (ICTSD) and the Regional and International Networking Group (The Ring). Trade and Environment: A Resource Book Edited by Adil Najam, Mark Halle and Ricardo Meléndez-Ortiz ISBN 978-1-895536-99-7 Published by International Institute for Sustainable Development, International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, The Regional and International Networking Group This publication is available online at http://www.trade-environment.org http://www.iisd.org http://www.ictsd.org http://www.ring-alliance.org Cover photos from iStockphoto. Readers are encouraged to quote and reproduce this material for educational, not-for-profit purposes, provided the source is acknowledged. Printed on 100% post-consumer recycled paper. Trade and Environment: A Resource Book The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD, http://www.iisd.org) contributes to sustainable development by advancing policy recommendations on international trade and investment, economic policy, climate change, measurement and assessment, and natural resources management. Through the Internet, we report on international negotiations and...
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...AN INTERNATIONAL COUNTRY CASE STUDY OF SOUTH KOREA [pic] PREPARED BY INTERNATIONAL TRADE & ECON 470 Table of Contents Introduction 1 International Trade Theory 3 Revealed Comparative Advantage 3 Resource Endowments 3 RCA VS Technology Resource Endowments 6 Implication 3 International Trade Policy 4 Tariff Policy 5 Government Corruption & International Trade Policy 6 Implication 3 International Monetary System 1 Balance of Payment 3 Currency Value 3 Implication 1 Conclusion 1 Suggestions for Further Research 3 Work Cited 5 APPENDIX Figure 1.1 1 Figure 1.2 1 Figure 2.1 1 Figure 2.2 1 Figure 3.1 1 Figure 3.2 1 Figure 4.1 1 Figure 4.2 1 Figure 5.1 1 Figure 5.2 1 Introduction Overview of South Korea South Korea is formally known as the republic of Korea is a country in East Asia. The country covers a land area of 99,392 Km square and a population of 49.3 million. The country constitutes the southern part of the Korean Peninsula. South Korea is a developed nation ranked at position fifteen. In terms of education, the country is not left behind as it ranks highly in terms of providing high quality education to its citizens. Proper and quality healthcare facilities are also available in the country. South Korea is my country of choice because I got attracted by the efforts the country has put into place to grow from the world poorest country to be among...
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...Manual International Business Term-II (First Year) Batch-VIII (2014-2016) Instructor: Prof.N.S.Uppal Prof. (Dr) Sudhir Naib) Director 2 Year Full Time PGDM Programme Title of the course: International Business (Elective Course) Term: II (First Year) Instructor: Prof. N.S.Uppal Instructors e-mail: nsuppal@bulmim.ac.in 1. Introduction This course gives an overview of the concept of all those business activities that involve cross border transactions of goods, services and resources between two or more nations. This is an essential component in learning and understanding international trading principles and concepts. 2. Learning Outcomes: The objective of this course is to enable students to: 1. Understand nature ,scope and structure of international business 2. Understand impact of environmental factors on international business operations 3. Learn role of international economic institutions and global and regional trade agreements 4. Know about role of foreign trade in Indian Economy. 3. Module Overview The course will be covered in 20 sessions, including Mid Term exam after 10th session and each session is of 1 hour and 30 minutes. 4. Book (Text Book): Joshi, Rakesh Mohan, International Business, Oxford...
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... and Uthania has an established agricultural and industrial economy. All are potential trade partners. This Memorandum explains the factors of economic growth for Rodamia, the production possibilities frontiers, trade agreement and policies, and recommendation for the president of Rodamia to consider in his plan to form trade partners with its surrounding neighbors. I am advising the president of Rodamia recommendations for international trade. International trade is the exchanging of goods and services with one another. Many countries have particular resources that are not obtainable in the other, to meet the desires and wants of both countries so they trade. Many advantages and limits are concerned with trading. Benefits occur for each country, but there are many additional limits put into place to manage the amount and quality of international trade. Specific issues have an effect on international trade such as foreign exchange rates and government policies. Groups such as World Trade Organization who over looks international trade along with their members, making sure that rules and agreements are followed. Many advantages to international trade and few limitations that can be encountered in this simulation. One advantage of international trade is that each country has a choice. A choice whether to impose trade barriers or to engage in free trade. One limitation of international trade is the time a country decides to impose a tariff or a quota on another country; there are...
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...Vietnam National University – HCMC International University SCHOOL OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION COURSE SYLLABUS[?] BA121IU International Economics Note: The outline with specific venue and time, and updated learning materials for the current semester will be provided to the enrolled students by the lecturer 1. COURSE STAFF Lecturer: Ho Nhut Quang. Ph.D Room: A.401 Telephone: 0903339767 E-mail: hnquang@hcmiu.edu.vn Consultation Hours: 13h.00- Mondays - Thursdays Teaching Assistant: TBA Room: TBA Telephone: TBA E-mail: TBA Consultation Hours: TBA Should the students wish to meet the staff outside the consultation hours, they are advised to make appointment in advance. 2. COURSE INFORMATION 2.1 Teaching times and Locations Lecture: TBA Venue: TBA 2.2 Units of Credit This course is worth 3 credits. 2.3 Parallel teaching in the course There is no parallel teaching involved in this course. 2.4 Relationship of this course to others The International Trade course focuses on two main parts. The first part deals with international trade theories and policies among countries. And the second part mentions the problems international monetary. Both parts utilize many concepts and knowledge from the courses of Microeconomics and Macroeconomics. Theoretical analysis will be based on the demand and supply model, the concepts of consumer...
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...on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) was established in 1964 as a permanent intergovernmental body. UNCTAD is the principal organ of the United Nations General Assembly dealing with trade, investment, and development issues. The organization's goals are to: "maximize the trade, investment and development opportunities of developing countries and assist them in their efforts to integrate into the world economy on an equitable basis." The primary objective of UNCTAD is to formulate policies relating to all aspects of development including trade, aid, transport, finance and technology. The conference ordinarily meets once in four years; the permanent secretariat is in Geneva. One of the principal achievements of UNCTAD has been to conceive and implement the Generalised System of Preferences (GSP). It was argued in UNCTAD that to promote exports of manufactured goods from developing countries, it would be necessary to offer special tariff concessions to such exports. Accepting this argument, the developed countries formulated the GSP scheme under which manufacturers' exports and some agricultural goods from the developing countries enter duty-free or at reduced rates in the developed countries. Since imports of such items from other developed countries are subject to the normal rates of duties, imports of the same items from developing countries would enjoy a competitive advantage. The creation of UNCTAD in 1964 was based on concerns of developing countries over the international market...
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...International Business, 14e (Daniels et al.) Chapter 6 International Trade and Factor-Mobility Theory 1) Which of the following is NOT a reason that international trade theory is useful for managers to understand? A) Countries use trade theories to help them decide how to improve their competitive positions, such as improving the quantity and quality of production factors. B) Countries' trade policies affect whether imports are allowed to compete against domestic production, thus affecting where companies need to produce to serve given markets. C) Countries use laissez-faire policies to intervene in the free movement of international trade, thus affecting where companies can produce most efficiently. D) Countries wrestle with the questions and set policies on what, with whom, and how much they should import and export, thus affecting companies' abilities to produce given products efficiently and sell them into given markets. Answer: C Diff: 3 Learning Outcome: Compare and contrast theories of international trade Skill: Concept Objective: 1 2) Why should managers in international business understand international trade theories? A) Countries' trade policies, based on trade theories, influence which products companies might export to given countries. B) The understanding helps managers decide whether their companies should follow laissez-faire management practices. C) The theories help managers decide whether to use large-scale versus small-scale technologies...
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