...Introductory Chemistry Introduction Instructor: Dr. Tao Tao Course Section: CHEM1405.6013-6014 Meeting Time: TTh 6:00pm-9:10pm Bldg 13-629 Office Hours: TTh 5:30 pm-6:00 pm Contact: tao.tao@lonestar.edu Introductory Chemistry 2 Course Material Requirements • Textbook – Introductory Chemistry, by Nivaldo J. Tro 5th edition • Chapters 1-4, 6-10, 14 • Sections, 5.6-5.10, 12.4-12.8, 13.6-13.8 • Scientific Non-programmable Calculator • Safety Goggles for Lab • Lab Coat/Apron (Optional) Introductory Chemistry 3 Evaluation and Grade • Tests: 45%; 4 tests, best of 3, no make-up unless good excuses (documented, in advance notice) • Open-book Quizzes: 10%; best n-2, no make-up • Laboratory: 25% • Final Exam: 20% • Homework: Encouraged but not mandatory • Problem Set: Provides but not mandatory • Final withdrawal day: Nov. 10th, 2014 Introductory Chemistry 4 Lab Report/Grade Guideline • Pre-lab write-up (30%): Complete before lab starts, will be checked and signed for completeness – – – – Title/Date Aim/Purpose Introduction Procedures • Lab Performance and Quality of data (25%): will be checked and signed when leaving lab – Observations – Collect and record data • Post-lab (40%) – Result (Calculations, Graphs, Interpretations etc), – Discussions/Conclusions – Post-lab questions if any • Overall Report Neatness (5%) • Report due one week after the completion of experiment for full credit; after two weeks, no report will be accepted, and no credit...
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...Assignment in Physics... 1. Definition of Science, Major branches of science 2. Scientific Method 3. Definition of Physics and its major branches 4. Notable Physicist and their contribution 5. Importance of Physics in our everyday life and in our society. (Write the references) Short bond paper, written or computerized (font: Times New Roman/font size: 12) Reading assign. Measurement Diff. system of measurement fundamentals and derive quantities scientific notation rules in significant figures conversion of units http://www.hep.man.ac.uk/babarph/babarphysics/physicists.html ) I.1 Science The intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment. I.2 The Branches of Science The Physical Sciences * Physics: The study of matter and energy and the interactions between them. Physicists study such subjects as gravity, light, and time. Albert Einstein, a famous physicist, developed the Theory of Relativity. * Chemistry: The science that deals with the composition, properties, reactions, and the structure of matter. The chemist Louis Pasteur, for example, discovered pasteurization, which is the process of heating liquids such as milk and orange juice to kill harmful germs. * Astronomy: The study of the universe beyond the Earth's atmosphere. The Earth Sciences * Geology: The science of the origin, history, and structure...
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... Molecules can be either organic or inorganic. In chemistry terms, organic means a molecule has a carbon backbone, with some hydrogen’s thrown in for good measure. Living creatures are made of various kinds of organic compounds. Inorganic molecules are composed of other elements. They can contain hydrogen or carbon, but if they have both, they are organic. An organic compound is any member of a large class of chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon and hydrogen; therefore, carbides, carbonates, carbon oxides and elementary carbon are not organic. An inorganic compound is a chemical compound that is not an organic compound. Inorganic compounds come principally from mineral sources of non-biological origin. The modern definition of inorganic compounds often includes all metal-containing compounds, even those found in living systems. Although most carbon compounds are classed as organic, cyanide salts, carbon oxides and carbonates are usually considered to be inorganic. The terms "organic" and "inorganic," as applied to the various kinds of matter of which the universe is composed, had, to begin with, a very definite signification; the latter being applied to all those forms of matter which exist independently of the operation of living beings, whilst all kinds of matter produced by the vital chemistry of living beings were grouped together under the former title. "Inorganic" Chemistry. At the present day, the term "organic" has...
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...THE CHEMISTRY OF AGING Thesis statement: The science behind aging includes both biological and chemical factors. The Oxidative Damage Theory and Free Radical Theory are two important theories that theorize why organisms age. Researchers have done experiments that discovered chemicals that speed up or slow down aging. A. Introduction 1. Topic sentence: Has anyone ever wondered why we age? Is it because of religious reasons, or are we genetically engineered to do so, or does the everyday changing world affect how we age. 2. The definition of aging and what humans characterize aging by. 3. How the chemistry of the human body leads to the biological changes which causes humans to age. B. Scientists base their theories off of others and have found...
