...would be over in an hour. Donate now Invertebrate From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia The common fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, has been used extensively for research Invertebrates are animal species that neither possess nor develop a vertebral column, derived from the notochord. By definition, this includes all animals apart from the subphylum Vertebrata. Familiar examples of invertebrates include insects, crabs, lobsters and their kin, snails, clams, octopuses and their kin, starfish, sea-urchins and their kin, and worms. The overwhelming majority of animal species are invertebrates. One estimate in the journal Science put the figure at 97%.[1] Many individual invertebrate taxa have a greater number and variety of species than the entire subphylum of Vertebrata[2] and some of the so-called invertebrates, such as the Chaetognatha, Hemichordata, Tunicata and Cephalochordata are more closely related to the vertebrates than to other invertebrate phyla. This makes the term "invertebrate" almost meaningless for taxonomic purposes. Contents [hide] 1 Etymology 2 Taxonomic significance 3 Characteristics 3.1 Phyla 4 Classification of invertebrates 5 History 5.1 Classification 5.1.1 Significance of the group 6 In research 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Etymology[edit] The word "invertebrate" derives from the prefixed form of the Latin word vertebra. Vertebra means a joint in general, and sometimes specifically a joint from the...
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...are: fish= spend their entire lives in water, ocean water, or both Example: Fish Amphibian= spend part of their live in water and part on land Example: frog, toads, salamanders Reptiles= have a dry and scaly skin and breath air through lungs Example: snakes, lizard, crocodiles, alligators Bird= vertebrate with feathers and bills. They don’t have teeth. Example; dove, owls, hawks Mammals = vertebrate that have hair to keep them warm. They are feeding with milk to their young. Example: dogs, cats, pigs, tigers Animals without backbones Vocabulary 1. Invertebrates= animals without backbones Details A. Invertebrate can have soft sacs filled with liquid or hard shells for support B. There are many more individuals than vertebrate individuals C. There are many more kinds of invertebrates than kinds of vertebrates D. Most kind of invertebrates are insects. E. Kinds of invertebrates Arthropods = their bodies are made up of more than one many part and they have legs with joints. Example insects, spiders, crabs Mollusks = animals with soft bodies, many of them have hard shell Example: octopus, squid, clam and snail Worms = animals with long soft bodies and no...
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...WHAT EFFECTS ARE CANE TOADS PRODUCING TOWARDS THE SUSTAINABILTY OF ECOSYSTEMS AND THE SURVIVAL OF NATIVE SPECIES Chelcy Jordan SUST 1000 October 10 2012 The introduction of invasive species can often lead to unpredictable alterations and a shift within natural ecosystems. Cane toads were originally introduced to Australia in 1935. They were brought into Australia to prey on specific pests that were attacking sugar cane plants. Cane toads are highly adaptive and can easily adjust to climate changes and feeding grounds. The growth of reproduction in cane toads has formed a species invasion on the habitat of native animals. Immense competition and a shift in ecosystems are a result of their significant growth rate. What effects are cane toads producing towards the sustainability of ecosystems and the survival of native species? Many animals, and plant species have been either finding new ways to adjust to changes caused by the introduction of cane toads. Cane toads have impacted natural ecosystems so drastically that they have left a strenuous effect on native species ability to maintain their own survival. This is crucial when looking at the effects cane toads have on sustaining plant and animal life within ecosystems. Dramatic changes in an ecosystem could potentially fail due to inadequate nutrients and energy distribution. It is important to examine ways in which cane toads affect ecosystems so environmentalists can predict potential negative shifts and try to develop...
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...Animal classification is a major part of understanding life forms. The study of different animals and their life cycles have led scientists to giant leaps forward in many fields like, biology, and anatomy, just to name a few. Studying the differences among animals gives humans the ability to understand life from its basic forms. Invertebrates and vertebrates easily make up the most complex and beautiful animals in our world. An understanding of how they form, evolve and reproduce is essential to many tasks in the field of scientific inquiry. From the highest and most respected labs in cancer research to the highly respected zoology labs to the smaller classroom labs of local schools to the everyday problem solver and logical thinker a basis for understanding invertebrates and vertebrates is crucial. Without it our society would be very different, fields like medicine and psychology would be almost nonexistent. To further understand the difference between these organisms it is important to note characteristics both common and uncommon among them, I have in the following paragraph written a synopsis of these differences to reveal what this lab report serves to investigate. Animal classification sorts out similarities and differences between animals as a means of placing animals in groups and then breaking those groups into subgroups. The whole process creates a hierarchy in which the large high-level groups sort out more obvious differences, while the low-level groups deal...
