...I do not think the culture-fair test is fair. Since a lot of the intelligence tests were designed by white males. It is as if they were creating the tests for themselves so they would look superior to everyone else in other cultures. Everyone thinks differently from one another because we each have a different mind set. Each individual learns a different way and not at the same pace. So why make us take these intelligence tests when they are far from fair to each individual? I do not see the point in stereotyping individuals in their scores. Since stereotype threat is a major issue individuals of different races deal with. For instance, black students took a verbal aptitude test and their scores were lower than others because it was suppose...
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...Standards Board (IASB) defines fair value as "... an amount at which an asset could be exchanged between knowledgeable and willing parties in an arms length transaction". Under the fair value measurement approach, assets and liabilities are re-measured periodically to reflect changes in their value, with the resulting change impacting either net income or other comprehensive income for the period. The result is a balance sheet that better reflects the current value of assets and liabilities. The cost is greater volatility in periodic reported performance caused by changes in fair value. The notion of fair value accounting is intuitive when applied to quoted investments such as equities, bonds, commodities, etc. that are carried in an entity’s balance sheet at their market value. This form of fair value accounting is often termed mark-to-market accounting. However, while market prices are one aspect of fair value measurement, the term is increasingly being used to describe measurement by other means. For example, accountants often arrive at an estimate of fair value for non-quoted investments based on a model (e.g., a share option valued by applying a specialist option valuation model) or specialist opinion. Such applications of fair value measurement are referred to as mark-to-model accounting. The IASB has followed US standard-setters in dealing with the problem of fair values that do not result from market prices. Specifically, IFRS 13 Fair Value Measurement applies the following...
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...The following essay addresses the issue of fair trade and basic fair trade business strategies of 50 sampled companies which operate around the world. The main emphasis is to assess which fair trade strategies and actions can be found in company reports and to identify best practice approaches. Based on these findings, I will be dealing with the question if the strategies can be worth adapting by German retailers. "Never before have had so many people so much in common, but never before have the things that divide them been so obvious.” Due to the fact that profit maximization and long-term maintenance of a business company are still the main business objectives global trade, free markets and globalization are the talks of today. At the same time organizations, institutions and governments share a vision of people of different nationalities and cultures which are able to trade resources across boundaries. However, it is not easy to maintain that when globalization does not favor those who want to trade fair-minded and reasonable. Besides there is a need for regulations when nation´s own global trading policies together with international corporations´ desire to increase their profits result in manipulated international trade pacts and agreements. Nevertheless fair trade is an effective way of development cooperation and for that reason millions of famers around the world symbolizes this way of participation in global trade relations, kids in school, healthy environment...
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...GROUP 2 Marketing Project FINAL REPORT ON Fair & Lovely | Unilever FOR FAIRNESS WITH EVERY WASH FOR PIMPLE FREE SKIN FOR SPOT FREE SKIN 1|P e FORa gAGELESS, FAIR SKIN 2013 – 2015 XLRI Jamshedpur Contents I. II. III. Cosmetics Industry................................................................................................................................ 4 Fair and Lovely : Experiencing Beauty .................................................................................................. 6 Market .................................................................................................................................................. 7 Market Size ............................................................................................................................................... 7 Market Share ............................................................................................................................................ 8 Seasonality ................................................................................................................................................ 8 IV. MICRO ANALYSIS................................................................................................................................... 9 Threat of new entrants ............................................................................................................................. 9 Buyers and their bargaining power............
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...Organization of a book fair I have chosen to do my research paper on the organization of the book fair for a non-profit company in a major United States city. This book fair will take place in San Francisco, California. There are many non-profit organizations here in San Francisco that could use the help of a fundraiser. There are schools, health organizations, medical clinics, homeless shelters, and food banks to name a few. Successful planning and organizing a fundraiser will make this project successful. To begin the planning stage of this fundraiser, I will need to do much research. This is going to be a book fundraiser. Looking at cost effective ways to hold this fundraiser is crucial since the outcome is to raise money for a particular organization. I will first look at a venue. Is it less expensive to hold a fundraiser on the Internet or is it more cost efficient to hold it a location. Having a fundraiser on the Internet does not seem a personable to me. However, it might be more cost efficient. Holding a fundraiser at a physical location seems that it would be more successful. The advertising and promotion of a fundraiser are just as important. Getting the most exposure to the public will help with the success of my fundraiser. I will need to research to find out if advertising and promoting this book fundraiser is more or less expensive than with actual physical advertising. I am leaning more to the physical...