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...Language of Chemistry To What degree might each area of knowledge be seen as having its own language? Its own culture? How can we tell the difference between a foreign language and a variation of our native language? 1) How chemistry has its own language a) Chemistry: 2H2 + O2 2H2O b) English: Two molecules of hydrogen react with one molecule of oxygen to form two molecules of water. This represents how chemistry has its own language because it uses different grammar rules and even different characters when it is written. a) (this could be considered an abbreviation instead of its own language because both the equation and the sentence have the exact same meaning. This still doesn’t mean that it is a language because it can directly translate into English which contradicts the Worf theory of language.) b) The following two equations are examples of complicated chemical equations. It would take a large amount of time and space to translate either of these two into English. 1) Chemistry also has its own rules (grammar) c) Both hydrogen and oxygen are “special” elements that, when written by themselves, must be bonded by another atom of the same element. This is represented by the small 2 written immediately after each element. d) The equation must always be balanced. This means that the same number of atoms on one side of the equation must match the number on the other side. This is represented by a large number immediately...
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...AP Chemistry Summer Assignment Mr. Ronnenkamp Welcome to SPHS AP Chemistry!! You already have a background in chemistry from your General Chemistry class, but AP Chem is very different. Rather than memorizing how to do particular types of problems, you must really understand the chemistry and be able to apply it to different kinds of problems. AP Chemistry is a challenging course. To succeed, you must keep up with the assignments and be willing to spend time working through the material. Like all AP classes, AP Chem comes with a summer assignment. It is due the second day of class - August 25th - and will count as ½ of a test grade. ALL YOUR ANSWERS FOR THE SUMMER ASSIGNMENT SHOULD BE PUT ON ANOTHER SHEET OF PAPER!!!! We will then have a CLASS TEST on the SUMMER ASSIGNMENT ON 9/1/2015 (depending on schedule)!!! This class test will count as the second ½ of your first test grade. I check my e-mail frequently, so feel free to contact me if you are having problems doing the summer assignment. I can offer help via email. My e-mail address is: ronnenkampd@pcsb.org Please take the summer assignment seriously. Completing the summer assignment will allow you to enter AP Chemistry in August ready to succeed!!!! Each section of the summer assignment is referenced with web tutorials to help you if you have forgotten some of your General Chemistry, but feel free to use any good website. I will also be giving you access to an online textbook. ONLINE...
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...psychology, physics, chemistry, biology and medicine etc. It is a collection of research designs which use manipulation and controlled testing to understand causal processes. Generally, one or more variables are manipulated to determine their effect on a dependent variable. The experimental method is a systematic and scientific approach to research in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables, and controls and measures any change in other variables. Experimental Research is often used where: There is time priority in a causal relationship (cause precedes effect) There is consistency in a causal relationship (a cause will always lead to the same effect) The magnitude of the correlation is great. (Reference: en.wikipedia.org) The word experimental research has a range of definitions. In the strict sense, experimental research is what we call a true experiment. This is an experiment where the researcher manipulates one variable, and control/randomizes the rest of the variables. It has a control group, the subjects have been randomly assigned between the groups, and the researcher only tests one effect at a time. It is also important to know what variable(s) you want to test and measure. A very wide definition of experimental research, or a quasi experiment, is research where the scientist actively influences something to observe the consequences. Most experiments tend to fall in between the strict and the wide definition. A rule of thumb...
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...crystallization Name: layan shinanah Subject : chemistry Presented to :Ms. Juline Daibes Date : 13,10,2015 Crystallization definition : to change into a solid form that is made up of crystal to cause (something, such as an idea, belief, etc.) to become clear and fully formed. What Happens During a Crystallization : To crystallize an impure, solid compound, add just enough hot solvent to it to completely dissolve it. The flask then contains a hot solution, in which solute molecules - both the desired compound and impurities - move freely among the hot solvent molecules. As the solution cools, the solvent can no longer hold all of the solute molecules, and they begin to leave the solution and form solid crystals. During this cooling, each solute molecule in turn approaches a growing crystal and rests on the crystal surface. If the geometry of the molecule fits that of the crystal, it will be more likely to remain on the crystal than it is to go back into the solution. Therefore, each growing crystal consists of only one type of molecule, the solute. After the solution has come to room temperature, it is carefully set in an ice bath to complete the crystallization process. The chilled solution is then filtered to isolate the pure crystals and the crystals are rinsed with chilled solvent. How To Do a Crystallization : Heat some solvent to boiling (remember to use a boiling chip). Place the solid to be recrystallized in an Erlenmeyer flask. Pour a small amount...
