...[pic] [pic] IP Classes The class system has become "old" in the ever demanding Internet paradigm, it has been (partially) replaced by CIDR system, which allows more efficient and practical allocation of IP addresses for the need of smaller networks. Nevertheless, it is important to know and understand what class system is and how it works, which has been the backbone of the IP. IP addresses have been classified into 5 classes and special purpose addresses, depending upon the value in the first octet. Viz- • Class A - This is a class for very large networks, such as IBM which holds IP addresses in the range - 9.0.0.0 - 9.255.255.255. (almost 16,777,216 IP addresses). First Octet - - The first octet is between 1 to 126. (Starts with binary bit - 0). Network Address - The n/w address is denoted by first 8 bits or first octet. Host/Node Address - Host address is denoted by last 24 bits or last 3 octets. This Network-Host IP configuration for class A can be shown as - network.host.host.host and each can have 1 to 3 decimals. Thus forming 126 network addresses (27 - 1) and each of them capable of having 16,777,214 (224 -2) host addresses. • Class B - This is a class for medium-sized networks. First Octet - - The first octet is between 128 to 191. (Starts with binary bits - 10). Network Address - The n/w address is denoted by first 16 bits or first 2 octets. Host/Node Address - Host address is denoted by...
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...memory-size iomem 15 ! ! ip cef ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! interface Loopback0 ip address 1.1.1.1 255.255.255.0 ! interface Serial0/0 no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0 no fair-queue ! interface Serial0/1 no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0 ! interface Serial0/2 no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0 ! interface Serial0/3 no ip address shutdown serial restart-delay 0 ! interface FastEthernet1/0 ip address 10.0.1.1 255.255.255.0 duplex auto speed auto ! interface FastEthernet2/0 ip address 10.0.4.1 255.255.255.0 duplex auto speed auto ! interface FastEthernet3/0 no ip address shutdown duplex auto speed auto ! router bgp 10 no synchronization bgp router-id 1.1.1.1 bgp log-neighbor-changes network 10.0.1.0 mask 255.255.255.0 network 10.0.4.0 mask 255.255.255.0 neighbor 10.0.1.2 remote-as 10 neighbor 10.0.4.2 remote-as 5 no auto-summary ! ip http server no ip http secure-server ! ! ! ! ! ! control-plane ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! line con 0 line aux 0 line vty 0 4 ! ! End R2 R2#sh run Building configuration... Current configuration : 1197 bytes ! version 12.4 service timestamps debug datetime msec service timestamps log datetime msec no service password-encryption ! hostname R2 ! boot-start-marker boot-end-marker ! ! no aaa new-model memory-size iomem 20 ! ! ip cef ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ...
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...IP ADDRESSING: An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device (e.g., computer, printer) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there." The designers of the Internet Protocol defined an IP address as a 32-bit number[ and this system, known as Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4), is still in use today. However, due to the enormous growth of the Internet and the predicted depletion of available addresses, a new addressing system (IPv6), using 128 bits for the address, was developed in 1995, standardized as RFC 2460 in 1998, and its deployment has been ongoing since the mid-2000s. In the most widely installed level of the Internet Protocol (IP) today, an IP address is a 32-bit number that identifies each sender or receiver of information that is sent in packets across the Internet. When you request an HTML page or send e-mail, the Internet Protocol part of TCP/IP includes your IP address in the message (actually, in each of the packets if more than one is required) and sends it to the IP address that is obtained by looking up the domain name in the Uniform Resource Locator you requested or in the e-mail address you're sending a note to. At the other...
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...IP Addresses Classes and Special-Use IP Address Space The history behind IP address classes can be dated back to September of 1981. With the standardization of IP, each system connected to an IP-based internet required a unique 32-bit internet address value. The first part of the address identifies the network that the host is present in, while the second part identifies that particular host. While more and more host machines are established on a particular network comes the need to properly identify each of them. All host connected to a network share the same network number (which is the first part of the address value) but must have a unique host number (second part). The only way hosts can share the same host number is if they are on 2 different networks. As years past more and more networks were established throughout the entire world. To handle the flexibility of growing networks, internet designers decided that IP address space should be divided into three address classes: Class A, Class B, and Class C. These three classes are the more publicly available classes and are the most well known. There are also two more classes that are not publicly available: classes D and E. These 2 classes are more for experimental purpose and are not issued publicly. Classes are determined by the first few binary bits of a IP address. These bits known as high-order bits are read by IP software to determine the logical network and host addresses for a device. Each class designates what...
