...The Q theory of investment, the capital asset pricing model, and asset valuation: a synthesis MCDONALD John F. (College of Business Administration, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA) E-mail: mcdonald@uic.edu Received Feb. 23, 2004; revision accepted Mar. 6, 2004 Abstract: The paper combines Tobin’s Q theory of real investment with the capital asset pricing model to produce a new and relatively simple procedure for the valuation of real assets using the income approach. Applications of the new method are provided. Key words: Investment theory, Asset pricing, Appraisal Document code: A CLC number: F832.48 INTRODUCTION This paper combines the economic theory of real investment and the standard financial model of asset pricing to produce a method for the valuation of real assets; and intentionally uses relatively simple versions of these two theories to link economics, finance, and appraisal. Numerical examples using data on real estate assets illustrate the valuation method. The Q theory of investment, introduced by James Tobin (1969), is popularly accepted theory of real investment hypothesized to be a positive function of Q, defined as the ratio of the market value to the replacement cost of capital. Standard presentation of the theory, such as that of Romer (1996), shows that Q is the value to the firm of an additional unit of capital, which is the discounted value of its future marginal revenue products. Extensions of the Q theory of investment have...
Words: 3076 - Pages: 13
...Unfortunately James Tobin is no longer with us, passing away in 2002 at the tender age of 84 he lived a full and prestigious life. James Tobin was born in Champaign, Illinois to a social worker and journalist in 1918. In 1935, he enrolled into Harvard College with one of the earliest Conant Prize Fellowships presented to an incoming student. Graduating summa cum laude in 1939 he continued doing graduate work for two more years. Afterwards he started work with the Office of Price Administration and Civil Supply and the War Production Board in Washington, D.C.; then, when the United States entered WWII he served as an officer on a destroyer. In 1946 he managed to find work again writing a dissertation at Harvard and as a Junior Fellow in Harvard’s...
Words: 1225 - Pages: 5
...Size and Ownership Structure on the Financial Performance: An Empirical Study on Egypt Nourhan K. Karkoura* Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt Abstract Corporate governance can be viewed as a mechanism that ensures external investors receive proper returns on their investments. This paper investigates the effect of board size and the effect of ownership structure on firm performance in Egypt. Using a sample non- financial corporation from the most active 50 corporations listed in the stock exchange after excluding banks and financial firms for the period 2007 to 2009. This study adopts a correlational research design using secondary data from the disclosure book issued by the Egyptian stock exchange. Multiple regressions are used to determine the extent to which variations in performance of the most active corporations is explained by the board size and ownership structure. Firm financial performance is measured by return on assets, returns on equity and Tobin Q ratio, while corporate governance aspects were board size and ownership structure. Keywords: board size, ownership structure, financial performance, and Egypt Nourhan K. Karkoura, Graduate Teacher Assistant in Finance and Investment Department, Faculty of Financial and Administrative Sciences, Pharos University in Alexandria, Egypt, E-mail: nourhan.khaled@pua.edu.eg 1. Introduction The importance of corporate board size and ownership structure as a mechanism of corporate governance has always been a...
Words: 5092 - Pages: 21
...A Study on Leverage and Firm Investment: Chinese Evidence Master of Science Thesis Huijie Bao Program Economics of Innovation and Growth Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) June 2010 Supervisor: Börje Johansson ABSTRACT This thesis focuses on the relationship between financial leverage and investment in Chinese listed firms. There are two novel aspects embraced here. One is choosing a marginal version of Tobin’s q instead of average q with Chinese data. Another one is taking the financial sector in to consideration. The research covers all sectors in the Chinese stock market. Main outcomes are listed below. Leverage imposes negative effects on investment, especially on non-state owned firms. Like Financials, Manufacturing and other highly regulated sectors, the inverse impacts of debt are week as well. However, marginal q fails in proof under the specific environment of the Chinese capital market which is still immature. High-leveraged firms experienced reverse influences of marginal q on investment. To sum up, over-debt financing indeed blocks the sustained investment. Relatively speaking, state owned firms in China suffer less since they are supported by the government and have fewer restrictions. Key words: financial leverage, marginal q, gross investment and state owned firms 2 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Firstly, I would like to express my strong gratitude to my supervisor, Prof. Börje Johansson, whose profound knowledge, guidance and patience, greatly enhanced...
