...deprivation. Dependent variables are those observed by the ex- perimenter. For example, one could observe how much water a rat drinks. Science tries to explain the world by relating independent and dependent vari- ables. Intervening variables are abstract concepts that link independent variables to dependent variables. The principle of parsimony, maintains that researchers should apply the simplest explanation possible to any set of observations. For instance, psychologists try to explain results by using well-accepted theories instead of elaborate new hypotheses. Parsimony prevents psychologists from inventing and pursuing outlandish theories. In the book on page 15 figure 1.3 it shows a direct and an indirect way to relate an independent variable, hours of deprivation, to a dependent variable, rate of bar pressing. The dependent variable is obtained by placing a rat into a small chamber where it can press a bar to obtain drinking water. The experimenter observes the rate (how many presses per minute) at which the rat presses the bar to get water. The direct relationship uses only one arrow to link hours of deprivation to rate of bar pressing. After doing the experiment, we could build a mathematical formula that directly relates hours of deprivation to rate of bar pressing. The indirect method in figure 1.3 uses two arrows. The first arrow relates hours of deprivation to thirst, an intervening variable. The second arrow relates the intervening...
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...materials, evaluating them critically, organizing them into an organic whole and explaining the significance and relevance of the organized data in a narrative format. There are distinctions between the method and methodology as method is common to all sciences, independent, underived and definite, whereas methodology is not as it is a view or perspective to look through. Historical method is useful for theoretical and practical purpose as it provide useful and important information towards the solutions of the problem that makes possible to study the development of a particular idea, concept, philosophy or theory. 1.2.2. Methods of Inquiry The historical research has been heavily influenced by the social science research methods of...
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...A selection of questions to be discussed: * Scientists: are they discovering or are they making it up? * Do the facts dictate our theories? * Is there any secure basis for our future expectations? -- or is it just a matter of crossing our fingers and hoping for the best? * Does science explain -- does it help us to understand anything? or does it merely describe? ------- * Is everything relative, or is there always something absolute behind what is relative? ------- * How do or should scientific revolutions affect our view of science? * Scientific theory choice: is it objective? Or does it depend on cultural, historical, or subjective factors? * If historical factors do play a role, can science still be a search for truth? Texts: 1. T. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions 2. C. G. Hempel, Philosophy of Natural Science 3. Course Packet #1: Lecture Outline (Includes examples, diagrams, and background material as well as the weekly schedule of readings) 4. Course Packet #2 : additional readings, needed in addition to the textbooks 5. Books on Reserve in Firestone (A list is included with this syllabus) Course Packets are available at Print-It, 15 Witherspoon St. [Go back to top of this course syllabus] COURSE REQUIREMENTS: NOTE 1: Revising your work in response to comments will be central to the requirements. The first and second assignments each consist of two parts: an initial version and...
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...I Introduction Technology I.1 What is technology? I.2 First inventors I.3 How science affects technology I.4 How technology affects science I.5 Discussion questions 2 Chemistry connects to . . . . . . I.1 What is technology? Think for a moment what it might be like to live in the 14th century. Image that you could travel back in time and found yourself in a small European village in 1392. What do you think you would find? How would you cook your food? Would you use an oven, a fire, or a microwave? How would you eat your food? Do you think you could use a plastic cup to drink your milk? How would you go from one city to the next? Could you get on a train or would you have to walk or ride a horse? How would you send a her or call her on your cell phone? message to your mom telling her you’ll be late for dinner? Can you email How would you get your clothes? Can you shop at a 14th century mall, or on the internet? And what would your clothes be made of? Technology Level I Introduction 3 Do you think you could find pink spandex shorts or would they have to be made of brown cotton? Think for a moment how different everything would be if you were to live in the 14th century. Many of the items you use today are a result of technology. Your cell phone, microwave oven, washing machine, and plastic cup are all the result of scientific discoveries combined with engineering that have allow people to invent products that have improved the...
