...Worksheet PS1050 - Intro Psychology National American University Professor LaTasha Rogers December 9, 2015 RSQC2 Worksheet Directions: Fill in the blanks below. Identify the following parts of a neuron (need an image): (dendrites, axon, terminal buttons, myelin sheath) List at least one effect of each of the following neurotransmitters: * Acetylcholine- which transmits messages relating to our muscles and is involved in memory capabilities * Glutamate- plays a role in memory, is the effect on the synaptic plasticity * GABA- moderates behaviors from eating to aggression, increases the amount of human growth hormone * Dopamine- involved in movement, attention, and learning * Serotonin- associated with the regulation of sleep, eating, and pain, it also improves and contributes to moods * Endorphins- involved in the brain’s effort to deal with pain and elevate mood Write one – two sentence descriptions of the following: * Nervous system- is made up of the central nervous system. Network of nerve cells and fibers that transmit nerve impulses between parts of the body. * Endocrine system- secretes hormones, chemicals that regulate the functioning of the body, via the bloodstream. * Central core- consists of the brain and spinal cord, help regulate basic life processes, including breathing, pulse, arousal, movement, balance, sleep, and the early stage of processing sensory information. * Limbic system- found on the border...
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...HELLO THERE The visual system in humans and animals allows individuals to assimilate information from the environment. The act of seeing starts when the lens of the eye focuses an image of its surroundings onto a light-sensitive membrane in the back of the eye, called the retina. The retina is actually part of the brain that is isolated to serve as a transducer for the conversion of patterns of light into neuronal signals. The lens of the eye focuses light on the photoreceptive cells of the retina, which detect the photons of light and respond by producing neural impulses. These signals are processed in a hierarchical fashion by different parts of the brain, from the retina upstream to central ganglia in the brain. Note that up until now much of the above paragraph could apply to octopi, molluscs, worms, insects and things more primitive; anything with a more concentrated nervous system and better eyes than say a jellyfish. However, the following applies to mammals generally and birds (in modified form): The retina in these more complex animals sends fibers (the optic nerve) to the lateral geniculate nucleus, to the primary and secondary visual cortex of the brain. Signals from the retina can also travel directly from the retina to the superior colliculus. The second school advocated the so called 'intro-mission' approach which sees vision as coming from something entering the eyes representative of the object. With its main propagators Aristotle, Galen and their followers...
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...senses=changes in the body’s internal environment. Ex. Blood pressure Types of Stimulus: *Photoreceptors> light *Chemoreceptors>chemicals Ex. Changes in pH, metabolite concentrations etc. *Mechanoreceptors>respond when deformed by mechanical forces. Receptors for sound and balance in the ear also involved with these. *Thermoreceptors> warmth/cold *Nociceptors>pain receptors. Specifically, tissue damage provides stimulus. Definitions: Transduction= the receptor in a cell converts some of the stimulus energy into an electrical signal that provides information for the nervous system. Threshold=minimal level of excitement required for a nerve receptor to be excited. General Potential=weak stimulus that initiates a depolarization below threshold. Frequency code=the frequency of action potentials increases as the stimuli intensity increases. Objectives I-III are all pretty well covered in the intro. , so the bulk of the notes are started with Objective IV. Objective IV: Threshold In order to excite a receptor it has to...
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...Steven Harris Intro to Psych MWF 8-850 2/14/14 Chapter 2 the Brain Every human has the same amount of brain, which is three pounds solid. The brain is connected to the CNS (Central Nervous System) and the PNS (Peripheral Nervous System). The CNS is the processing center of the nervous system. Two main organs of the CNS are the brain and the spinal cord. The brain processes and interprets sensory information sent from the spinal cord. The CNS receives information from and sends information to the PNS. The peripheral is all of the nerves and others that go outward from the spinal cord. In these nervous systems, there are neurons. Neurons act as signals for the brain and transmit information. The brain makes up 2 percent of the total body weight. It has been found that the brain has 1 trillion neurons. With talking of the brain, there is controversy on the subject of the sides of the brain. The left side of the brain is said to be the side which has to do with spoken language, math, logic, etc. The right side of the brain is the side that has to do with the artistic matters. There are also different parts of the brain. The cerebrum, is the largest part of the brain. The cerebrum has two hemispheres, right controls left, and left controls right. The cerebellum, is the second largest part of the brain, which regulates correlation, balance, and movement. The cerebellum makes up 20 percent of the brains mass. There is also the thalamus, which just acts as a relay station for...
