...The principle of utilitarianism the moral test for the rightness or wrongness of an action. It is based on the principle of utility, aiming to maximise pleasure and minimize pain. The word utility comes from the Greek “utilis” meaning beneficial/useful theory. It is a teleological consequential argument, as everything is focused on the end result and whether or not it generates happiness. It is relative to the situation as can bend the rules, allowing hedonistic acts to occur, hedonistic acts are those which are selfish pleasures. There are two types of utilitarianism Act and Rule and they vary in the following ways. Jeremy Bentham is the founder of Act Utilitarianism, and his theory is quantitive. He focuses on making the majority of people happy “greatest happiness for the greatest number”. Bentham stated “pushpin is just as good as poetry” as it wax his belief that all pleasures were the same. However John Stuart Mill who is the founder of Rule Utilitarianism his theory is qualative, and believes that there are higher and lower pleasures. Higher pleasures being those which stimulate the brain e.g. poetry and lower pleasures being those that have a physically pleasuring sensation directly to the body e.g. sexual intercourse. Mill justifies his belief by stating “poetry is superior to pushpin” criticising Bentham’s idea that all pleasures are of the same depth. Mill emphasises the fact that higher pleasures are far superior to lower pleasures by stating “it is better...
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...Hispanics, and Caucasians and what factors play into these rates. I will then switch to my home town (St. Louis) and focus on crime that surrounds me day in and day out. In 2010 St. Louis was named “The most Dangerous City in America”, and I plan to research what labeled them with this title and what they are going to do to try and reverse this title for the future. II. BODY A. African American Incarcerated 1. Factors that contribute to incarceration 2. Judges and Attorneys that play a role in sentencing in African American cases 3. Examples of cases with African Americans as defendants B. Hispanic Incarcerated 1. Factors that contribute to incarceration 2. Judges and Attorneys that play a role in sentencing in Hispanic cases 3. Examples of cases with Hispanic as defendants C. Caucasian Incarcerated 1. Factors that contribute to incarceration 2. Judges and Attorneys that play a role in sentencing in Caucasian cases 3. Examples of cases with Caucasian as defendants D. St. Louis Crime Rate 1. Factors that contribute to incarceration in St. Louis, MO 2. Different types of crimes 3. Example of St. Louis crimes III. CONCLUSION A. Discuss the factors that link the 3 races together B. What we may be able to do to correct the factors that contribute to incarceration Every American comes into this world we all enter life on the same playing field. It is how you deal with situations and diversity that carve your future into stone. Every day we are faced with...
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... Transformational Leadership………………………………………………….. 5 Learning contract outcome…………………………………………………………………. 5 Critical self-reflection and analysis of the outcome…………………………….. 6 Knowledge………………………………………………………………………….. 6 Skills……………………………………………………………………………………. 8 Ability…………………………………………………………………………………. 9 Action Plan…………………………………………………………………………………………9 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………….10 References………………………………………………………………………………………….11 Introduction Leadership, Ethics, social responsibilities are some of the common terms widely used inside classrooms and boardrooms. But surprisingly very little research has been carried out in this field (Doh & Stumpf, 2005). A number of trend and changes such as up skilling of jobs, globalization, increase of competition, constant upgrades and push for efficiency at organizational level means that, leaders are constantly pushed to the limit and are facing various issues relating to leadership (Tafvelin, 2014). Due to the demand of...
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...Introduction In the modern day, it has become increasingly important for Organizations to be morally correct in the way that they conduct their business and corporate activities. Companies with strong ethics programs have found that these efforts can reduce potential costly fines, decrease vulnerability, improve reputation, provide access to capital, favorably influence their bottom line, positively affect their employees' commitment to work and enhance customer loyalty (The importance of being ethical 2000). One of the most important perks of being ethically correct is the potential avoidance of fines and extra legal costs that the organizations could incur by avoiding their moral and ethical duties towards their customers and also to society at large, which along with the goodwill that comes with being an ethical company boosts the potential of profitability of the organization. Companies and their employees are required to comply with national, international, and local laws governing their operation. Failure to comply with these standards can be costly in terms of time, resources, brand image and employee and customer loyalty. In addition, the development of strong ethics initiatives can greatly reduce the chance of fines resulting from wrongful, fraudulent, discriminatory or illegal activities (The importance of being ethical 2000). Hiring ethical people is one of the most important factors involved in creating and sustaining an ethical organization, if not, the most as...
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...UTILITARIANISM Ethics is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with what is morally good and bad or right and wrong. It is the core value system we use in life when solving our daily problems. Ethics was developed on a wide variety of factors and are not the absolute rules. People build their lives from personal ethics; however many people find it difficult to define ethics. Some people believe that ethics is derived from the inner voice, which guides us through our daily lives. While others consider ethics to be innate; many feel it is developed as a result of our environment. Ethics involves how we treat people in terms of respect and the concern we have for their well being. Many businesses and organizations operate under a code of ethics, which was established to govern the behavior within that environment. A code of ethics is necessary to accomplish success or overcome adversity. If there were no rules or guidelines it would be difficult to hold one accountable for poor decision-making or bad behavior. Violation of the code of ethics in a business or organization may result in sanctions or legal penalties. Among the major fields of applied ethics are bioethics, business ethics, legal ethics and medical ethics. Nurses are licensed by each state and they are part of a self-regulating profession. They are responsible for their own work and have their own code of ethics. Nurses are governed by a set of rules and regulation, which...
