...he will write his most notable works and forever influence the world of philosophy. Fast forward to over a century later. It is 1762 and Europe is enjoying relative peace. Never before has mankind seen such a period of intellectualism, reason, and inquiry. It is here that Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a Frenchman, will offer his take on man and his most basic of instincts. It is from these settings that we can see how environment influences man; one lived during one of the most violent times in history and the other lived in an age of reason and civility. One believes men are...
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...James Staton Mr. Borton World Literature II October 6, 2015 Jean-Jacques Rousseau: The Social Contract Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a prominent writer in the eighteenth century and influenced different revolutions in his work such as the revolutionary sentiments in France and American colonies. Rousseau helped start the Romantic Movement and is responsible for creating the new genre in literature known as an autobiography. This came from the one of the stories he wrote called Confession, which he goes in to detail about what he has been through in life. He was writer during the Enlightenment period and he drew influences from Immanuel Kant. A lot of beliefs of the enlightened way of thinking show in Rousseau‘s writing called The Social Contract. Being “Enlightened” is ones freedom to think for them and not be trapped in social status that societies may put on people. Rousseau put together the social contract to persuade people to break the political rule of authority and give power to the people and not one person. The Social Contract was written in 1762 containing four different books explaining the possibilities of how people can achieve equality and power with the help contract. Rousseau's intended audience were the people who were under the political rule of authority. I feel that the way he explains his contract is effective especially because each book is something different that would erase the political rule of authority and bring equality among the citizen. Book...
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...Locke’s Social Contract theory and views on natural rights were particularly influential. Thomas Jefferson would use Locke’s ideas to justify the rebellion of the 13 colonies. Both Locke and Jefferson believed in peoples’ rights: “Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness” in the Declaration and “natural rights” that all people possess in the Locke’s words. According to both men, people and their rights should be protected by the government. In addition, both of the documents clearly agree that all people are equal. Locke stated, “Reason, which is that law, teaches mankind who will consult it that being all equal and independent…” and the Declaration of Independence indicated the same saying,...
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...Jean-Jacques Rousseau was born in city of Geneva, on 28th of June 1712. Rousseau`s mother died a week after his was born and his father blamed him for her death. He, then, was orphaned at the age of 10 because his father left Geneva to avoid imprisonment. Rousseau brought up by his devout Christian aunt and uncle, which spurred his hatred of authority and the church. Even though Rousseau had never received formal education, his love of literature and creative imagination were developed at a young age. In the Confessions, Rousseau mentioned that he went to Paris to become a composer and musician in his young adulthood, but he was discouraged and laughed by the other famous musicians at the time. At the same time, Rousseau became a close friend of fellow philosophe Diderot. As he mentioned in his autobiography, the reason why he was so...
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...There are several key documents throughout history which have contributed to the establishment of current government political systems as well as establishing and correcting basic human rights and equalities. The Magna Carta, The English Bill of Rights, The Spirit laws, and the social contract are all recognized for their contributions to past and current history. While not all the documents’ written words are in use today, they all have contributed to common laws and fair treatment in their time and have certain aspects that have continued into modern laws. In 1215 the Magna Carta was established. It gave citizens the protection against unlawful government prosecution, it prohibited the denial or delay of justice for individuals, and it protects the English citizens’ rights. The Magna Carta also ensured everyone, including the king, was subject to the law....
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...democratically elected politicians is constantly scrutinised by their constituents, peers, the press and the nation as a whole. The recent expenses scandal provides an example as to why national and global societies have suspicious feelings toward the intentions of politicians. This essay will highlight the fact that the role of a professional politician, where instant decisive and important decisions need to be made, and the context sometimes require democratically elected politicians, engaged in a social contract with the electorate, to lie to safeguard the greater good of national and global citizens. Due to the volume of theory and discourse related to this topic, it would not be practical to analyse all aspects to this question. However, this essay will examine the following: first, it will look at the unique nature of the role of a politician, followed by an overview of the social contract theory and the contributions made to it by Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau and John Rawls. Then, the work of Niccolo Machiavelli and the notion of Reason of State will be examined, followed, in turn, by Utilitarianism, commenting on the contributions of Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. This will be done before going onto balance the essay by introducing a counterargument offered by Idealism. Finally, to contextualise the thesis, there will be a contemporary example given of a world leader having to lie for the greater good of global citizens for possible prevention of...