Words: 12376 - Pages: 50
...Ismail & Sanusi —An Empirical Analysis of Cash Flow and Investment Fluctuations ... Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business January-April 2005, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 95—107 AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF CASH FLOW AND INVESTMENT FLUCTUATIONS USING FIRM-LEVEL PANEL DATA* Abd. Ghafar Ismail Nur Azura Sanusi Since the pioneering work of Gurley and Shaw (1955), the attempt has been done to justify money as a primary focal point of macroeconomic theorizing. However, other researchers argue that variables such as financial development and indicators are also important to be linked with macroeconomic performance. Here, if money can be thought as means of production and consumer goods as the ultimate end toward which production is directed, and then capital also occupies a position that is both logically and temporarily intermediate between original means and ultimate ends. This temporarily intermediate status of capital is not in serious dispute, but its significance for macroeconomic theorizing is rarely recognized. The firms’ decision to acquire funds through debt and equity financings affects the capital structure, and, in the firm’s balance sheet, the impact of capital appears to influence the inventory investment. Hence, the significance of capital structure –induced inventory distortions in the context of firm-level is the basis for our article. The sample for our analysis is compiled from the balance sheets of listed syaria firms in the Kuala Lumpur Stock Exchange for the period...
Words: 5153 - Pages: 21
...The first theories to hold cash is to avoid the cost of being short liquid assets (Baumol, 1952) (Tobin, 1956) (Meltzer, 1963) (Miller and Orr, 1966) and Karni (1973). Besides the fact that the cash-to-assets ratio for U.S. firms almost doubled (Bates, Kahle & Stulz, 2009) we think that U.S. firms do not hold too much cash. Firms hold cash for different motives. According to Keynes (1936) these motives are: a transaction motive, precautionary motive and speculative motive. Based upon these three motives we explain why U.S. firms hold a lot of cash. The first motive for holding cash is the precautionary motive (Keynes, 1936), which tells us that firms hold extra cash to be prepared for sudden uncertainty - a risk which cannot be hedged. Bates et al. (2009) states that an increase in idiosyncratic risk leads to an increase in cash flow volatility. This volatility increase evolves in an increase in the volatility of unhedgeable risk. A reaction to unhedgeable risk is to hold more cash. You want to have some savings when you have to do unexpected expenses. Research (Bartram, 2009) shows that U.S. firms are more exposed to idiosyncratic risk than foreign firms. This is due to several country characteristics. Because U.S. firms face larger exposures to idiosyncratic risks than foreign firms do, they will have more cash holdings. Moreover, there has been an increase in earnings volatility for U.S. firms over the past decades (Boileau and Moyen, 2012). This increase in volatility...
Words: 1067 - Pages: 5
...Financial Statement Analysis: The reading for this topic is chapter 4 in your text. Live company. To facilitate learning, you need to download the balance sheet and income statement for a public corporation. Any will do. As you study this and some future topic, you will perform the analysis on your live company and describe its condition. Why analyze Financial Statements? - Evaluate the company’s performance. - Evaluate the company’s management. - Evaluate the company’s cash management. The way we evaluate a company is by comparing its performance with its peers. That is companies in the same industry or with its own historical performance. Procedures: First we calculate a number of financial ratios and then compare them with the industry ratios. To be acceptable, these ratios need to be better or equal to industry average. Half the industry is below average. So average is acceptable. How do we calculate the ratios? Page 88 in the text (numerical example to follow). Consider the ratios: Group 1: - Liquidity - the higher the better. - Current ratio - the higher the better. - Current assets, such as Cash, A/R, Inventory - mature in less than a year. - Current liabilities, such as A/P, Accruals, Notes payable - mature in less than a year. For this ratio, we need to be greater than 1, otherwise the probability of default on current obligations increases. Group 2: - A measure of efficiency...
