...COST ACCOUBTING INFORMATION SYSTEM OF NESTLE INPUT MEASUREMENT BASIS STANDARD COSTING Nestle is using STANDARD COSTING as a base for input measurement Standard costs are usually associated with a company’s costs of direct material, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead. Rather than assigning the actual costs of direct material, direct labor, and manufacturing overhead to a product, nestle’ like many manufacturers assigns the expected or standard cost. This means that its inventories and cost of goods sold will began with amounts reflecting the standard costs, nor the actual costs, of a product Nestle’, of course still has to pay the actual costs. As a result there almost always differences between the actual costs and the standard costs, and those differences are known as variances, REASON FOR USING STANDARD COSTING Nestle is currently using Standard costing method because the related variances are valuable management tool. If a variance arises, management becomes aware that manufacturing costs have differed from the standard (planned. expected) costs. • If actual costs are greater than...
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...MANAGEMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL 1. Meaning and Types of Finance: Finance - Finance is the Art & Science of Managing Money - Finance is the Art of passing currency from hand to hand until it finally disappears Types & Sources of Finance ____________________________________________________________ ________ Long Term Sources of Finance - Finance required to meet Capital Expenditure - Also, known as Fixed Capital Finance Short Term Sources of Finance - Finance required to meet day-to-day Business requirements - Also, known as Working Capital Finance 2. Working Capital Management: Working Capital (WC) ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________ Basics regarding WC Meaning of WC Working Capital Concept Factors Affecting WC Meaning of WC Management Importance of WC Management Classification/Type of WC A On the Basis of Concept (i) (ii) Gross Working Capital Net Working Capital (Positive & Negative Working Capital) Methods of estimating WC Conventional Method Operating Cycle Method Cash Cost Method Balance Sheet Method B On the Basis of Periodicity (i) (ii) Fixed / Permanent Working Capital (Regular & Reserve Margin/ Cushion WC) Variable Working Capital (Seasonal & Special Working Capital) Parag Nalin Doshi 1/12/2009 www.CAalley.com Meaning of Working Capital: - Working Capital is the amount of Capital that a Business has available to meet the day-to-day cash requirements of its operations - Working...
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...Inventory Management is a necessary Evil General Area: Supply Chain Management (SCM) Problem Area: Inventory Management a necessary Evil Ravi Kumar PGP/17/108 Email: ravik17@iimk.ac.in Indian Institute of Management, Kozhikode Abstract This article tries to explore how inventory management is one of the integral part of various business units in today’s business world. There are many modeling techniques available in Inventory management evolving very rapidly over a period of time, which can be used for performing different functions of meeting the customer satisfaction and helping the firms to achieve highly efficient SCM and in turn increase their profit margin. Not just that Inventory management systems have capability of meeting the uncertainty of demand by providing planned and effective way countering these uncertainties. This articles also discuss the critical point of inventory being a necessary evil i.e. with inventory firms have to bear certain cost but without it they can’t beat the demand uncertainties. The current models available however have discussed various issues related with the inventory management in real world but models are evolving to get rid of obsolescence and be competitive. There is lot of potential locked up in these models which can change the way managements make decisions in today’s world. Thus there is scope for applying systems thinking methodology this area and bring out synergies in different applications of Inventory management...
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...United States. PIGS has three inventory departments which consist of live hogs ready for sale, developing animals, and processed pork items. Management has concerns about how to evaluate their different levels of inventory, and how they should account for impairment. The issue of impairment relates only to the live hogs and developing animals sold to third parties because management believes the internal pork products will be able to satisfy the cost of live hogs and animals processed internally. II. How should the company determine whether an inventory impairment exists i. Should inventory be evaluated for impairment under the lower of cost or market method on a total inventory basis? According to the FASB Accounting Standards Codification ASC 330-10-35-8 (inventory) " Depending on the character and composition of the inventory, the rule of lower of cost or market may properly be applied either directly to each item or to the total of the inventory (or in some cases, the total of the components of each category). The method shall be that which most clearly reflects periodic income." When a firm chooses to value its inventories based on the profitability of one inventory division it makes the assumption that all of the inventory divisions are equal in value to one another. Consequently, this can be a flawed approach when a company has several divisions of inventory that differ in value. Since the majority of PIGS inventory is processed pork products they...