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...TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………..3 1.1. Background of the Study:…...……………………………………………………………..3 1.2. Problem Statement/Identification:………………………………………………………....5 1.3. Research Question:………………………………………………………………………...6 1.4. Objectives of the Study:…………………………………………………………………...6 1.5. Scope of the Study:……………………………………………………………………......6 1.6. Limitations of the Study:………………………………………………………………….7 2. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY…………………………………………………………….7 2.1. Research Design:.…………………………………………………………………………7 2.2. Population:.……………………………………………………………………………….7 2.3. Sample Size & Sampling Technique:.…………………………………………………....8 2.4. Instrument Development;.………………………………………………………………..8 2.5. Data collection:.………………………………………………………………………….8 2.6. Data Analysis:…………………………………………………………………………...9 References 1. INTRODUCTION Increasing globalization, making organizations to be diversified in their work force and setting work force diversification as one of the key success factors that are available for any organization (Holtzman, 2011). Importance of diversification making such a impact on organizations that organization are now formally making diversity as one of their strategies to accomplish their goals (Black Enterprise , 2001). And it is also noted that most diversification success are enhancing through having work force with different experiences, knowledge, races, education and cultures (Friedman & Amoo, 2002). Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify...
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...Orange Instructional Unit Grades 3-6 By: Jennifer Palermiti This unit will look into the many different uses of an orange, combing science, history, language arts, and mathematics with a Florida based theme. This unit can be used to teach students of a wide variety of ages and abilities. Goal and Standard Goal 1 – To understand different information about the history of oranges, where they come from and how they can be used in today’s societies. Goal 2 – To find out where the largest orange groves are located in the world and how many oranges they grow every year. Content Concepts/Skills Changes in nature; how oranges grow; experiments with oranges; Counting oranges in a grove Materials Library books about oranges; five or six different kinds of oranges; PDF downloads & website activities. Vocabulary Round, Sweet, Tart, Juicy, Hard, Seeds, Vitamin, Juice, Navel, ripe, delicious, Orange Instructional Sequence Make a KWL Chart with your students. Ask them to tell you what they know about oranges. Get different responses from your students by asking questions. Write your students responses on the chart paper or a white board so that all students can see. You may also want your students to copy the responses on a smaller chart like a hand out. Read a short story about oranges that is appropriate for your students. The Story of Florida Orange Juice by Chet Townsend Have class review the process in which oranges are grown on trees by using sentence strips. All...
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...ESSAY; Science and Religion: Bridging the Great Divide EVER since science began drifting away from religion, centuries ago, each has dreamed of subsuming the other. Scientists, in their boldest moments, speak of explaining away all the mysteries by empirical inquiry, leaving no need for ancient wisdom. And the faithful, fervently believing in spiritual forces unmeasurable by any meter, find it absurd that God's children would aspire to heaven solely by building telescopes and computers -- scientific Towers of Babel. They have longed for a reality beyond the shadowplay of the material realm. Left between these extremes are many people who are both scientific and religious, and confused about whether a bridge can ever cross the divide. Every few decades, this hope for reconciliation, or ''dialogue,'' experiences a revival. The most recent may be the biggest, with books, conferences and television shows trying to find a common ground between two fundamentally different ways of thinking about the world. In the 1970's scholars tried to merge science with Eastern religion; the emphasis now is on rejoining science with monotheistic, usually Christian, faith. Not all the work is motivated by religious passion. In his new best-selling book, ''Consilience'' (Knopf), the Harvard biologist Edward O. Wilson tries to revive the Enlightenment dream of a unified system of knowledge that would embrace not only the sciences but also morality and ethics, removing them from the uncertainties...
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...Vol 435|9 June 2005 COMMENTARY Scientists behaving badly To protect the integrity of science, we must look beyond falsification, fabrication and plagiarism, to a wider range of questionable research practices, argue Brian C. Martinson, Melissa S. Anderson and Raymond de Vries. erious misbehaviour in research is important for many reasons, not least because it damages the reputation of, and Top ten behaviours All Mid-career Early-career undermines public support for, science. Historically, professionals and the public have 1. Falsifying or ‘cooking’ research data 0.3 0.2 0.5 focused on headline-grabbing cases of 2. Ignoring major aspects of human-subject requirements 0.3 0.3 0.4 scientific misconduct, but we believe that 3. Not properly disclosing involvement in firms whose products are 0.3 0.4 0.3 based on one‘s own research researchers can no longer afford to ignore a 4. Relationships with students, research subjects or clients that may be 1.4 1.3 1.4 wider range of questionable behaviour that interpreted as questionable threatens the integrity of science. 5. Using another’s ideas without obtaining permission or giving due 1.4 1.7 1.0 We surveyed several thousand early- and credit 6. Unauthorized use of confidential information in connection with one’s 1.7 2.4 0.8 *** mid-career scientists, who are based in the own research United States and funded by the National 7. Failing to present data that contradict one’s own previous...