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...Reference to REM-OFF Neurons In Locus Coeruleus” (Pal & Mallick, 2007), was researched in the study section of this unit and is discussed, as it relates to neuroanatomical structures. The reading stated that GABA is an amino acid, and denoted as the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain (Carlson, 2013). Additionally, GABAergic can work on several areas of the neuroanatomical structure, for example, in the pontine reticular formation, where GABAergic REM-on Cells works with other neurons in ventrolateral preoptic area (VLPO) to inhibit monaminergic transmission (Carlson, 2013). Sundström Poromaa et al., (2003) support this view when they describe the GABA neurotransmitter as; “the GAGAergic system is a ubiquitous and primary mediator of inhibition the nervous system” (p. 24). Next, the two types of GABA neurotransmitters are discussed, as they relate to the reading in the next paragraph. From the literature review, two types of the GABA receptors were described, which are GABAB receptors and GABAA- receptors (Sundström Poromaa et al., 2003). Those two types of GABA receptors coincides with the reading in regards to ionotropic receptors, where the neurotransmitter directly produces a rapid opening of ion channels through the membrane, as well as a rapid ending (Carlson, 2013) or GABAA, as described in the article (Sundström Poromaa et al., 2003). In addition, the reading also submitted that metabotropic receptors in contrast to the ionotropic action, are indirectly...
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...A-beta Eric Roach July 05, 2011 Psych 1 M-Th In the United States Alzheimer’s is one of the fasts growing cause of death. This article explains how Alzheimer’s takes away a person’s mind. It also goes into detail about A-beta. According to this article A-beta is large plaques that were formerly indicted--are likely to be malicious, capable of destroying nerve cell connections. This is a research article that clearly explains how Alzheimer’s destroys the human mind. The article gives the impression that the A-beta is the cause of Alzheimer’s. Once they figure out how it causes the disease they can work on the process for a cure. The importance of this article for a student can be good for the information on A-beta. It also gives good detail on how Alzheimer’s tares apart the human brain. This can give the student a good understanding of Alzheimer’s. This article can help with a student doing research on the possible cause of Alzheimer’s. This type of article released in the public is good for those who may have symptoms of Alzheimer’s. It may also give the since of hope from research done for a cure. For most of the questions asked about the disease this article answers them. So I do think it would be helpful. One of the importance’s of this article is the information of what Alzheimer’s is....
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...Nadia Hamed English 11 CP Mrs. Martin 1 October 2012 Juvenile Justice Juveniles should not be charged as adults, because their brains aren’t fully developed and they’re legally not an adult till the age of 18 by law. Personally I think that kids shouldn’t be punished as adults. There are a lot of evidence and arguments against my theory, but I strongly believe that kids are kids and don’t deserve to be treated like adults when it comes to being put on trial. “Studies show that one-third of the level to thirteen year olds studied and 20 percent of those fourteen or fifteen year olds had levels of reasoning and awareness comparable to those of a mentally ill adult judged not competent to stand trial” (krikorian 2). To farther explain “In recent teen-brain research is the finding that a massive loss of brain tissue occurs in the teen years” (Thompson 4). My belief is no matter what crime you committee, you should get the consequences you deserve. A kid under the age of 18 isn’t considered an adult in which case they shouldn’t be charged as one. If you really think about it, It’s insane to execute 15, 16, or even 17 year old minors. It’s just absurd. Another good piece of evidence is that “The brain is like a puzzle, and growth is fastest in the exact parts the kids need to learn skills at different times” (Thompson 6). A human brain is a bit tricky, just like the law. When a human being is first brought to life is when their brains start to develop till the time when...