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...discussed the flow of Inventory, and as you can imagine this is important to us being able to meet our customer expectations. Based on the materials covered, what method you feel is the best for managing flows of inventories. Inventory management is a criterion which is used to look after the flow of products and services in and out of an organization A company can operate with just one way of managing inventory or they can go for combination of inventory management methods depends upon the nature and amount of inventories. Businesses utilize inventory management strategies to create invoices and purchase orders, generate receipts and control inventory-related accounting. Just in time is a popular method of inventory control and management for a manufacturing concern. The concept behind this type of inventory control is that, the delivery of the inventory happens at the time of production and not earlier. It also delivers the exact amount of inventory that can be used for production, not more. JIT very much depend on the supply chain of a company because non availability of inventory will affect the process of production very badly. Some of the advantages of using just in time delivery are the following * Low warehousing costs. Since the inventory is not stored in Just in Time method, the expenditures on maintaining the inventory in the warehouse of the company can be eliminated. * Effective and efficient Supply Chain Management This method will make sure that the...
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...Laureijs; José Adriano Machado Subject: Group 2’s analysis of Managing Earnings by Manipulating Inventory: The Effects of Cost Structure and Valuation Method Introduction In this memo, we intend to analyze and breakdown Managing Earnings by Manipulating Inventory: The Effects of Cost Structure and Valuation Method by Kirsten A. Cook, Ryan Houston & Michael R. Kinney’s major faults and weak-points. The article examines how production cost structure and inventory valuation affect a company’s earning management through inventory manipulation. Its two main findings are the following: i. Firms with high fixed-cost ratios are more likely to manipulate production but make smaller abnormal inventory changes than companies with low fixed-costs ratios; ii. LIFO firms are less likely than other companies to manage earnings by using the production lever (i.e. shifting fixed costs between COGS and inventory) because they may also manage earnings by liquidating LIFO layers and releasing the LIFO reserve. Before we begin our analysis, we put together a brief rundown of the essential concepts the article’s authors go through to form their conclusions. Cost Structure Cost structure refers to the types and relative proportions of fixed and variable costs that a business incurs. Valuation methods A company can value its inventory using several methods. The two most important methods are LIFO (“last in first out”) and FIFO (“first in, first out”). Under FIFO, the cost of goods...
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...Recommendations on Implementing Automated Inventory Management Systems at Al-Baldani Trading Contracting Establishment. (BBA-604) Synopsis submitted by: Arifa Jamil Syed BBA (General) 541110506 Table of Content Executive Summary 3 Part 1: Understanding the industry & company 4 Part 2: Introduction 6 Objective 6 Methodology 7 Conclusion 8 5. Recommendation 8 Part 3: 1. Appendix 9 (Part 1) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The goal of this project is to...
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...technological advances allows any business to track, trace, and predict inventory usage up to the moment. Each diagram in an analyses alludes to how accurate an organization’s methodology for operations is. Data tables are a useful tool for organizations to determine a cost-effective method for improving inventory control and for creating methods to improve business processes. Evaluate Data Table Design Elements from an Accounting Perspective Kudler’s Fine Foods’ requires the use of data tables for management to perform an accurate analysis for controlling inventory. Personnel must possess information with little effort to perform daily operations. A data table’s ability to organize information is a large contributor in management’s ability to order adequate inventory. The information available also helps management calculate the Just in Time (JIT) inventory method. Supplemental, the inventory information is crucial to determine when to order more inventory and the amount to order as well. The grocery store’s current inventory data table illustrates critical information such as, item codes, inventory items, locations, and the total value of the inventory (and each individual item’s price). Kudler’s Fine Foods’ current inventory data table system is capable of identifying locations, inventory items, and prices with exact detail. The general ledger coding allows management to locate which store carries certain inventory items. The first two numbers in the code illustrate the store’s...