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...also discusses that every person whether they are man, woman, or child has the right to live and to be free from any and all inhumane treatments. In my opinion it's just wrong to act upon certain crimes and then also if you are accused of the crime you may or may not get the proper conviction time that should be granted to you. These issues are not just going to simply go away, we are born into sin so the wrongful things that we have done are in us, you simply don’t have to make those choices, you can choose the right path instead of the wrong path (Goodman, 2010). Remember to include citations when you use information from the article. I believe that everyone should be able to live their life and not be judge or to judge people, that’s not our place, only God can judge people for their actions in life. Everyone in life have has a choice to make, rather whether its...
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...Introduction Ethics is the systematic study of the fundamental principles of morality. It is an attempt to explain moral principles. It is concerned with the question of right or wrong in human behavior. It explains how men ought to behave and why it is wrong or right to behave in a certain way. Ethics weighs human actions or inactions on a moral scale to determine whether the action is morally good or morally bad. Thomas Hobbes on ethics explained it as the science of “virtue and vice.”1 Morality and ethics cannot be divorced. Morality is the basis of ethics, the latter is the explicit reflection on, and the systematic study of the former (Joseph Omoregbe 1993 p.3)2. How then do we decide what is morally right? Is it based on universal laws or divine instructions? Are laws truly universal? If they are not, how then can the rightness or wrongness of culturally divergent societies be determined? Philosophers agree and disagree in varied proportions on answers to these questions. It is normal if you disagree too. For the purpose of this paper, an attempt will be made to look into the concept of ethical relativism, its importance and areas of deviation from ethical absolutism. History of Ethical Relativism Though moral relativism did not become a prominent topic in philosophy or elsewhere until the twentieth century, it has ancient origins. In the classical Greek world, both the historian Herodotus and the sophist Protagoras appeared to endorse some form of relativism. The early...
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...Issues This case is about the usage of genetically modified foods and up till today, this problem is continuing. It was stated that Taco Bell was accused of using StarLink corn (a type of genetically modified corn) in their taco shells. The StarLink had been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) that it is safe for animal but not human consumption. From the time when this case happens, the public started to be aware of the possible dangers of genetically modified foods. Other than that, the prices of corn start to decline. This case had generated debates about genetically modified foods. There are two groups that shares different views about genetically modified food. One of the groups is the proponents of genetically modified food. This group believes that genetically modified food is not harmful and thinks that it helps to feed the hungry world. On the opposite are the anti-GM foods. Basically, this group deem GM food as a hazard and harmful to humankind and environment. Ethical Issues Technology has become more as more advanced as the time passes and technology are slowly playing a very important role in people’s life. However, there are advantages as well as disadvantages of using technology. One important issue that arises with the use of technology is ethical issues. The management’s goal of each company should attempt to keep away from immoral as well as amoral practices. They should instead adopt a moral management practice. The aims of the management...
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...February 21, 2016 Law, Ethics, and Corp. Governance PharmaCARE (We CARE about YOUR health®) is one of the world’s most successful pharmaceutical companies, enjoying a reputation as a caring, ethical and well-run company that produces high-quality products that save millions of lives and enhance the quality of life for millions of others The company offers free and discounted drugs to low-income consumers, has a foundation that sponsors healthcare educational programs and scholarships, and its CEO serves on the PhRMA board. PharmaCARE recently launched a new initiative, We CARE about YOUR world®, pledging its commitment to the environment through recycling, packaging changes and other green initiatives, despite the fact that the company’s lobbying efforts and PAC have successfully defeated environmental laws and regulations, including extension of the Superfund tax, which was created by Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA). Based in New Jersey, PharmaCARE maintains a large manufacturing facility in the African nation of Colberia, where the company has found several “healers” eager to freely share information about indigenous cures and an abundance of Colberians willing to work for $1.00 a day, harvesting plants by walking five (5) miles into and out of the jungle carrying baskets that, when full, weigh up to fifty (50) pounds. Due to the low standard of living in Colberia, much of the population lives in primitive huts with no electricity...
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...approach does not take into account the principles of the action, the action itself, or the consequences of the action, rather focusing on the values and moral character of the person performing the act. Characteristics are the personal virtues. (Frederick, p. 30) The shortcomings of virtue ethics are its inability to solve the problem of dilemma when a person has contradictory values. Second, the justification problem, because every culture has different virtues how do you justify which character traits are virtues. (Hursthouse, 2013) 3. Deontological ethics approach judges the morality of an action based on expectations from the person based on a rule. Different forms of deontology include: rights, contractualism, divine command ethics, monistic deontology and duty. In the first form of deontology, Rights, an action is moral if it respects the right of other individuals. Contractualism considers an action morally right if it agrees with the rules and rational moral agents bring into social relationships. Divine command ethics,...