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...Name: Yolanda Sanchez Lab Activity 11 – Aquatic Biodiversity (Macroinvertebrates) NSCI 102 In this activity, you will learn about how samples of macroinvertebrates found on stream bottoms can be analyzed to determine water quality. Macroinvertebrates are organisms with no backbone that are visible without using a microscope. Crayfish, aquatic snails, and the larvae of aquatic insects are examples of stream-bottom macroinvertebrates. Macroinvertebrates are an important link in the aquatic food chain. They feed upon algae and leaves that fall into the stream and are eaten by larger consumers, such as fish. Macroinvertebrates are useful for studying water quality because some of them cannot survive in polluted waters, while others thrive. Since stream-bottom macroinvertebrates do not generally move very far within a stream, they are excellent indicators of long-term pollution trends. Levels of pollution may vary over time, so a one-time chemical analysis of the water may not provide an accurate picture. However, if pollutants are common in a stream, the macroinvertebrates found there will primarily be the ones that are tolerant of poor water quality. In addition, macroinvertebrates are relatively easy to collect, so analyzing this community can be used to get an initial indication of water quality to see if additional chemical tests are necessary. Materials needed for this lab: - Handouts: Stream Sample A, Stream Sample B, Macroinvertebrate Key ...
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...1. collagen Major structural protein (285 kDa) of extracellular matrix. An unusual protein in amino acid composition (very rich in glycine (30%), proline, hydroxyproline, lysine and hydroxylysine; no tyrosine or tryptophan), structure (a triple-helical arrangement of 95-kDa polypeptides giving a tropocollagen molecule, dimensions 300×0.5 nm), and resistance to peptidases. Most types are fibril-forming with a characteristic quarter-stagger overlap between molecules producing an excellent tension-resisting fibrillar structure. Type IV, characteristic of basal lamina, does not form fibrils. Many different types of collagen are now recognized. Some are glycosylated (glucose–galactose dimer on the hydroxylysine), and nearly all types can be cross-linked through lysine side chains. 2. elastin Glycoprotein (70 kDa) randomly coiled and crosslinked to form elastic fibres that are found in connective tissue. Like collagen, the amino acid composition is unusual with 30% of residues being glycine and with a high proline content. Cross-linking depends upon formation of desmosine from four lysine side groups. The mechanical properties of elastin are poorer in old animals. 3. keratins Group of highly insoluble fibrous proteins (of high _-helical content) which are found as constituents of the outer layer of vertebrate skin and of skin-related structures such as hair, wool, hoof and horn, claws, beaks and feathers. Extracellular keratins are derived from cytokeratins, a large and diverse...
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...1. Which of the following is the characteristic of the living thing? A. have specific shape B. have regular shape C. have organized body D. none of the above 2. Which of the followings includes in homeostasis? a. To maintain the shaped of the body b. To maintain the balance of the body c. To maintain the temperature of the body d. To keep the animal away from the body 3. Your hearts starts beating before seven month of your birth. The study of your body at this stage comes within: (a) Morphology (b) Embryology (c) Anatomy (d) Histology 4. A doctor is studying the contraction and relaxation of a heart. He is studying: (a) Morphology (b) Embryology (c) Anatomy (d) Histology 5. Study of different parts of eye is called (a) Histology (b) Anatomy (c) Physiology (d) None of these 6. A biologist removes some bones of dinosaurs from a rock. He is studying: (a) Morphology (b) Paleontology (c) Ecology (d) None of these 7. Darwin sys, “man has formed from monkey”. He talked about (a) Fossil (b) Evolution (c) Taxonomy (d) None of these 8. Kangaroo lives in Australia but buffaloes lives in Pakistan. The study of this distribution of animals is called (a) Ecology (b) Environmental biology (c) Taxonomy (d) Zoogeography 9. The study of structure of molecule of starch is called: (a) Molecular biology (b) Biochemistry (c) Morphology (d) None 10. The study of Amoeba comes with in the branch of biology: (a) Taxonomy (b) Ecology (c) Microbiology (d) None 11. The study...
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...α-keratins of mammalian hair, horns and hoof. Keratin is a fibrous structural protein of nail, hoof, hair, wool, horn and of the epithelial cells in the outermost layers of the skin. Keratin serve important structural material making up the outer layer of human skin. In addition, it is also the key structural component of hair and nails. Keratin monomers assemble into bundles to form intermediate filaments, which are insoluble, tough and form strong unmineralized tissues found in reptiles, birds, amphibians, and mammals. Feather keratin shows the most prevalent amino acids found in keratin are glycine, cysteine, valine and alanine, but lower amounts of lysine, methionine and tryptophan. Keratin protein is ubiquitous in most vertebrates and invertebrates and has several important cellular and extra-cellular functions that are related to protection and survival. It is the most important biopolymer encountered in animals after collagen. Over 90% of the dry weight of hair are proteins called keratins, which have a high disulfide content, from the amino acid cysteine. Feathers have similar keratins and are extremely resistant to protein digestive enzymes. Different parts of the feather have different cysteine levels, leading to harder or softer material. Figure 1.3: Disulfide bond between amino acids Cysteine Keratin made from eighteen amino acids. Cysteine is the most abundant of these amino acids which strengthen the hair. Cysteine Serine Glutamic Acid Threonine Glycine Eucine Valine...