Words: 1041 - Pages: 5
...PGP/16/115 ARKAPRABHA DEBNATH PGP/16/133 UMESH KUMAR (GL) PGP/16/174 CONTENTS 1. | Introduction | 3 | 2. | Research Questions | 3 | 3. | Research Methodology | 4 | 4. | Literature Review | 4 | 5. | Conclusion | 14 | 6. | Tables | 15 | | | | | | | Introduction FDI refers to direct investment in business or production in a country by a foreign company. It leads to capital inflows from abroad into the production capacity of an economy, and facilitates international trade and knowledge transfer. It is a source of employment and capital which results in country's development. It improves the foreign exchange, helps transfer new technologies, increases competition, exports and tax revenues. It benefits the recipient country's business in terms of management, revenue generation by following the best practices which are of global standards. The policies related to FDI underwent major change in 1991 as a part of structural adjustment program. Since 1991, gradual liberalization of India's economy has led to more and more FDI into the country. India is gradually opening up sectors for foreign firms to enter with the recent decisions like removing investment caps in sectors like defense, telecom and insurance. There has been constant opposition to FDI on various grounds like protection of indigenous players, unemployment etc. India, one...
Words: 5970 - Pages: 24
...Abstract This study addresses the differences between firms and the impact on valuations based on multiples. It broadly describes the need for relative valuation which is increasingly used in assessing individual business or corporations. On a theoretical level, it captures the advantages and shortcomings of multiples. It also describes why the multiples differ from one institution in one sector to another whilst addressing the factors that cause the anomalies. In addition it highlights what the value drivers are behind the multiples and the significant role they play in arriving at multiples. Alongside the paper also details how these value drivers are systematically aligned in producing results. It emphasizes largely on enterprise valuation, and the different methods used in Enterprise valuation, formulas and application. The basic conclusion is that multiples nearly always have broad dispersion, which is why valuations performed using multiples may be highly debatable. 1. Introduction Valuation is the process of determining the current worth of an asset or a company in the financial aspect. There are many techniques that can be used to determine value, some of which might be subjective and the others objective. Judging the contributions of a company's management would be more of a subjective valuation technique, while calculating intrinsic value based on future earnings would be an objective technique. However, this paper will exclusively focus on valuation with multiples...
Words: 3988 - Pages: 16
...CAPITAL ASSET PRICES WITH AND WITHOUT NEGATIVE HOLDINGS Nobel Lecture, December 7, 1990 by W ILLIAM F. S H A R P E Stanford University Graduate School of Business, Stanford, California, USA INTRODUCTION* Following tradition, I deal here with the Capital Asset Pricing Model, a subject with which I have been associated for over 25 years, and which the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has cited in honoring me with the award of the Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel. I first present the Capital Asset Pricing Model (hence, CAPM), incorpo1 rating not only my own contributions but also the outstanding work of Lintner (1965, 1969) and the contributions of Mossin (1966) and others. My goal is to do so succinctly yet in a manner designed to emphasize the economic content of the theory. Following this, I modify the model to reflect an extreme case of an institutional arrangement that can preclude investors from choosing fully optimal portfolios. In particular, I assume that investors are unable to take negative positions in assets. For this version of the model I draw heavily from papers by Glenn (1976), Levy (1978), Merton (1987) and Markowitz (1987, 1990). Finally, I discuss the stock index futures contract - a major financial innovation of worldwide importance that postdates the development of the CAPM. Such contracts can increase the efficiency of capital markets in many ways. In particular, they can bring actual markets closer to the idealized world assumed by the...
Words: 9378 - Pages: 38
...CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: A SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE November, 2003 Jorge Farinha* Keywords: agency theory, corporate governance, ownership structure JEL Classification: G300 *CETE-Centro de Estudos de Economia Industrial, do Trabalho e da Empresa, Faculdade de Economia, Universidade do Porto, Portugal. Correspondence to: Jorge Farinha, Faculdade de Economia da Universidade do Porto, Rua Roberto Frias, 4200 Porto, Portugal. Tel. (351)-22-5571100, Fax (351)-22-5505050. E-mail: jfarinha@fep.up.pt. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE: A SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE ABSTRACT This paper reviews the theoretical and empirical literature on the nature and consequences of the corporate governance problem, providing some guidance on the major points of consensus and dissent among researchers on this issue. Also analysed is the effectiveness of a set of external and internal disciplining mechanisms in providing a solution for the corporate governance problem. Apart from this, particular emphases are given to the special conflicts arising from the relationship between managers and shareholders in companies with large ownership diffusion, the issue of managerial entrenchment and the link between firm value and corporate governance. Keywords: agency theory, corporate governance, ownership structure JEL Classification: G300 1 1 Introduction Recent financial scandals associated to accounting and other frauds allegedly blamed to top company managers (e.g. Enron, Worldcom, Adelphia) have...