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...Task 1- ATOMIC STRUCTURE ASSIGNMENT Introduction: Chemistry is a branch of physical science that deals with the matter and its composition and the properties of its composition. In Chemistry, Scientists often study particular atoms and their transformation from single atoms to bonds and their final phase or transition into actual chemical compounds. Chemistry has many diverse topics and goes particularly into bonds, structures and compounds. Compared to Physics, Chemistry and Biology, the study of chemistry often is called the Central Science has it also has some concepts of physics and biology in its field of study. Chemistry has a known science started off in the early 1600’s during the period of science known as Alchemy, but by the experiments conducted by the alchemists, modern chemistry was ready to be fired out of the cannon. The Definition of chemistry is “The subject of the material principles of mixed bodies”, as quoted by the famous scientist Robert Boyle in 1661. Why are there different representations of the Atom? Atoms make up everything up in our planet, from micro-cellular organisms to New York’s extremely tall skyscrapers and massive buildings. Both these 2 things have one thing in common; they are both made out of atoms. Atoms are the building blocks of everything, but there is an important thing to remember, every element on the periodic table is made out of its own atoms, but that’s not the only type of atom, throughout the history of chemical discoveries...
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...The Revolution of Chemistry Over the last few centuries the field of chemistry has made great strides. Humans have been experimenting and reaping the benefits of this field for millenniums, yet never had a great understanding it’s fundamentals until the chemical revolution. By the 16th century there had been many advances in the field later to be known as chemistry; smelting and refining of metals, the production of glass ware, pottery and dyes, the development of explosives, artists’ materials, and medicines (Butterfield, 191). Despite the production of these materials, they are not enough to be attributed to a science. As Butterfield suggests, the results of early chemical experiments lacked “adequate intellectual framework which on the one hand embrace the observed data and on the other helps to decide at any moment the direction of the next inquiry” (191). There is no better example of unorganized study than that of alchemy. Although Jensen cites alchemy as being a pillar of modern chemistry, Butterfield suggests it took away from the progression of chemistry into a modern science (191). To understand modern chemistry, we must first examine the origins of it. One of the key terms in chemistry is “elements.” This term was first used by Plato to describe matter. Soon after, Aristotle summarized the theories of earlier philosophers and developed the view that all substances were made of a primary matter. Aristotle defined an element as “one of those bodies into which...
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...Daniel Rutherford Jacobus Henricus Walther Hermann Nernst Reinhold Benesch & Ruth Erica Benesch Find How Oxygen is Transported in Human Body Frederick Soddy Artturi Ilmari Virtanen Louis Jacques Thenard discovers hydrogen peroxide Jbir ibn Hayyn Ya'qub Al-Kindi Paul Karrer Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier Few things are as important as water, which we know is made of oxygen and hydrogen. Did you know that Antoine Lavoisier was the discoverer of both elements? Contributions to Science Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier is one of the most important scientists in the history of chemistry. He discovered elements, formulated a basic law of chemistry and helped create the metric system. During his time, people believed that when an object burns, a mysterious substance called ‘phlogiston’ was released. This was called the ‘phlogiston theory’. Lavoisier’s experiments demonstrated the contrary, i.e. when something burned, it actually absorbed something from the air, instead of releasing anything. He later named the ‘something’ from the air as oxygen, when he found that it combined with other chemicals to form acid. (In Greek, ‘oxy’ means sharp, referring to the sharp taste of acids.) Henry Cavendish had earlier isolated hydrogen, but he called it inflammable air. Lavoisier showed that this inflammable air burned to form a colourless liquid, which turned out to be water. The Greek word for water is ‘hydro’, so the air that burned to form water was hydrogen! Lavoisier was...