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...Lewis________________________DATE:__07/29/14_______________ 1. How many usable host addresses are contained in a Class C network? (Assume default class mask.) a) 655356 b) 128 c) 512 d) 254 2. Which of the following describes a collision domain? a) The process of a bridge learning MAC addresses to be able to filter instead of flooding b) The separation of two IP subnets by a router c) Devices connected to an Ethernet hub d) Devices connected to an Ethernet switch operating in full duplex mode 3. Given the following routing table on a router, which next hop will the router select given the IP packet with the destination address of 202.8.40.254? Address/Mask Next hop 202.8.0.0/16 Interface 0 202.8.40.0/24 Interface 1 202.8.40.128/25 Router 1 default Router 2 a) Router 1 b) Router 2 c) Interface 0 d) Interface 1 4. Which of the following two protocols operate at the OSI Transport layer? a) IP and ARP b) TCP and UDP c) UDP and IP d) ARP and ICMP 5. The process of a DNS server adding a UDP header to the contents of a DNS query response, followed by adding an IP header, and then adding a data link header and trailer is an example of what? a) Adjacent layer interface b) Data encapsulation c) Same layer interaction d) Packet reordering 6. The term autonomous system (AS) defines the collection of metrics for routes to a particular network. a) True b) False 7. Given 5 bits of mask for the host portion of an IP address, how may usable host addresses are available? a) 62 b) 22 c) 14 d)...
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...Subnetting Made Simple IP Subnetting without Tables, Tools, or Tribulations Larry Newcomer The Pennsylvania State University York Campus Abstract Every networking professional should have a thorough understanding of TCP/IP subnetting. Subnetting can improve network performance by splitting up collision and broadcast domains. Subnets can reflect organizational structure and help support security policies. WAN links typically join different subnets. Subnets can define administrative units and hence support the structuring and delegation of administrative tasks. Unfortunately, mastering subnetting can pose difficulties for both professionals and students because of the binary mathematics that underlies the technology. While it is imperative to present subnetting concepts in terms of the underlying binary representation, most texts also present subnetting procedures in binary terms. Such an approach can make it difficult for students to learn how to actually carry out subnetting without tables or other reference materials, even when they understand the basic concepts. This paper presents a simple, alternative method for understanding and implementing subnetting without software, calculators, tables, or other aids. The only knowledge of binary arithmetic required is familiarity with the powers of 2 from 0 to 8 (2x for x = 0, 1, …, 8). With a little decimal arithmetic thrown in, the whole process is simple enough to be carried out mentally. This paper assumes the reader...
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...NTNT2640 IP Networking Midterm Люда Григорашенко Fri Apr 25 17:29:25 CDT 2014 Which two of the following are Layer 2 protocols commonly used in WANs? PPP and HDLC Which of the following describes a collision domain? Devices connected to an Ethernet hub Which of the following protocol operates at the OSI model Transport Layer? UDP What process is used by a DNS server to add a UDP header to the contents of a DNS query response, followed by adding an IP header, and then adding a data link header and trailer is an example of what? Data Encapsulation The term autonomous system (AS) refers to the collection of metrics for routes to a particular network. False Given the 5 bits of a subnet mask for the host portion of an IP addresses are available? 30 The interface type at the demark for a DS1/T1 circuit at is ____. RJ-48 Given the following routing table on a router, which next hop will the router select given the IP packet with the destination address of: 19.48.254.3 Router 2 Which address below belongs to the Class A network range? 126.254.1.45 Which of the following dynamic routing protocols is an exterior gateway protocol? BGP Out of the following which does a router normally use when making a decision about routing an IP packet? Destination IP Adress How many bits comprise the network portion of a Class C address? 24 A broadcast address is an address that only a single host listens to on the network. False How many usable host addresses are available...
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...____________________________ Build the OSI Model by providing the following information: Layer # | Layer Name | Function | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Internet Protocol The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. Its routing function enables internetworking, and essentially establishes the Internet. IP has the task of delivering packets from the source host to the destination host solely based on the IP addresses contained in the packet. IP defines packet structures that encapsulate the data to be delivered and defines the addressing used to identify the source and destination information. IP is a service in the connection-oriented Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) – thus it is often referred to as the TCP/IP Suite. Two versions of IP: IP Version | Number Format | # of Bits | Example | | | | | | | | | Subnets/Subnetting Subnetting is the practice of dividing a large network into two or more smaller networks (subnets) – this is typically done to improve manageability and performance. Subnet Methods | | | | | Classful: Classful subnetting is a method for allocating IP addresses using five classes of...
