...Manajemen Syariah, FE Unpad •Sekretaris SOURCE: DR. MAGDA ISMAIL (INCEIF, 2009) LEARNING OBJECTIVES The Nature and Characteristic of Man. The Concept of Din and its Significance to Economic Activity. Islamic Worldview vs. Secular Worldview. Implications of Different Worldviews on Man’s Way of Life Definitions of Islam: Iman, ‘Amal, Ihsan. Concepts of Tawhid, Khilafah, Adalah. Concepts of accountability, transparency and trustworthiness 2 . What do you understand by the Worldview? INCEIF 3 WORLDVIEW Worldview explain how man perceives this world. It denotes “a set of implicit or explicit assumptions about the origin of the universe and the nature of human life”. INCEIF 4 SECULAR WORLDVIEW Every community or system is controlled or influenced by its own worldview. different worldviews among communities or among systems lead to dissimilar end means of human life. The MAN’S WAY OF LIFE FROM SECULAR VIEW Separation between religion and other aspects of life, Materialistic, Individualistic, Less socio-economic justice, Less public relations, less concern with the Hereafter life. 6 INCEIF MAN’S WAY OF LIFE IN ISLAM Belief in a dual worldviews: this world & the hereafter. Religion is part of his/her daily life. Maslahah of the ummah (public benefit), Accountability, Trustworthiness, Transparency etc. 7 INCEIF WHY ALLAH (SWT) CREATED MAN? INCEIF 8 CONT. WHY ALLAH...
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...Soleman Abdi Idd Hist 275 Essay 1 : Islam was born in the Hijaz in the 7th century and expanded to the rest of the Middle East where its key institutions were established. Simultaneously, it went through a rapid wave of expansion and eventually reached the African continent though North Africa and was progressively embraced in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, we cannot say there was such a thing as a unique process of expansion of Islam because an African identity was inexistent. Indeed, the continent and especially our area of focus, consisting of North Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa, was composed of different regions defined by their ethnicity and their ancestry. Furthermore, the physical separation created by the Sahara desert also played a major role into accentuating the disparities. We will explore here, how the introduction of Islam in both regions differed significantly and how in the secondary phase of “rooting” of the faith, this key difference in the first contacts the religion had in these two regions led to the establishment of two distinct Islams. Finally, we will demonstrate that when we look beyond the complexity of both processes, they ultimately share many similarities. The main difference in the process of arrival of Islam in North Africa and Sub-Saharan African is displayed by the rapidity of expansion. Whereas by 720, North Africa was controlled by the Muslims, the adoption of Islam below the Sahara appeared to be more slowly paced and...
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...discrimination against and persecution of those that don’t fit in or follow the rest of general society is quite a problem. When I think about this problem in our country, there are two groups of people that immediately come to my mind: Muslims and African Americans. Though these two groups are in completely different categories, they face many of the same problems in terms of discrimination in America. Within the scope of this essay, we will learn about some differences between Muslims, African Americans, and various other groups. We will also take a look at their overall experiences, as well as some specific examples of discrimination. Islam and Its Followers in America A Muslim is someone who follows the teachings of Islam, a religion believed to have originated in Saudi Arabia in the 7th century (Pecorino, 2001). What is interesting about Islam is that its roots are in the Middle East and it has stayed very influential there (Pecorino, 2001). Christianity, the predominant religion in America, also has its roots in the Middle East. However, Christianity isn’t nearly as present now in the Middle East as Islam. As a matter of fact, Christianity is now the predominant religion of America, with roughly 78 percent of Americans identifying with the group (Pew Research Center, 2007). Islam, on the other hand, only represents about one percent of the country (Pew Research Center, 2007). Comparison of Christianity and Islam...
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...inequality, helping to keep the poor satisfied by giving them hope of better times to come and preventing social unrest and revolution. Feminists see religion as a force for subordination and patriarchal oppression. This view is supported by evidence such as the differential treatment of women in religious congregations. Other sociologists argue that such evidence is out of date and that women are no longer the victims of religious oppression. Introduction Briefly explain the feminist view of religion– negative – patriarchy – conservative force. Briefly compare to the Marxist view as it is similar. Feminists show us the negative elements of religion but fail to see the good elements as argued by FUNC, NR and NM. Paragraph 1: FEMINISM vs FUNCTIONALISM Point: religion is patriarchal.-Oppression, making them invisible, controlling what they ca nand cant wear, form of social control.Prevents them from being sexualised, liberates women. Explain: concepts, key thinkers and examples Armstrong – Social construction, decline of...