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...Debits, Credits, and Inventory Costs Part 1: Double-Accounting Method of Recording When using the double-accounting system, also known as the double-entry method, each transaction on the General Journal and associated account activity catalog must be recorded at least into two accounts. The debit account, often on the left, is denoted by ‘Dr’ while the credit account, often on the right side, is denoted by ‘Cr’. The entries are made depending on the account type, which may be an asset, a liability, an expense account etcetera, or depending on whether the transaction increases the account or decreases it (Lee, 1977). For instance, any transaction noted on the debit side would add to the assets account. Alternatively, a transaction would be entered on the debit side if it lowers the liabilities or the equity. On the other hand, all transactions that lower the assets account would be posted on the credit side. Any transaction that adds to the liabilities or the equity would similarly be entered on the credit side of the General Journal. Debits and credits have effects on particular accounts. A debit entry can increase either an asset account or an expense account, or decrease equity account or a liability account. A credit entry, on the other hand, either increases the liability account or the equity account, or conversely decreases the asset account or the expense account. Therefore, when assets rise, they are recorded in the debit account. However...
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...MANAGEMENT OF WORKING CAPITAL 1. Meaning and Types of Finance: Finance - Finance is the Art & Science of Managing Money - Finance is the Art of passing currency from hand to hand until it finally disappears Types & Sources of Finance ____________________________________________________________________ Long Term Sources of Finance Short Term Sources of Finance - Finance required to meet Capital Expenditure - Also, known as Fixed Capital Finance - Finance required to meet day-to-day Business requirements - Also, known as Working Capital Finance 2. Working Capital Management: Working Capital (WC) ________________________________________________________________________________________ Basics regarding WC - Meaning of WC Working Capital Concept Factors Affecting WC Meaning of WC Management Importance of WC Management Classification/Type of WC A On the Basis of Concept (i) (ii) Gross Working Capital Net Working Capital (Positive & Negative Working Capital) Methods of estimating WC - Conventional Method Operating Cycle Method Cash Cost Method Balance Sheet Method B On the Basis of Periodicity (i) Fixed / Permanent Working Capital (Regular & Reserve Margin/ Cushion WC) (ii) Variable Working Capital (Seasonal & Special Working Capital) Parag Nalin Doshi 1/12/2009 www.CAalley.com Meaning of Working Capital: - Working Capital is the amount of Capital that a Business has available to meet the day-to-day cash...
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... Inventory Valuation Overview Learning Team B Zhra Ghavam, Rochelle Ingram, Chris Staphylaris, and Glorina Tukes QRB/501 31 January 2013 Instructor: David Libhart Inventory Valuation Overview The inventory a company holds often accounts for a significant portion of all assets with a direct correlation to the balance sheet. Inventory includes assets intended for sale, assets in production, and assets that will be used for future production of goods. A company’s ending inventory can be calculated by adding the value of any beginning inventory with net purchases then subtracting the cost of goods sold. The equivalent mathematical representation is: Ending Inventory = Beginning Inventory + Net Purchases - Cost of Goods Sold (Inventory valuation, 2010). While there are numerous industry recognized standards for a valuation of inventory, three of the most common valuation systems include First-In, First-Out – FIFO, Last-In, First-Out – LIFO and Just-In-Time – JIT valuation systems. First-In, First-Out Goods processed or received by an organization are placed in holding as First-In, First-Out; this inventory system is used to track product for use and revenue gained. In the FIFO inventory valuation system, assets or inventory received first are the first ones to be used...
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...OPEN LEARNING PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE UNIT CODE: BAC 502: UNIT TITLE: FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT Course Lecturer: F. Abdul LESSON ONE INTRODUCTION 1.1. What is Financial Management Financial management can be defined as the management of the finances of an organisation in order to achieve the financial objectives of the organization. The usual assumption in financial management for the private sector is that the objectives for the company is to maximize shareholders wealth. 1.2. Financial Planning The financial manager will need to plan to ensure that enough funding is available at the right time to meet the needs of the organisation for short, medium and long-term capital. a) b) 1.3. In the short-term, funds may be needed to pay for purchases of inventory, or to smooth out changes in receivables, payables and cash: the financial manager is here ensuring that working capital requirements are met. In the medium or long term, the organisation may have planned purchase of fixed assets such as plant and equipment, for which the financial manager must ensure that funding is available. Financial Management decisions The financial management decisions relate to investment, financing and dividends. The management of risk must also be considered. Investments in assets must be financed somehow. Financial management is also concerned with the management of short-term funds and with how funds can be raised over the long term. The retention of profits is a financing...