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...IP Addresses Classes and Special-Use IP Address Space The A, B, C IP address classes were first introduced in the 1970s as the original routing scheme to organize IP addresses into manageable, recognizable chunks. They were designed to signify different sizes of networks. Class A was for large networks that didn’t need many networks but instead needed a lot of hosts. Class B was medium sized with more networks but less hosts. Class C was for small organizations that needed many networks but few hosts. This system worked well until the 1990s when, due to demand, a classless system was developed called the CIDR (classless inter domain routing) system. CIDR allows for a more flexible allocation and customization of a network’s routing system. The address spaces are as follows: Class A’s first octet ranges from 1 to 126 Class B’s first octet ranges from 128 to 191 Class C’s first octet ranges from 192 to 223 Class D’s first octet ranges from 226 to 239 and are multicast addresses comprised of either pull or push types. A first octet that starts with 127, 224 and 225 are reserved for government use and testing. RFC 1918 IP address ranges are private and can be used within any network to subnet or expand their network. They will never go over the internet and are automatically dropped by any router connected to the internet. They are as follows: Class A = 10.0.0.1 through 10.255.255.254 Class B = 172.16.0.1 through 172.31.255.254 Class C = 192.168.0.1 through 192.168...
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...IP Addresses Classes and Special-Uxs IP Address Space September 25, 2014 The Internet community originally defines five IP address that accommodated networks of various sizes. The most used addresses are class A, B, and C. Class D is reserved for IP multicast addresses. Class E is an experimental address that is reserved for future use. In this paper we will be dealing primarily with Class A, B, C, and D; then we will address the RFC1918 IP address range ant the Martin/Bogon address ranges. These ranges in the following are for IPV4 addresses. Table 1: Class Address Class Summary Class Value for w 1 Network ID Portion Host Id Portion Available Networks Hosts per Network A 1-126 w x.y.z 126 16,777,214 B 138-191 w.x y.z 16,384 65,514 C 197-223 w.x.y z 2,097,152 254 The class A address 127.x.y.z is reserved for loopback testing and interprocess communication on the local computer D Addresses are reserved for IP multicast addresses. Multicast Backbone on the Internet allows a single packet to have multiple destinations and in most often used in real-time audio and video applications Private Range 10.0.0.0 -> 1.255.255.255 172.16.0.0 -> 172.31.255.255 192.168.0.0 -> 192.168.255.255 Table2: Class Ranges of Network IDs Address Class First Network ID Last Network ID Class A 1.0.0.0 126.0.0.0 Class B 128.0.0.0 191.255.0.0 Class C 192.0.0.0 223.225.225.0 Table 3: Class Range of Host IDs Address Class First...
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...Difference between static and dynamic IPs. When a device is assigned a static IP address, it does not change. The device always has the same IP address. Most devices use dynamic IP addresses, which are assigned by the network when they connect. About static IPs for small business Static IP addresses An Internet Protocol (IP) address is a unique number assigned to each computer on a network. An IP address identifies computers on the Internet. A computer on the Internet can have a static IP address, which means it stays the same over time, or a dynamic IP address, which means the address can change over time. When you might need static IPs You might need static IPs if one or more of these scenarios applies to you: • Maintain your own web server or other Internet server, such as an email server, that requires users to connect from the Internet. • Have external devices or services that must connect to your network via IP address (for example, 74.125.224.72) rather than by name (for example, google.com). • Use a VPN or other service to remotely connect to computers in your business. Well, the first thing I would ask you is what Class of address does 172 fall under? This is vital. (This would be a Class B address because their range is 128-191) Therefore, be definition, the network mask is 255.255.0.0, or /16... Now, with a given IP and mask of 172.25.102.41 /22 you can see that they are using 6 bits for subnetting. (/16 default, and now using /22). This is a mask of...