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...Parkinson's is progressive, meaning the signs and symptoms become worse over time. Although Parkinson's may eventually be disabling, the disease often progresses gradually, and most people have many years of productive living after a diagnosis. We will be going through the organ system Parkinson’s affects as well as the signs, symptoms, and treatements. Organ System Affected With Parkinson’s The major organ system affected by Parkinson’s is the nervous system. The nervous system is the major controlling, regulatory, and communicating system in the body. It is the center of all mental activity including thought, learning, and memory. Together with the endocrine system, the nervous system is responsible for regulating and maintaining homeostasis. Like other systems in the body, the nervous system is composed of organs, principally the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and ganglia. These, in turn, consist of various tissues, including nerve, blood, and connective tissue. Together these carry out the complex activities of the nervous system. The various activities of the nervous system can be grouped together as three general, overlapping functions, sensory, integrative, and motor. Functions of the Nervous System Millions of sensory receptors detect changes, called stimuli, which occur inside and outside the body. They monitor such things as temperature, light, and sound from the external environment. Inside the body, the internal environment, receptors detect variations in pressure,...
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...he function of nervous system is to coordinate the activities of our body. It is the control system for all our actions, thinking and behaviour. The nervous system helps all other systems of our body to work together.The nervous system is like a manager inside our body. Its job is to control and coordinate the parts of our body so that they work together, doing their job at the right time. Our nervous system coordinates muscles so that we can do things which need thinking like reading, writing, cycling or dancing. The nervous system also coordinates things which we don't have to think about, like heart beat and breathing. The human nervous system receives information from the surroundings, processes it, interprets it and then responds accordingly. The nervous system also passes information from one internal system to another. For example, as soon as we put food in our mouth, it immediately causes the release of saliva from the salivary glands. The Unit of Nervous System: Neuron : The units which make up the nervous system are called nerve cells or neurons. So, neuron is the structural and functional unit of the nervous system. We can now say that nervous system is made of special cells called neurons. Neuron is the largest cell in the body (which looks like an electric wire). Neurons contain the same basic parts as any other animal cell but their structure is specially adapted to be able to carry messages over large distances in the body quickly. The neurons carry...
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...The Use of Animals as Humans Part of Syllabus to which it relates: Could animals or machines be persons? Number of words: 1,608 Source Material: Garfield by Jim Davis at gocomcs.com (http://www.gocomics.com/garfield/2011/08/12) All rights reserved to Jim Davis Garfield, a normal house cat, lives with his owner, Jon, and constantly have talks between each other. Yet, in this comic shown, there is a question derived from the knowledge of what Garfield can do, and that is if animals could be a person. The obvious answer to any average human would be 'No', but only by means of distinguishing between a normal household cat and a human and only comparing the physical body structure of both. After all, Garfield is supposed to be a normal household cat. But, he may have that human personality, because he thinks and it is somewhat of a communication with Jon. He also stands just like a human, and has a background for drinking coffee out of a mug, making him somewhat of a person. Yet this comic, depicting him as Jon's kid only for the practice of having kids, only describe the topic of believing that animals could be persons. Garfield is fat tabby cat that has a big attitude between him, Odie, a dog also in the house, and Jon. Yet, throughout the comic series, Garfield also struggles with human problems, such as diets, loathing of Mondays, apathy, boredom, and working out. Most of the time, Garfield is found either with himself or Jon in a conversation speaking through thought...
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...Canal: the narrow, tube like passage through which sound enters the ear. Hearing Impairment: a reduction or defect in the ability to perceive sound. Hearing Aid: a compact electronic amplifier worn to improve one’s hearing, usually placed in or behind the ear. Mild Deafness: mild hearing loss is typically classified as a hearing loss of around 26 to 45 decibels. Moderate Deafness: people with moderate deafness have some difficulty in following speech in most settings, but can generally. Meningitis: the inflammation of the meninges around the brain and spinal cord is called as meningitis. It leads to swelling around the brain and spinal cord, leading to headache, stiff neck and fever. Neural: of or pertaining to a nerve or the nervous system Otitis Externa: inflammation of the external ear. Profound Hearing: 80 or Db or more difficulty hearing and understanding, even with amplification get a lot of help from wearing a hearing aid Psychologist: a specialist in psychology Sensorineutral: related to or affecting a sensory nerve or a sensory mechanism together with...