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...How fair is fair trade chocolate? Is chocolate leaving a bitter taste in your mouth? But now fair trade has made its way around and is a sweet solution to poverty. Fairtrade is an organization that offers the poor better trading conditions allowing them to earn the money that they should earn. Fair trade has lived up to their values by; reducing poverty, supporting better work conditions and protecting human rights in addition. The chocolate industry has a very bittersweet story behind it which includes child slavery and human trafficking. Human trafficking is a hardship that many developing countries are suffering and the main cause of trafficking is poverty. Those who are in the state of being severely poor are willing to give up anything even for the smallest thing like water for example. Fairtrade has helped to reduce poverty by supplying Kuapa Kokoo (A co-operative based in Ghana that provides only ‘Child-labour’ free cocoa beans) with necessities that help to support over 45,000 individual cocoa farmers. Things such as water, food and proper housing are slowly in construction ever since farmers have been selling directly to fair trade therefore a decrease in poverty has taken place. A male farmer who goes by the name Issac Frimpong has said that “Fair trade has helped me get money to look after myself and my children, to buy food and to look after myself”. Because...
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...Fair Trade- Benefits and criticisms Important to note that the fair trade economy is diverse ranging from agricultural products to handicrafts from all over the world. Benefits and costs vary by product, historical context of market, geography, etc. It is also important to note that fair trade occupies only a small sliver of the global trade. Some Benefits of Fair Trade: At its core, fairtrade guarantees a decent price for producers by requiring traders to pay a premium, which is passed on to the consumer. This premium insulates the poorest of farmers from fluctuations in the market, disasters, and other extreme events Small-scale Farmers and Workers: The Fairtrade system benefits approximately 1 million workers and farmers in 60 developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America. Including their dependents, five million people are affected. Fairtrade certification allows them to achieve economic independence and empowerment while improving their standards of living. Beyond being paid a fair price for their produce, Fairtrade Premiums enable producers to better their communities by providing: • Improved access to low or no-interest loans • Technical assistance for building infrastructure to improve production • Communications systems, and collectively-owned transport and processing equipment • Better health care and education • Technical training and skill diversification for cooperative members and their families A recent...
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...Sustainable Coffee Certifications Enough to Secure Farmer Livelihoods? The Millenium Development Goals and Nicaragua’s Fair Trade Cooperatives ´ ´ CHRISTOPHER M. BACONÃ , V. ERNESTO MENDEZÃÃ , MARIA ´ EUGENIA FLORES GOMEZÃÃÃ , DOUGLAS STUARTÃÃÃÃ , & SANDRO ´ ´ RAUL DIAZ FLORESÃÃÃÃÃ Ã University of California, Santa Cruz, USA University of Vermont, USA ÃÃÃ ´ Asociacion de Mujeres Contra La Violencia, Oyanka, Jalapa, Nicaragua ÃÃÃÃ Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Nicaragua, Nicaragua ÃÃÃÃÃ ´ ´ CII-ASDENIC, Edificio Casa Estelı, Estelı, Nicaragua ÃÃ ABSTRACT In December 2001, green coffee commodity prices hit a 30-year low. This deepened the livelihood crisis for millions of coffee farmers and rural communities. The specialty coffee industry responded by scaling up several sustainable coffee certification programs, including Fair Trade. This study uses household- and community-level research conducted in Nicaragua from 2000 to 2006 to assess the response to the post-1999 coffee crisis. A participatory action research team surveyed 177 households selling into conventional and Fair Trade markets in 2006. In an effort to dialogue with specialty coffee industry and mainstream development agencies, results are framed within the context of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. Findings suggest that households connected to Fair Trade cooperatives experienced several positive impacts in education, infrastructure investment, and monetary savings...