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...concentrating power in a single head or centre, the state itself could be sufficiently controlled and its environment sufficiently managed to achieve self-sufficiency or at least a maximum of self-sufficiency in a world which would inevitably be hostile or at best neutral toward each state's interests and in which alliances would reflect temporary coalitions of interests that should not be expected to last beyond that convergence. The old maxim: "No state has friends, only interests," typified that situation. The first powerful nation-states were monarchies, advocates of the divine right of kings to protect central authority and power. After a series of modern revolutions, first in thought, led by people like Hobbes, Spinoza, Locke, and Rousseau, and then in practice as articulated in The Federalist, kings were stripped of their exclusive powers and new power centres formed, presumably based upon popular citizenship and consent but in fact with the same centralized powers, only vested in representative assemblies and executive officers speaking in the name of the state. Only in a few...
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...question, the concept is one which is hotly debated. Indeed, political agents attempt to control the political agenda through promotion of their particular definition. This essay will look at the ways freedom has been defined by different theorists over the years. It will also look at how freedom is linked with and explained through different theo-ries and ideologies. It will then go on to look at how these different theories and ideologies may shape the conceptions of freedom we find in our daily lives. Different political theorists, writing in different times, often of political turmoil, have considered freedom in many different ways. Three influential writers who took a normative approach were Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. An important part of their arguments turned on their notions of a ‘state of nature’ – where natural law applied in absence of any organised political state. Hobbes (1651, cited in Brown, 2005), writing shortly after the English Civil War, argued that in a ‘state of nature’ individuals would be fearful for their own interests, resulting inevitably in war of all against all. To obviate this, Hobbes suggested that individuals should voluntarily accept restrictions – and invest their will in an absolute power (the monarchy) to make collective deci-sions for all. This restriction of individual freedoms would provide all with freedom from war. John Locke (1689, cited in Brown, 2005), writing shortly afterwards at a time during...
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...that economic improvement and political reform were both possible and desirable. Contemporary western political and economic thought is a product of Enlightenment thinking; therefore, some historians believe the process of Enlightenment continues today. Inspired by the scientific revolution and prepared to challenge traditional intellectual and theological authority, Enlightenment writers believed that human beings can comprehend the operation of physical nature and mold it to achieve material and moral improvement, economic growth, and administrative reform. Enlightenment intellectuals advocated agricultural improvement, commercial society, expanding consumption, and the application of innovative rational methods to traditional social and economic practices. The spirit of innovation and improvement came to characterize modern Europe and Western society. Politically, the Enlightenment had a direct impact on some rulers--in eastern and central Europe—whose policies came to be known as enlightened absolutism. Section One: Formative Influences of the Enlightenment Section Overview Chief factors that fostered the ideas of the Enlightenment The Newtonian worldview the political stability and commercial prosperity in Great Britain after 1688 the need for administrative and economic reform after the wars of Louis XIV the consolidation of what is known as a print culture Ideas of Newton and Locke Isaac Newton The achievements in science from...
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...the culture, that the unemotional life style is evidence of superiority. The "Stiff upper lip" is the way you hold your face so as not to smile, snarl or cry. It is colonialism in facial expression when times, occaisionally, don't go so well. In contrast the emotional excitability of "the natives" proves their inferiority, it proves they have to be 'civilised'. The civilisers, convinced of their superiority (which is really their arrogance and the way they have been emotionally amputated from any empathic response to common suffering) then see themselves in the role of benefactors, their supposedly higher civilisation is a gift to 'the natives'. The effect of this is to put a pervasive burden onto supposedly subordinate cultures and social...