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...beans was boiled in a solution of 4.4 g. anhydrous sodium carbonate and 100ml distilled water and was extracted three times using 20 ml of dichloromethane. The residue was collected by decanting the mixture of organic extract and anhydrous sodium sulfate and evaporating it to dryness. The percentage yield was computed by getting the ratio of the weight of the crude caffeine (residue) and weight of the coffee beans used. The percentage yield was 0.25%. I. INTRODUCTION Extractions are a way to separate a desired substance when it is mixed with others. The mixture is brought into contact with a solvent in which the substance of interest is soluble, but the other substances present are insoluble. There are two main types of extraction in chemistry namely: Liquid-liquid extraction (also known as Solvent extraction or Partitioning), which is further divided into two types (simple and multiple), and Solid-liquid extraction. The type of extraction used in this experiment was Multiple Liquid-liquid extraction. In this experiment, the group should be able to attain the following objectives: (1) extract caffeine from coffee beans (2) know the amount of caffeine present in 5.0009g of tea leaves, and (3) calculate the percentage yield of caffeine in 5.0009g of coffee beans. II. EXPERIMENTAL A.) Weight of specimen (before extraction) The weight of the coffee beans used and empty evaporating dish was obtained using analytical balance. B.) Extraction A solution of 4.4g of anhydrous...
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...National Textile University B.Sc. Textile Engineering Assignment no 1 Environmental Science Title : Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Submitted By: Adeel mazhar 08-NTU-093 Affan Waqar 08-ntu-94 Submitted To: Sir Irfan siyal Date: 27-03-201 Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) What are Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC’s) that we hear so much about? Simply, they are chemicals which are carbon-based (hence the “organic” in the name, as organic chemistry is the study of carbon containing compounds) and which volatilize – or rather, evaporate or vaporize – at ordinary (atmospheric) temperatures. This is a very broad set of chemicals! These volatile organic compounds (VOC’s) are ubiquitous in the environment. You can’t see them, but they’re all around us. They’re not listed as ingredients on the products you bring home, but they’re often there. The most common VOC is methane, which comes from wetlands and rice agriculture to …well, “ruminant gases” (or cow farts – which are actually not a trivial consideration: cows are responsible for 18% of all greenhouse gasses – read more here). We ourselves contribute to CO2 emissions each time we breathe out. They’re also in paint, carpets, furnishings, fabrics and cleaning agents. The evaporating chemicals from many products contribute to poor indoor air quality, which the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency estimates...
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...it is being loved, the other is being loved because it is such as to be loved.” There were plenty of gods in time of Socrates and Euthyphro but what is liked or disliked by gods was decided by man.When Socrates and Euthyphro encountered in the court, the first thing they asked was "Why he is here?".Socrates was charged by being impious and Euthyphro was charging his father because his father did something impious.In this case, what Socrates did was not believing what all people believe and this action was considered as impiety but, Euthyphro was sending his father to death because his father killed somebody and what Euthyphro was doing is considered as the right thing, even if his father commited crime.In the dialogue we see how the definition of piety and impiety changes from beginning to end of the dialogue.To analyze the question and to understand the difference between god-loved and piety, we should handle the situations from both Socrates' and Euthyphro's point of view. Firstly, Socrates was prosecuted, indicted in his words, because of being impious."An action or a man dear to the gods is...
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...This short paper will cover the trait of independence, and it will answer a few questions posed to look at the trait of independence from a few different angles. These angles include personal definitions of the trait and how a person should be able to demonstrate that trait. The paper will cover how the AICPA looks at Independence, how the State of Texas vies this trait, and a look at a current article showing the impacts of the trait independence. Upon the conclusion of this paper the reader will have a better understanding of how independence in accounting is defined and how to identify it As we see defined in our class text on page 162 is that independence is defined as, "the state of mind that permits the performance of an attest service without being affected by influences that compromise professional judgment, thereby allowing an individual to act with integrity and professional skepticism. To appear to be independent, the CPA should avoid circumstances that might cause an informed third party to reasonably conclude that the integrity, objectivity, or professional skepticism of a firm or member of the audit (attest) engagement team has been compromised." Within the frame work of my own personal definition I define independence as having the ability to have both the personal courage and institutional ability to analyze, state conclusions, and act in the best interests of the public. As pulled from http://www.tsbpa.state.tx.us/firms/alt-business-structure.html on...
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