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...WOTRO Science for Global Development Food & Business Applied Research Fund (ARF) Second Call for Proposals 2014/2015 Valid for Round 3: 19 January - 12 May 2015 The Hague, - January 2015 Contents 1 5 Validity of the call for proposals 5 Aim and objectives 6 Foci 7 2.3 Target groups Guidelines for applicants 9 3.1 Who can apply 9 3.2 What can be applied for 10 3.3 When can applications be submitted 11 3.4 Preparing an application 11 3.5 Impact pathways, monitoring & evaluation 11 3.6 Knowledge sharing with the Food & Business Knowledge Platform 12 3.7 Submitting an application 12 3.8 General regulations and Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) 4.1 Procedure 4.2 6 Available budget 1.3 2.2 5 3 2.1 4 Background 1.2 3 3 1.1 2 Introduction Criteria 15 4.3 Governance of the Programme 16 5.1 Contact 6.1 General instructions for applicants 19 6.2 Specific instructions for applicants 19 6.3 Multi-Annual Strategic Plans of the embassies 26 6.4 M&E matrix of the Applied Research Fund 27 Aim Assessment procedure Other information Annexes 6 8 13 14 14 18 18 19 Chapter 1: Introduction / Food & Business Applied Research Fund (ARF) 1 Introduction 1.1 Background The Food & Business Applied Research Fund (ARF) is a subsidy scheme of ...
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...Guidelines for Students Practical Training Semester (PTS) Bachelor Degree Programmes full-time School of Business Krems, December 2010 Doc.Nr.: FHM-5-0006 Version 03; Revision 00; E Approval by: Prof. (FH) Mag. Eva Werner/ Rector (FH) Subject to modification printed version just for Information IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems Guidelines for Students - PTS Academic Board/December 2010 Table of Contents Preamble 3 1 OBJECTIVEs, FIELDS of Application and Duration of the practical training ............. 4 1.1 1.2 1.3 Objectives ................................................................................................................... 4 Fields of Application .................................................................................................... 4 Duration ...................................................................................................................... 4 Fundamental Decisions ............................................................................................... 5 Support by the IMC University of Applied Sciences ..................................................... 6 Practical Training Co-ordinator (PTS Co-ordinator) .................................................... 7 Requirements for the Practical Training ...................................................................... 8 Practical Training Contract.............................................................................................
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...INTERGRATED BUSINESS Human Relation Approach & Scientific management Lecturers : Ms.Nguyen Thu Thuy (Assoc.Prof.Dr) Mr.Hoang Anh Duy (MBA) Hanoi, February 19th, 2014 Student's name: Pham Thi Ngan Binh. Table of Contents I. Introduction 5 II. Literature review 5 1. Scientific management 5 1.1 Father of scientific management 5 1.2 Definition and principles 5 1.3 Other theorist of management scientific 6 1.4 Positive and negative of scientific management 7 2. Human relation approach 8 2.1 Father of human relation approach 8 2.2 Definition and principles 8 2.4 Positive and negative of human relation approach 9 3. Organization 10 3.1 Definition 10 3.2 Characteristics of organization 10 3.3 Types of organization 11 3.4 Organization is an open system 12 3.5 Morden organization and traditional organization 12 III. Scientific management and Human relation approach in organization 13 1. Scientific management in modern organization 13 2. Human relation approach in modern organization 15 IV. Conclusion 16 V. References 16 Executive summary The objective of this essay is to evaluate whether scientific and human relation management are still implemented in organization in the 21st century. Many parts of these theories was considered such as definition, father of scientific management and human relation approach, other theorist of these theories and pros and corn of them. Besides, theory of or organization...