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...Music is unique to human beings. We are the only species on earth capable of making and comprehending music. It has existed since the early stages of human life; it is believed that music was developed before language and speech. It has the power to change our moods and behavior, as well as affect the way we go about the things we are simultaneously doing. Music is constantly changing and evolving, and many times it shapes our current culture. There is argument over whether the music nowadays has a negative effect on America’s youth. Hip-hop takes the blame for many social problems in America, however many people overlook the influence it has and are unwilling to learn what it is about. Music, and more specifically hip-hop, has a positive influence on people and our culture in several different ways, including the way it affects the human brain, and the way it shapes and changes our culture and society as a whole. Music has an effect over people on a neurological level, which goes unnoticed by many. Music makes the human brain operate and can be beneficial at very early stages of brain development. Music helps immensely in learning and memorization; babies can even speed up their auditory comprehension due to musical exposure. Adults speak slowly to babies, annunciate syllables, and emphasize the pitch of their voice according to whether they are saying a demand or a question. For example the pitch of your voice goes up when asking a question and goes down or stays even throughout...
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...Karis Hayden Cassendra Russell PSI 120 25 January 2010 Brain Plasticity Brain plasticity is a term that sounds so odd to most of us. The term itself is the process of the human brain being able to change for better or for worse throughout life. Jodie was a young girl whose brain started changing rapidly. Her right hemisphere was not working the way that it was supposed to resulting in her losing the ability to use the left side of her body. She also started having seizers at a young age. She underwent a surgery that’s outcome would be to live the rest of her life with only half of her brain. This outcome to most people is shocking. My first judgment was that it was impossible. After watching this clip I was amazed at how the brain, or rather the human body is able to adjust to such drastic changes. In the clip Dr. Benjamin Carson stated “Human beings are incredible creatures with a brain that is beyond belief in terms of its capabilities; to the point where we can take half of it out and still function in a normal way.” Once she had gone through the surgery she was able to walk out of the hospital within 10 days. That is amazing that such a young girl can go through that and still be living a normal life. Of course after the physical change there are several changes that happen to the body, but because of the plasticity she was ambulant. The reason she is able to be functioning is because of plasticity which is when the brain changes shape creating new connections between...
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...Cover Brain Science is shedding light on why people behave the way they do and how to better manage them. ByAdrienne Fox ecall the many times you have been jazzed up afler hearing a motivational speaker. 'ou vow to return home and put those d>iiamic insights into practice immediately. But somewhere between the presentation and the next day's business, that resolution disappears more quickly than doughnuts at a Monday morning meeting. Don't despair: It's not you; its your brain. And you will find solace in learning that there are scientific explanations for why you didn't act on the speaker's advice, as well as for many other perplexing human behaviors. Why do people only retain a fraction of what they leam? Why do they get a boost of energy when their bosses meaningfiiUy praise their work? Wliy do they tire when focusing on one activit}'? Once mere speculators about the hows and whys of human response, cognitive scientists are discovering what happens in the brain to cause such reactions. And as neuroscientists continue to study why humans do the things they do, human resource professionals can turn that knowledge to practical use in the workplace. The joining of psychologj' (the study of the human mind and behavior) and neuroscience (physiological study of the brain) sheds light on the brain's role in human nature and behavior. Researchers in this field now map what happens in the hrain during learning, engagement, motivation and social interaction. Thanks to technologies...
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...Axia College Material Appendix C Brain Response of Behavior Part I Note: Parts II and III follow below, complete all three. Run Multimedias 2.3 and 2.4 o Go to the Web site www.prenhall.com/morris. o Click text: Psychology: An Introduction (12th ed.) o Click “2” on the select a chapter tool bar. o Click Live!Psych on the left hand menu. o Select 2.3 and 2.4. Write a 350- to 700-word response to the following: Explain the communication process of neurons in the brain. List some common neurotransmitters and describe their effect on behavior. The ways neurons communicate are through electrochemical process. Chemical messages are sent from one neuron to another through its dendrites. Once a message has been received by a neuron it changes electrically. This rapid change is called rapid potential, also known as nerve impulse. The impulse travels from the beginning of the axon to the terminal buttons that are located at the end of the axon. This process causes neurotransmitters to release which allows messages to reach the next neuron. The site where the nerve impulses transmit from one nerve to another is called synapse. Neurons are separated by a gap called the synaptic cleft. This is located between the terminal buttons at the end of the axon. All messages must past this cleft. There is a neuron on each side of the cleft. The one that sends is called the presynaptic, and the receiver is the postsynaptic neuron. Inside the presynaptic...
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