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...ON ISLAM and INEQUALITY Introduction Fish (2011) in his book named “Are Muslims Distinctive: A Look at the Evidence.” discusses whether Muslims show any systematic differences on individual and country levels in various issues such as democracy, large scale violence, corruption, tolerance and social inequality. In terms of inequality, Fish compares Muslim and non- Muslim countries in relation to gender and income inequality. As a result of his data analyses he concludes: “On gender based inequality Muslims lag; on income inequality they lead” (Fish, 2011: 228). I consider the finding about income inequality as an unexpected one because in the income inequality literature, religion in general and Islam in specific are not commonly considered as potential determinants. Fish`s proposed causal mechanism makes his study even more suspicious because his references are anecdotal and his reasoning is culturalist. This is why, I decided to investigate his findings deeper and conduct a test on his claims that Muslims are culturally more egalitarian than Christians. The plan of this paper works in the following way: I will start with a literature review and continue with a brief summary of Fish`s data analysis and his major claims about the causal mechanism behind the relationship between Muslim culture and egalitarian state policies. Afterwards, I will continue with my alternative replication of Fish`s regression analysis with a different dataset which measures inequality in an...
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...RLG204H5 S – Exam Review Week 3B: Denny CHAPTER 8 - Muslim creeds and theologies: Their purposes and varieties * Islamic Theology * Creed in Islam = Shahāda: simply proclaims the essential nature of God and the relation to him of his prophet, and thus implicitly all humans (if it is a creed, it is very laconic) * Kalām = theology in Islam = words, discussion, discourse * Ilm al-kalām = “science of discourse” or il al-tawhīd = “the science of (the divine) unity” * Theology only legitimate when subservient to the religious law, sharī’a * Fiqh = science of Muslim jurisprudence (‘Understanding’) is the chief Islamic science, in light of which all others are judged * Kalām is subordinate to fiqh * Majority of Muslims have given their allegiance in analysis and interpretation of doctrinal matters to the ‘ulamā’ = ‘the scholar jurists’ * THEOLOGICAL ISSUES * Khārijites = faction that seceded from Alī’s Shī’a * Had very high ideal of what Muslim community should be * Called themselves “the people of paradise” * Abandoned their leader Alī after his arbitration with Umayyad challenger, Mu’āwiya * Later also rejected the Umayyads * Now Khārijites = outlaw Muslims who zealously persisted trying to force their vision of Islam on their brothers * Strictest faction = Azraqites – Moderate faction = Najdite * Murji’ite = position that no human can discern whether sinners were...
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...(norms) 2) normative behaviors > who rewards & how 3) who punishes normative behaviors & how live our lives in a package of norms -- comes together as roles diffusion - the process by which things spread informal social norms > EDL (every day life) formal social norms > MSL (major social institutions) >>> Islam ordinance - law/rule passed by small government body (town or city) - Patterns of behaviors individuals share with others in their group or society - Predictability & reassurance of social behavior ex) students in a classroom may act different - different methods of studying, taking notes, acting. However the general structure is the same….Professors lecture, students listen. exams are given, students take them **It is the recurrent patterned interaction of people and social structures created by such interactions that grabs the attention of sociologists Group Behavior VS Individual Behavior -People's behavior within a group setting can not be predicted from the characteristics of individual group members. - Group members generally tend to act like each other even when their personal preferences are not the same as the rest of their group. Conformity - we live in groups ranging from size > family to maybe an entire society/community. all encouraged by conformity (promoted by social forces that individuals do not create and can not control) - because of this….people who belong in similar groups tend to think, act, and feel the same...