Words: 19465 - Pages: 78
...expected of them. Furthermore, rapidly changing technology and customer expectations have already affected organizations worldwide and thus have promoted the need for taking a new look at quality management. In this study we intend to discuss how TQM can be adopted in organizations that are replacing existing quality control systems to promote competition and growth. Various pioneering researchers have made significant contributions towards the design, development and application of the TQM system. This article takes a synoptic view of the existing state-of-the-art and makes an attempt to present an overview of some of the key studies, focusing on the following specific issues: q What are the key concepts of TQM? q What is the global acceptability of TQM? q How should TQM be implemented? q What role can TQM play in developing economies? TQM: The Key Concepts TQM may be defined as a continuous quest for excellence by creating the right skills and attitudes...
Words: 9360 - Pages: 38
...Investment Management and Financial Innovations, Volume 7, Issue 2, 2010 Faris Nasif Al-Shubiri (Jordan) Analysis of the relationship between working capital policy and operating risk: an empirical study on Jordanian industrial companies Abstract The study analyzes the working capital management practices and their impact on profitability and risk of industrial Jordanian firms for the period of 2004 to 2007. The total sample of the study consists of 59 industrial firms listed on Amman Stock Exchange. The working capital management practices examine the impact of aggressive/conservative working capital investment and financing policy and analyze through cross-sectional regression models the relationship between working capital policies and profitability as well as risk of the firms. Efficient management of working capital is a fundamental part of the overall corporate strategy aiming to create the shareholders’ value. Firms try to keep an optimal level of working capital that maximizes their value. The optimal level of working capital is determined to a large extent by the methods adopted for the management of current assets and liabilities. It requires continuous monitoring to maintain proper level in various components of working capital, i.e. cash receivables, inventory and payables, etc. The result indicates a negative relationship between the profitability measures of firms and degree of aggressiveness of working capital investment and financing policy. The firms yield negative...
Words: 7133 - Pages: 29
...Abstract Globalization is the buzzword of today. Globalization means bringing the world together, making the world interactive and effective. The economies of the world are being increasingly integrated. It is very debatable issue since it affects every single human being in this earth and plays a major role in every second and in every issue of the entire universe. Mobile phones and Internet have brought people closer. The world is becoming a smaller place. It brings the local market and the global market in a bond which creates new ideas and thoughts to both the market. Goods, which were once confined to western countries, are available across the globe. Work can be outsourced to any part of the world that has an Internet connection. Because of improvements in traffic infrastructure one is able to reach one’s destination in a relatively short span of time. This paper clearly speaks about the impact of globalization and the challenges faced by it in the world. It speaks about the impact in developed and developing countries of the world. Table of Contents CHAPTER 1 5 Definition of Globalization 5 Globalization trend in the past golden years 5 CHAPTER 2 8 Positive impact of Globalization 8 Challenges faced due to Globalization 9 Comparison between Benefits and Challenges 11 CHAPTER 3 13 Impact on developed countries 13 Impact on developing countries 14 Conclusion 15 Case Study 15 References 16 CHAPTER 1 Definition of Globalization As a term globalization...
Words: 3430 - Pages: 14
...The Portfolio Theory also known as Modern Portfolio Theory was first developed by Harry Markowitz. He had introduced the theory in his paper ‘Portfolio Selection’ which was published in the Journal of Finance in 1952. In 1990, he along with Merton Miller and William Sharpe won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences for the Theory. The theory suggests a hypothesis on the basis of which, expected return on a portfolio for a given amount of portfolio risk is attempted to be maximized or alternately the risk on a given level of expected return is attempted to be minimized. This is done so by choosing the quantities of various securities cautiously taking mainly into consideration the way in which the price of each security changes in comparison to that of every other security in the portfolio, rather than choosing securities individually. In other words, the theory uses mathematical models to construct an ideal portfolio for an investor that gives maximum return depending on his risk appetite by taking into consideration the relationship between risk and return. According to the theory, each security has its own risks and that a portfolio of diverse securities shall be of lower risk than a single security portfolio. Simply put, the theory emphasizes on the importance of diversifying to reduce risk. Early on, investors stressed on individually picking high yielding stocks to earn maximum profits. So if one particular industry was offering good returns; an investor would have landed...
Words: 8380 - Pages: 34