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...National Curriculum Statement (NCS) Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement LIFE SCIENCES Further Education and Training Phase Grades 10-12 basic education Department: Basic Education REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA CurriCulum and assessment PoliCy statement Grades 10-12 life sCienCes CAPS LIFE SCIENCES GRADES 10-12 department of Basic education 222 Struben Street Private Bag X895 Pretoria 0001 South Africa Tel: +27 12 357 3000 Fax: +27 12 323 0601 120 Plein Street Private Bag X9023 Cape Town 8000 South Africa Tel: +27 21 465 1701 Fax: +27 21 461 8110 Website: http://www.education.gov.za © 2011 department of Basic education isBn: 978-1-4315-0578-4 Design and Layout by: Ndabase Printing Solution Printed by: Government Printing Works CURRICULUM AND ASSESSMENT POLICY STATEMENT (CAPS) LIFE SCIENCES GRADES 10-12 FOREWORD by thE ministER Our national curriculum is the culmination of our efforts over a period of seventeen years to transform the curriculum bequeathed to us by apartheid. From the start of democracy we have built our curriculum on the values that inspired our Constitution (Act 108 of 1996). the Preamble to the Constitution states that the aims of the Constitution are to: • heal the divisions of the past and establish a society based on democratic values, social justice and fundamental human rights; improve the quality of life of all citizens and free the potential of each person; lay the foundations for a democratic and open society in which...
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...UNIT 1: THE DEFINITION AND HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY QUESTION #1.1: What is the definition of psychology? Psychology is best defined as the "scientific study of behavior in humans and animals." Behavior is what people and animals do: e.g., what a person says about last night's dream, and how long it takes a rat to run a maze. You might think that psychology was the "study of the mind" due to the fact that the prefix psyche is Greek for mind, soul, spirit, and the suffix ology refers to the study of something. Almost a hundred years ago, John Watson decided that psychology should be a science: not just a vague and introspective reflection on our own thoughts and feelings. Watson urged that psychology be defined as the scientific study of behavior. Since about 1920, most university psychologists have accepted Watson's definition. So, think of psychologists as scientists who study behavior. Introspection was the first technique for studying the mind There are some terms related to psychology that are frequently confused with it. Psychiatry is a branch of medicine specializing with mental disorders. Psychiatrists are medical doctors, and have been through medical school, an internship, residency training, and board certification as specialized physicians. The letters M.D. usually appear at the end of the name. The letters at the end of the name of a psychologist may be 1 Ph.D., Ed.D., or Psy.D., and so it may be appropriate to address a psychologist as...
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...Chapter 5 - The Science and Technology Systems of Viet Nam In Viet Nam, an estimated 30 000 people are involved in various forms of R&D, including librarians, technicians, and other support staff; more than 22 000 of these people are employed in the national centres for R&D and by ministries and government agencies (all these figures are total numbers of staff, not full-time equivalents.) The rest are working mainly in the universities and other institutions of tertiary education that perform research. Only a small fraction of the country's R&D scientists and engineers are working in industrial enterprises. The general institutional setup in Viet Nam for R&D can be divided into three main components: • Laboratories and other R&D units within the government ministries or under the control of government agencies — About 180 such R&D units exist, located in various parts of the country, although most are in the two metropolitan areas. In western industrial countries, many of these highly specialized R&D units would be located in industrial business enterprises. In Viet Nam, however, industrial firms rarely build their own facilities for experimental development. In the planned economy of Viet Nam of yesterday, the principle was that government took the responsibility for technical change and industrial modernization, and industry manufactured. Among the exceptions to this rule is the state-owned Vietnam Petroleum Company, which runs four of its own laboratories. • Some...
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...AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE IN 10 MODULES E. Kolawole Ogundowole, Ph.D., D.Sc. Professor & Head of Philosophy Department University of Lagos. Akoka, Lagos. Nigeria Correct Counsels Limited Research. Counselling. Publishing. Book Supply First published 2003 Correct Counsels Ltd. P. O. Box 53 Akoka, Lagos. C E. Kolawole Ogundowole, 2003 ISBN: 978 -37004 - 0 – 5 This book is copyright. All rights reserved under the Copyright La Enquiries should be addressed to the Publishers. Printed in Nigeria by: Mustard Press Enterprises 16, Ogundola Street Sungas-BAriga. PREFACE A few words about the overall objectives of the course is appropriate as a starting point. Historically, philosophy was the first form of theoretical knowledge. As a rational theoretical tool of comprehending the world, philosophy arose in ancient Greece in stiff battle with mythology and religious consciousness. It came out to lay the foundation for the evolvement of scientific consciousness and the emergence and development of the sciences - Mathematics, Astronomy, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, etc. In an environment rife with various and varying superstitions and myths, the study of the History of Science and Philosophy of Science becomes crucial, lest science itself falls within the ambit of mythology and superstition and becomes another form of myth even in the hands of the tutored. The study of the History of Science is particularly important...
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