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... Sentencing laws in the United States corrections vary, depending on the objectives set at the state and federal levels. Sentencing guidelines provide structure at the criminal sentencing stage by defining offense and offender elements that should be considered in each case to determine the correct sentence. There are four justifications for punishment in the United States; the four principal objectives of punishment are traditionally stated as retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation ,and incapacitation. There are many factors that determine what form of punishment you receive. The factors include the type of crime committed and previous criminal history. The state objectives for punishment are applied to misdemeanors, and the federal objective for punishment is only for felonies and serious misdemeanors. The principal objectives for punishment are retribution, deterrence, rehabilitation and incapacitation. Retribution is the justification punishment in which the offender is given a sentence that is vengeful, this given to make the offender suffer for the crime committed, to also make the offender morally responsible for the offender to accept responsibility for their actions. Retribution is also done to show others that the crime committed will not be tolerated. Deterrence is a justification punishment that is given with the intent of discouraging members of society from committing criminal acts out of fear of punishment ("Deterrence...
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...Imagine choosing between causing harm to a human being and an animal. In order to prevent the human from being wounded, you would have to cause a greater amount of pain in the animal. Most likely, you would choose to spare the human, thus injuring the animal. According to Peter Singer in his article “All Animals are Equal”, the welfare of animals must be considered equally with that of humans in part because of their ability to feel pain and joy as humans do (1972). His approach is utilitarian, as it judges actions based on the amount of suffering or joy brought about by an action. Therefore, in the aforementioned situation, one following Singer’s approach would choose to allow the human to be harmed because the total amount of suffering caused...
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...The percentage of women in corporate governance remains low in comparison to men. The evidence presents itself through numbers. There are 190 heads of state, only nine are women. The percentage of women who are at positions such as chief executive officers, senior executives, and board members is significantly low in large, publicly-held companies. Women are not only underrepresented in the United States but all around the globe. Multiple surveys were conducted by the Pew Research Center concluding the general finding that “according to the majority of Americans, women are every bit as capable of being good political leaders as men and the same can be said about their ability to dominate the corporate boardroom.” Yet, 43 percent of women are held to higher standards in regards to top executive business positions and 38% of women in regards to high political offices. What causes the absence of women leaders in corporate governance? Do the causes follow ethical guidelines? Looking at the Pew Research Center survey, a major reason that more women are not in top executive business positions is because they are healed to higher standards than men and many businesses are not ready to hire women for top executive positions. A minor reason is that family responsibilities get in the way of women committing time to run a major corporation, women do not have access to the same kinds of connections as men and women are less likely to ask for promotions. A couple common misconceptions...
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...Abstract Employment At-Will and Medical Marijuana use are two issues merging together in today’s society as state laws are becoming more reciprocal to medical marijuana users. Research has found that many users find marijuana to be a great therapeutic alternative when traditional therapeutic drugs start to become ineffective. The issue of employers having the legal right to fire employees who are registered medical marijuana users when testing positive during drug test makes employees feel helpless. This paper explores the legal, ethical, and social responsibilities that companies have in today’s society in regard to the use of medical marijuana. At Will Employment and Medical Marijuana: Analyses based on Legal, Ethical and Social Responsibility There is controversy over the rising issue of employment at-will and medical marijuana off company property. There are 22 states that allow the use of medical marijuana, but these states’ medical marijuana laws do not explicitly provide protection status to patients. Should this be legal and is it worth it for the organization to continue this practice? This paper will discuss the issue of “zero-tolerance” drug policies in organizations located in states that allow the legal use of medical marijuana, and the issues that arise will be analyzed and broken down into the “3 value” analysis of the law, ethics, and social responsibility. According to a report done by CNN there is a case concerning a Michigan man named Joseph Casias...
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...Jean-Paul Sartre claims that man is completely free. To understand what this statement means, this essay will look at Existentialist philosophy and evaluate the central concepts namely freedom, anguish, abandonment and despair. Through analysing Sartre’s lecture entitled ‘Existentialism and Humanism’ and his book, ‘Being and Nothingness’ this essay will explain what he meant by this statement and will argue that while man is free to a certain extent, he is not completely free. Sartre delivered his lecture in a time of guarded optimism and unrest. The truth about the Nazi power and Auschwitz had just become known and the first atomic bomb had been dropped. People were becoming aware of how evil others could be and were looking for answers. There was a need to re-examine life as they knew it and Sartre, through Existentialism, offered a new approach to life. While Sartre himself later repudiated parts of his lecture it still remains his most widely read writing. (Philosophynow.org, 2016) Sartre used the word, ‘freedom’ which would have appealed to the people of that epoch having just been freed from Nazi occupation, however he says man is condemned to be free as he believed freedom came with great responsibility. The main reason for Sartre’s lecture was to defend Existentialism against its critics who thought it would lead to ‘quietism of despair’. They thought it was contemplative and would discourage people from taking action. Due to the words he used, namely anguish, abandonment...
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