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...company’s business plan and the related inventory control and capitalization policy. The authors’ of this paper will also justify why each policy was chosen and evaluate how the policies assists our business to meet its goals. Finally, alternative methods will be discussed with regard to why they were not chosen. Type of Business Practice Team B intends to do business as a provider of Durable Medical equipment (DME) and prosthetics, orthotics, and supplies (POS). Team B chose this merchandise to sell retail as Medicare Part B covers a wide range of DME for use in the home, including oxygen equipment and supplies, hospital beds, wheelchairs, walkers, and renal dialysis machines. The coverage for POS, in both home and nursing home settings, includes enteral (tube feedings) nutrition therapy, urological supplies, surgical dressings, and devices such as hand braces and artificial limbs. DMEPOS benefits are especially important to the sick and disabled Medicare beneficiaries. This allows them to avoid institutionalization, and live more mobile and independent lives. Usage of such equipment helps this population to be maintainers of a high quality of life, (Hoerger, Finkelstein, & Bernard. Fall 2001). Effective management and control of assets should be a company wide initiative. Our goal is to minimize capital tied up in uncollectible invoices, obsolete inventory, and vacant building space. Our intent is to have an asset management control system that is flexible and able...
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...provides for safeguarding of assets and proper recording of transactions. This research is done about the inventory internal control system in Burger King outlets located in Portmore. Companies should store inventory in secure spacious warehouses so that inventory is not stolen or damaged. Goods and resources of similar type should be kept in the same general area of the warehouse to minimize confusion and to ensure accurate counts. In an aid to control stock most companies use physical inventory counts which are a way of ensuring that a company's inventory management system is accurate and as a check to make sure goods are not being lost or stolen or cycle counts which is conducted periodically throughout an accounting period as a means to ensure that the information in its inventory management system is correct. A company's investment in inventory is usually a large one, and it may be comprised of a large number of merchandise items that can be readily stolen and resold. If the inventory contains mostly raw materials, then keeping track of it is essential for ensuring that the production processes using it will not run short of materials. In A. Artwell’s blog, an accountant for 10years she listed the key internal controls of inventory as organizing the inventory, counting all incoming inventory, tagging all inventory, conducting cycle counts, and signing for all inventory removed from the...
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...Your Name DATE: Submission Date SUBJECT: Recommended Inventory Valuation Method Introduction I have calculated the ending inventory for Fan Company A using the four following inventory valuation methods: Periodic FIFO (First In, First Out) Periodic Average Cost Perpetual FIFO Perpetual LIFO (Last In , First Out) to determine which inventory method to recommend to the management of the Company. A summary of my calculations follows. Provide an explanation of your calculations for each of the inventory valuation methods. Finally, your recommendation. Fully explain how your inventory valuation method impacts the Company’s net income and why it is better than the other methods. INCOME EFFECT LIFO | WA | FIFO | Sales | 100,000 | 100,000 | 100,000 | CGAS (Beg Inv. + Purchases) | 74,000 | 72,000 | 70,000 | Ending Inventory | (48,000) earlier cost | (50,000) | (52,000) later cost | CGS | 26,000 later cost | 22,000 | 18,000 earlier cost | Income Effect | 74,000 | 78,000 | 82,000 | Under the FIFO method, the first goods purchased are considered to be the first goods used or sold. Ending inventory is thus made up of the latest (most recent) purchases. Because of this, the FIFO method closely approximates the actual physical flow of merchandise and the cost allocated to ending inventory approximates current cost. Whenever the FIFO method is used, the ending inventory is the same whether a perpetual or periodic system is used...
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