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...Question and Problems Section 5-2 1. What are the four layers of the TCP/IP model? I. Application II. Transport III. Internet IV. Network Interface 2. Which layer of the TCP/IP model processes request from host to make sure a connection is made to the appropriate port? • Application Layer 3. What are well known ports? • Ports Reserved by I.C.A.N.N. (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) 4. Identify the port number for the following applications. a. Telnet-Port 23 b. HTTP-Port 80 c. FTP-Port 20 and 21 d. DNS-Port 53 e. DHCP-Port 67 and 68 5. Define the purpose of a connection orientated protocol. Give an example. • Establishes a network connection. • Example: connection orientated protocol manages the delivery of data and terminates the connection to transport control protocol. 6. What three packets are exchanged between two hosts when establishing the TCP connection? I. Syn II. Syn Ack III. Ack 7. What is the purpose of the sequence number (SEQ=) in TCP data packets? • Used to keep track of data packets being transmitted between host 1 and host 2. 8. Explain how the host knows whether a data packet was not received. • Host one will received a message from host two, indicating that data packet was not received. 9. Describe how a TCP connection is terminated. • The host sends a (FIN) Finish packet to the other connection. The receiving host then sends a FIN packet back to host one, indicating the data...
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...Routing Table Format- A routing table is used by TCP/IP network routers to calculate the destinations of messages it is responsible for forwarding. The table is a small in-memory database managed by the router's built-in hardware and software. Each IP address identifies a remote router (or other network gateway) that the local router is configured to recognize. For each IP address, the routing table additionally stores a network mask and other data that specifies the destination IP address ranges that remote device will accept. Home network routers utilize a very small routing table because they simply forward all outbound traffic to the Internet Service Provider (ISP) gateway which takes care of all other routing steps. Home router tables typically contain ten or fewer entries. By comparison, the largest routers at the core of the Internet backbone must maintain the full Internet routing table that exceeds 100,000 entries and growing as the Internet expands. b. Routing Lookup Mechanism- c. Classful vs. Classless Routing- Classful Routing, which is sometimes called a classful network. If you are using a classful routing protocol then all of your networks are in different classes and are separated by a router. Remember that the useable IPv4 address ranges are divided into classes. Class A 1-126, Class B 128-191, and Class C 192-223. So when we talk about a classful routing protocol, it will only look at the IP address class and not the subnet mask. This is the problem; if you...
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...Erick Dinzey ITT-220 Mr. Falaise HW 1 Pgs. 43-47 All Questions Questions and Problems: Section 1-1: 1. State whether the following network descriptions are describing a MAN, WAN, or LAN: a. LAN b. MAN c. WAN 2. Expand the acronym NIC. Network Interface Card 3. Expand the acronym MAC. Media Access Control 4. Expand the acronym LAN. Local Area Network 5. Expand the acronym WAN. Wide Area Network Section 1-2: 6. Define the term protocol. Set of rules established for users to exchange information. 7. Define the term topology. Architecture of a network. 8. Define the term deterministic. Access to the network is provided at fixed time intervals 9. A disadvantage of the token-ring system is that if an error changes the token pattern, it can cause the token to stop circulating. This can be eliminated by adding a Token-ring hub (A hub that manages the passing of the token in a Token-Ring network.) 10. State the network topology being used in the following figures (Bus, Star, Ring, or Mesh). a. Mesh b. Bus c. Ring d. Star 11. What is the difference between a hub and a switch? Hub – Broadcasts data it receives to all devices connected to its ports. Switch – Establishes a direct connection from the sender to the destination without passing the data traffic to other networking devices. Section 1-3: 12. Define the acronym CSMA/CD and the protocol that uses CSMA/CD. ...
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...To provide the flexibility required to support networks of varying sizes, internet designers decided that the IP address space should be divided into three address classes-Class A, Class B, and Class C. This is often referred to as classful addressing. Each class fixes the boundary between the network prefix and the host number at a different point within the 32-bit address. One of the fundamental features of the classful IP addressing is that each address contains a self-encoding key that identifies the dividing point between the network prefix and the host number. Network Address Classes Address Class Octets Used First Network ID Last Network ID Number of Networks Class A 1 1.x.y.z 126.x.y.z 126 Class B 2 128.0.y.z(*) 191.255.y.z 16,384 Class C 3 192.0.0.z 223.255.255.z 2,097152 Host Address Classes Address Class Octets Used First Network ID Last Network ID Number of Networks Class A 3 w.0.0.1 w.255.255.254 16,777,214 Class B 2 w.x.0.1 w.x.255.254 65,534 Class C 1 w.x.y.1 w.x.y.254 254 Class D is reserved for IP multicast addresses. The first four high-order bits are set to 1110. The remaining 28 bits are used for individual IP multicast addresses. Multicast Backbone on the Internet (MBONE) allows a single packet to have multiple destinations and is most often used in real-time audio and video...
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