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...Case analysis: Classification of instruments in fair value hierarchy Instrumental 1 In the case, there was a significant decrease in the volume and activity for the instrument because of (1) significant widening of the bid-ask spreads in the markets and the widening continued throughout Q4 2012 (2) a significant decrease in the volume of trades comparing with historical level in Q4 (3) no recent transactions. According to 820-10-35-54-c, it was reasonable to determine that market is not active. Because the adjustments were based on management’s assumption, FFC didn’t used level 1 inputs in the income approach valuation technique (present value technique). In addition, significant adjustment inputs includes credit adjustment (level 3 inputs) and liquidity risk adjustment (level 3 inputs), and implied rate of return (level 2 inputs) under ASC 820-10-35-48/52. According to ASC 820-10-35-37A, when the inputs are categorized within different levels of the hierarchy, the entire instrument should be in the same level of hierarchy as the lowest level inputs that is significant to the entire measurement. So, CDO should be categorized within level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. Instrument 2 There was no significant decrease in the volume and activity for the MBS, because no significant factors occurred. Therefore, the market should be still active, even the market became increasingly volatile with some declined activity in the Q4 2012. In my opinion, FFC should still use market approach...
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...Rehab: Rehab (Real Estate & Housing Association of Bangladesh) is the only trade organization that has 1081 membership of developers. Rehab plans to organize housing fair abroad for the Bangladeshi individuals who are living in different countries of the world to buy apartment, land, and commercial spaces in their home country. Dhaka has become one of the most populated cities in the world with hindering of all urban facilities such as housing, utilities, drinking water, public transport, entertainment and so on since 1990s. As more people are coming to Dhaka and centric development becomes the major driving force to relocate people to the capital with unplanned development of the city without considering housing for migration of people with urban facilities create unhealthy township in the capital. As well as aggressive price hike of construction cost pushes up property price out of reach for general people. As a consumer we discover some negative factors of Rehab fair - 1. Customer service: Usually they do not give certain platform to the clients. They provide poor customer services as well as they do not ensure the quality. 2. Price hike: As there are no fixed rates, sometimes they set a high price which is not affordable for middle class, lower middle class families. 3. Violation in the agreements of consumers: Often disobedience of deeds is seen, for example- not giving the required spaces stated in the deed, problems in payments and so on. 4....
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...It Isn’t Fair Motivations are the forces within individuals that account for the direction, level, and persistence of a person’s efforts expended at work. The research of motivational theories is fascinating as it explores the cognitive processes that warp our minds to behave in ways conducive to our motivations. Our motivations affect our personal lives, our professional lives, and even our inner selves. This essay is going to explore motivational theories through a case analysis by investigating the various content and process theories that can explain attitudes, perceive current actions, and speculate on future ones. Content theories focus on individual needs that we feel we need to reduce or eliminate. The Needs Theories of Motivation, a sector of content theories, suggest that motivations arise from our attempts to satisfy important needs. The Hierarchy of Needs Theory explains that people have a hierarchy of needs that we feel need to be satisfied. Some of these needs are more important than others, but the importance of these needs varies between individuals and the circumstances surrounding the individual. Through our case analysis, it is apparent that Mary puts an emphasis on her need for esteem and self-actualization. Mary worked overtime, spent three weeks in Costa Rica, and even more hours on the weekends trying her best to excel in her performance. She did this not for her social needs or physiological needs; she did this to acquire respect and recognition from...