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...INTRODUCTION Praise be to Allah Lord of the worlds and blessings and peace be upon the best of the prophets and messengers, Muhammad and upon his family and companions. Since there are many religions and believing concepts are exists in this world nowadays, therefore, there are also many viewpoints are found about the concept of Hereafter. Some people say that there is nothing left of man after death, and that after that after life-ending event there is no other life. According to these people, belief in life after death has no reality. They say it scientifically impossible. This is the view of atheist who also claims to be scientific in their approach and bring it Western sciences to support their arguments. Meanwhile, other people maintain that man, in order to bear the consequences of his deeds, is repeatedly regenerated in this world. If he lives a bad life, he will assume in the next generation the shape of some animal, such as a dog or a cat, or some lower kind of man. If he acts have been good, he will be reborn as a man in higher class. This view point is found in some Eastern religions. There is a third view point which calls for believe in the Day of Judgement, the Resurrection, man’s presences in Divine Court, and the meting out of reward and punishment. This is the common belief of the all Prophet. From the above, we could said that Hereafter could be derived a lot responds. This is because many of them had some wrong conceptions towards Hereafter. Therefore...
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...DATED: 21-4-2016 SM 60.03 CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY IN ISLAM SUBMITTED TO Prof. Willi Zimmermann SUBMITTED BY ASRLAN ASHRAF ST117493 WATAN YAR KHAN ST117487 ZAHBIULAH AHMADI ST118273 FUMIHIKO OJIRO ST117562 WEISI ZHAO ST118234 SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT ASIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY CONTENTS Chapter 1: Introduction and Background 01 Chapter 2: The UN Global Compact And Islamic Perspective 03 The UN Global Compact 03 Islam and Human Right 03 1. Islam and Equality 03 2. Islam, Life and Security 04 3. Islam and Personnel Freedom 04 4. Islam Economic Social and Cultural Freedoms 05 Islam and Labor 05 Islam-Legal and Philanthropic Activities 07 Chapter 3: Islam beyond CSR 09 The Case of Moral and Ethical Economy and Individual Accountability 09 Conclusion 11 References CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Islam is derived from the Arabic root "Salema" which mean peace, purity, submission and obedience. In the religious sense, Islam means submission to the will of God and obedience to His law. Everything and every phenomenon in the world other than man is administered totally by God-made laws, i.e. they are obedient to God and submissive to his laws, they are in the State of Islam. Man possesses the qualities of intelligence and choice, thus he is invited...
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...Abstract The Republic of Turkey is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and Southeastern Europe. It is bordered by eight countries and five main seas. Istabul is the largest city in Turkey, and Turkey’s capital is Ankara. About 48% of the population lives in the cities or towns. The rest lives in rural areas. Most of people in Turkey are Muslim, which are followers of Islami. Also, in this paper, the culture of Turkish, the life in Turkey such as health care system, transportation, and education system are also mentioned. The Turkey republican parliamentary democracy and the economy are discussed later in the paper. The last part is business etiquette talking about some important customs that business foreigner should know. Background Turkey, also known as the Republic of Turkey, is a land-bridge linking Europe and Asia. The history of Turkey encompasses, first, the history of Anatolia before the coming of the Turks and of the civilizations – Hittite, Thracian, Hellenistic, and Byzantine – of which Turkish nation is the heir by assimilation. Second, it includes the history of Turkish people including Seljuks, who brought Islam and Turkish language into Anatolia. Third, it is the history of the Ottoman Empire, a cosmopolitan – Islamic state that developed a small Turkish amirate in Anatolia. Finally, Turkey was established in 1923, after the fall of Ottoman Empire, under “Father Turk”. It is immediately started on a course of modernization in all walks of life (Turkey...
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...Religion | Origin of All Things | Nature of God | View of Human Nature | View of Good and Evil | View of “Salvation” | View of After Life | Practices and Rituals | Celebrations and Festivals | Week 2 Hinduism and Jainism | Ohm – an inert void of being and non being. From this void a desire was born to create beings. | God perceived in three ways. Brahman (residing everywhere) Antaryami (residing within) and Bhagavan (residing outside, beyond) | Karma – the moral law in which the cycle of birth-death-rebirth (reincarnation) takes place, giving opportunities to escape the limitations of life and death. | Doesn't recognize “sin” , views good and evil from the principle of karma. | Moksha – when an enlightened person is freed from the reincarnation cycle and comes into a state of completeness. | Doesn't punish or reward the souls, but reminds them of the true purpose of their existance before returning to earth to continue living. | Many practices center on fulfilling the duties associated with social position: brahmacharga (learning), grastha (worldy pursuits) vanaprastha (focus on spirithood) and sanngasu (contemplation) | Montly celbrations include: Saravati Puja, Maha Shiva Ratri, Holi, Rama Navami, Hanuman Jayanti, RathaYatra, Raksha Bandhana, Janmashtami, Ganesha Chaturthi, Durga Puja, Dussehra, Diwali | Week 3 Buddhism | Doesn't believe in a beginning, says the origin of all things is inconceivable...