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...α-keratins of mammalian hair, horns and hoof. Keratin is a fibrous structural protein of nail, hoof, hair, wool, horn and of the epithelial cells in the outermost layers of the skin. Keratin serve important structural material making up the outer layer of human skin. In addition, it is also the key structural component of hair and nails. Keratin monomers assemble into bundles to form intermediate filaments, which are insoluble, tough and form strong unmineralized tissues found in reptiles, birds, amphibians, and mammals. Feather keratin shows the most prevalent amino acids found in keratin are glycine, cysteine, valine and alanine, but lower amounts of lysine, methionine and tryptophan. Keratin protein is ubiquitous in most vertebrates and invertebrates and has several important cellular and extra-cellular functions that are related to protection and survival. It is the most important biopolymer encountered in animals after collagen. Over 90% of the dry weight of hair are proteins called keratins, which have a high disulfide content, from the amino acid cysteine. Feathers have similar keratins and are extremely resistant to protein digestive enzymes. Different parts of the feather have different cysteine levels, leading to harder or softer material. Figure 1.3: Disulfide bond between amino acids Cysteine Keratin made from eighteen amino acids. Cysteine is the most abundant of these amino acids which strengthen the hair. Cysteine Serine Glutamic Acid Threonine Glycine Eucine Valine...
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...1. Moose are large herbivorous animals. (a) In a study of one population of moose, 72 animals were trapped and marked with ear tags. They were then released. One month later, fieldworkers examined 120 moose and found that 14 of these had ear tags. Use these figures to calculate the size of the moose population. Show your working. Answer:............................ (2) (b) Isle Royale is a large island in Lake Superior. Moose first colonised this island in 1900. At the time they had no predators on the island. Wolves, which are predators of moose, were introduced to the island in 1950. The graph shows the moose population from 1900. (i) Suggest an explanation for the changes in the moose population before the introduction of the wolves. ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... ........................................................................................................................... (2) ...
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...Chemistry Notes 2010 Core Module 1: Production of Materials Contextual Outline Humans have always exploited their natural environment for all their needs including food, clothing and shelter. As the cultural development of humans continued, they looked for a greater variety of materials to cater for their needs. The twentieth century saw an explosion in both the use of traditional materials and in the research for development of a wider range of materials to satisfy technological developments. Added to this was a reduction in availability of the traditional resources to supply the increasing world population. Chemists and chemical engineers continue to play a pivotal role in the search for new sources of traditional materials such as those from the petrochemical industry. As the fossil organic reserves dwindle, new sources of the organic chemicals presently used have to be found. In addition, chemists are continually searching for compounds to be used in the design and production of new materials to replace those that have been deemed no longer satisfactory for needs. This module increases students’ understanding of the implications of chemistry for society and the environment and the current issues, research and developments in chemistry. 1.1 Construct word and balanced formulae equations of all chemical reactions as they are encountered in this module: • Acid reactions: o acid (aq) + base (aq) salt (aq) + water (l) o acid (aq) + active metal (s) salt (aq) + hydrogen (g)...
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...A2 Biology Unit 5 page 1 AQA A2 Biology Unit 5 Contents Specification Human Nervous system Nerve Cells The Nerve Impulse Synapses Receptors Muscle Animal Responses Control of Heart Rate The Hormone System Homeostasis Temperature Homeostasis Blood Glucose Homeostasis Control of Mammalian Oestrus Plant Responses The Genetic Code Protein Synthesis Gene Mutations Stem Cells Control of Gene Expression Biotechnology DNA sequencing Southern Blot In vivo cloning Genetically Modified Organisms Gene Therapy Genetic Screening and Counselling 2 4 6 0 14 17 24 28 30 33 34 38 42 44 48 50 54 57 63 66 71 76 80 85 89 92 Molecular Genetics These notes may be used freely by A level biology students and teachers, and they may be copied and edited. Please do not use these materials for commercial purposes. I would be interested to hear of any comments and corrections. Neil C Millar (nmillar@ntlworld.co.uk) Head of Biology, Heckmondwike Grammar School High Street, Heckmondwike, WF16 0AH Jan 2010 HGS Biology A-level notes NCM 8/09 A2 Biology Unit 5 page 2 Biology Unit 5 Specification Control Systems Organisms increase their chance of survival by responding to changes in their environment. The Nerve Impulse The structure of a myelinated motor neurone. The establishment of a resting potential in terms of differential membrane permeability, electrochemical gradients and the movement of sodium and potassium ions. Changes in membrane permeability lead to depolarisation and the...
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...Physical Chemistry Understanding our Chemical World Physical Chemistry Understanding our Chemical World Paul Monk Manchester Metropolitan University, UK Copyright 2004 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England Telephone (+44) 1243 779777 Email (for orders and customer service enquiries): cs-books@wiley.co.uk Visit our Home Page on www.wileyeurope.com or www.wiley.com All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except under the terms of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 or under the terms of a licence issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP, UK, without the permission in writing of the Publisher. Requests to the Publisher should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England, or emailed to permreq@wiley.co.uk, or faxed to (+44) 1243 770620. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the Publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought. Other Wiley...
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