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...| Job Fair | Small Scholars | | Pachinete Brown | 2/12/2015 | | My company consists of a chain of high end daycare centers that offers various amenities. My clients have the luxury of the highest educated teachers from around the United States teaching their children everything from playing musical instruments to several different languages including sign language. I plan to have these daycares strategically placed in areas where there are little to no child care facilities available. This is to ensure that my business is almost an only option and once the customers see the quality of care provided, they will be highly satisfied. I chose not to franchise my company because I want to be the sole proprietor. I want to be responsible for the type of care being given to each child who enrolls in my facilities and I plan to be very hands on with each building I open. Employees within my organization should have behaviors that exemplify love and education. The main focus point is to teach children and have them in an environment that will feel safe and that they can grow in. I expect all of my employees to be honest and sincere in their dealings with the children and parents that we service. The structure of my company begins with me who at this moment have over 11 years of experience in the field of childcare. I will be sure that any employee who has direct contact with the children exemplifies a certain degree of patience, professionalism, and have prior experience...
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...Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 8 September 2010 Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting Chapter 1, The Objective of General Purpose Financial Reporting, and Chapter 3, Qualitative Characteristics of Useful Financial Information a replacement of FASB Concepts Statements No. 1 and No. 2 Copyright © 2010 by Financial Accounting Foundation. All rights reserved. Content copyrighted by Financial Accounting Foundation may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the Financial Accounting Foundation. Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts No. 8 September 2010 Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting Chapter 1, The Objective of General Purpose Financial Reporting, and Chapter 3, Qualitative Characteristics of Useful Financial Information a replacement of FASB Concepts Statements No. 1 and No. 2 Financial Accounting Standards Board of the Financial Accounting Foundation 401 MERRITT 7, PO BOX 5116, NORWALK, CONNECTICUT 06856-5116 Statements of Financial Accounting Concepts This Statement of Financial Accounting Concepts (Concepts Statement) is one of a series of publications in the Board’s Conceptual Framework for financial accounting and reporting. Since the publication of the last Concepts Statement, the Board has undertaken a project with the International Accounting Standards...
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...Source: DE ECONOMIST 150, NO. 3, 2002 HOW FAIR IS FAIR TRADE? ** BY ROBBERT MASELAND AND ALBERT DE VAAL* Summary This paper investigates to what extent fair trade programmes, are indeed ‘fair.’ This is accomplished by comparing fair trade with free trade and protectionist trade regimes on their compliance of the criteria set by the fair trade movement itself. This comparison is made using comparative cost based models and economies of scale models. It is found that whether or not fair trade is superior to free trade or protectionism is highly dependent on a number of characteristics of the products to which fair trade is applied as well as on the context within which international trade takes place. 1 INTRODUCTION A long-standing debate in development economics has been the one between advocates of free trade and proponents of protectionism in developing countries. While the former argued that free trade would offer large opportunities for poor countries to improve their situation, the latter considered trade to be harmful to poorer countries and typically preferred a combination of protectionism and development aid. This opposition tended to dominate the discussion about the role of international trade in the Third World. Bhagwati 1993 , Krueger 1990 However, in recent years, a third position has come up. This position maintains that international trade can be beneficial to developing countries as long as it is performed in a just manner. The idea behind this is that...
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...Fair value accounting is a financial reporting approach in which companies are required or permitted to measure and report on an ongoing basis certain assets and liabilities (generally financial instruments) at estimates of the prices they would receive if they were to sell the assets or would pay if they were to be relieved of the liabilities. Under fair value accounting, companies report losses when the fair values of their assets decrease or liabilities increase. Those losses reduce companies’ reported equity and may also reduce companies’ reported net income In response to the credit crunch, some parties (generally financial institutions) have criticized fair value accounting, including FAS 157’s measurement guidance. Those criticisms have included: • Reported losses are misleading because they are temporary and will reverse as markets return to normal • Fair values are difficult to estimate and thus are unreliable • Reported losses have adversely affected market prices yielding further losses and increasing the overall risk of the financial system. During the ongoing credit crunch,1 the markets for subprime and some other asset and liability positions have been severely illiquid and disorderly in other respects. This has led various (possibly self-interested) parties to raise three main potential criticisms of fair value accounting. First, unrealized losses recognized under fair value accounting may reverse over time. Second, market...
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