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...As you probably remember, this novel had many ups and downs and various changes but one thing that remained constant was Pi’s faith. His belief in God was evidently extremely strong and this was demonstrated in several different parts of the novel. Although his belief and faith was constant in the book, it wasn’t as strong as it was in the beginning. The trauma that he went through while lost at sea and the experiences he had had an impact on his faith understandably so. Many of the things he had to go through made him question God at times and wonder why such a higher power considered so amazing and giving, would allow Pi to go through all this suffering and difficulty. Although all of this made him doubt and question his faith, it still never went away. His faith overall gave him the courage, power and hope needed to survive at sea which all proved how religion had an extremely significant role in the novel. Religion is used in Life of Pi to help Pi persevere through his struggles and essentially give him a sense of hope, sanity and individuality. Religion is fundamentally what kept Pi alive throughout the journey he experienced. It was the one motive he had that reminded him to remain hopeful through all the adversity. There were many scenarios he found it very difficult to have hope in, and he could’ve easily given up on everything as I think many others would have done if they were in his situation. He kept his hope and pushed through it and that primarily was the ...
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...Understanding the Modern Middle East What have I learned this semester about the modern Middle East? First I must start with the conflict between Israeli and Palestinian conflict as well as my understanding of what a modern nationalism is and the advocacy toward the Middle Eastern region. In order to truly understand the nation states one must have knowledge about modernity. Modernity which seeks accuracy and representation is a hybrid of nature and culture differences. (Lecture 1/26) History assists us with defining modernity because history is the hybridization of current, past and future, which is the “unknown known”. We can tell the future because of the past, history has its way of repeating itself. The past is what we study, historiography. Modernity also goes hand in hand with control the surround regions, relationships and objects tell which regions have the control over the nation-states. Modernity aids economics and provides the particulars of the evolution of history. (Lecture 2/1) Politics are central to history. Geography matters, it is important to the evolution of history. A religion is traditional and provides prologue. The role of ideology plays a huge part in my understanding of the modern Middle East. Saddam Hussain wanted a secularized government. The issue with his ideology is that secularism is modern, however religion is traditional. Palenstine historically a struggled with existed between secular and theocratic values. Secularism clashes orthodox...
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...with regard to the inhabitants of these countries, the cruel and unjust treatment from these authoritarian leaders, corrupted law enforcement, and suppression of their religious leaders by their very own law enforcement agents. Being able to witness this first hand, observing the way of life within the region and oppressive living conditions they are subjected too, while their monarchs, military and state leaders live a very lavish life. While reviewing why the Arab spring happened, the impact it has had in the Middle East and on its economic system, we will analyze the outcome and the overall consequence it will have on the region. We will also touch on the domino effect that this small nation has set into motion in this corner of the world that was so delicate, the whirlwind which it set off and could not retract once started that is still happening currently, which is depicted in appendix A. Keywords: Poverty, Rising food prices, Inflation, human rights, unemployment Arab Spring Review of Situation As we enter the fourth year of...
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...Years of violent conflicts, those between warring Afghan factions, the superpowers of Cold War Russia and now the United States and its allies, have left the rebuilding of Afghanistan in political and economic limbo. Many of the physical and social infrastructures are debilitated, the economy barely functions, the population's health and nutritional status is among the lowest anywhere, and internal security is lacking. Also, Afghanistan poses a potential threat to richer countries as an exporter of drugs and terrorism. This combination of factors makes the engagement in Afghanistan a particularly fragile one. In this paper, the following points will be expounded upon: theoretical approach, in regards to international relations; an assessment of the security situation in Afghanistan and an effective approach to combat the threats; how a struggling economy can be helped that is plagued with corruption; key components of identity for this nation, ethnicity, religion and women; and finally, some recommendations on how to get this nation back on track. There must be an investment in Afghan-led development and peacebuilding. Billions of dollars are poured into reconstruction and development in Afghanistan but have shown few results and often contributed to corruption and conflict. I remember procuring aircrafts and setting up missions to pickup pallets full of medical supplies, but days later, I tried to coordinate with my Afghani counterparts to see how their inventories of...
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