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...Chapter I The Problem and Its Background Introduction 333 years of Spanish Colonization. 42 years of New Worlds Domination. Almost 3 years of fear made by the Samurai’s aggression. These are mighty periods that strengthen the pillars for the creations a mighty Malayan Empire in the Pacific. Inhabited by different races, a melting pot, Philippines rise from the dust of a monumental failure to a proud-gallant nation. For almost half a century of foreign domination, half century of foreign exploitation, Philippines became a ripe fruit on the Asian Tree. A proud valiant archipelago of grandiose and influences, Philippines became a melting pot, a land where too many different races took part for the development of the land. Strategically located in the heart of the Pacific, Philippines is a stepping stone. Different foreigners will be first to land in the Filipino soil before passing other Asian Countries. Geographically located in the tropic, Philippines is vested by different natural resources. Philippines, a pebble on the shoe of other Great Asian Agricultural Countries, is also a great trading empire; not only in the Asian Trade but also with the International Trade. Known as a nation rich in Tropical Fruits, Philippines showcased her greatness in International Trade as she become leading Banana and Mango exporter in Asia. Also a renowned Rice Bowl of South East Asia, Philippines sheltered the development of world-class agricultural researches that would benefit not only the...
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...TITLE Social Contracts and Marketing Ethics CITE “Social Contracts and Marketing Ethics,” Journal of Marketing, 63(July): 14-32 1999. AUTHORS Thomas W. Dunfee 1 N. Craig Smith2 William T. Ross Jr. 3 1- The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, 3620 Locust Walk, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19036-6369. Phone: 215.898.7691 Fax: 215.573.2006 Email: dunfeet@wharton.upenn.edu. 2- The McDonough School of Business, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057 Phone: 202.687.5405 Fax: 202.687.4031 Email, smithn@gunet.georgetown.edu. 3- School of Business and Management, Temple University, Speakman Hall (006-00), Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19122 Phone: 215.204.8111 Fax: 215.204.6237 Email: rossw@sbm.temple.edu. Acknowledgements: The authors thank Thomas Donaldson, Diana Robertson and participants in the Kennedy Institute of Ethics Seminar at Georgetown University, and three anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on earlier versions of this article. Funding by the Carol and Lawrence Zicklin Center for Business Ethics Research and the Georgetown University School of Business summer research fund is gratefully acknowledged. Abstract This paper describes the need and the search to date for a normative moral foundation for marketing. Social contract theory appears promising because of its clear correspondence to the exchange relationships central to marketing thought and practice. It is introduced in a specific formulation known as Integrative Social...
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.... Organization Theory Challenges and Perspectives John McAuley, Joanne Duberley and Phil Johnson . This book is, to my knowledge, the most comprehensive and reliable guide to organisational theory currently available. What is needed is a text that will give a good idea of the breadth and complexity of this important subject, and this is precisely what McAuley, Duberley and Johnson have provided. They have done some sterling service in bringing together the very diverse strands of work that today qualify as constituting the subject of organisational theory. Whilst their writing is accessible and engaging, their approach is scholarly and serious. It is so easy for students (and indeed others who should know better) to trivialize this very problematic and challenging subject. This is not the case with the present book. This is a book that deserves to achieve a wide readership. Professor Stephen Ackroyd, Lancaster University, UK This new textbook usefully situates organization theory within the scholarly debates on modernism and postmodernism, and provides an advanced introduction to the heterogeneous study of organizations, including chapters on phenomenology, critical theory and psychoanalysis. Like all good textbooks, the book is accessible, well researched and readers are encouraged to view chapters as a starting point for getting to grips with the field of organization theory. Dr Martin Brigham, Lancaster University, UK McAuley et al. provide a highly readable account...
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...I. “REVOLUŢIA GLORIOASĂ” 1. ORIGINILE REVOLUŢIEI ENGLEZE Anglia secolului XVI cunoscuse o rapidă dezvoltare industrială bazată pe meşteşuguri, comerţ, minerit şi transporturi, concomitent cu apariţia fermei de tip capitalist bazat pe fenomenul „împrejmuirilor”. In 1603, la moartea Elisabetei I, tronul englez a revenit regelu Scoţiei, Iacob I Stuart. Ocuparea tronului de către Stuarţi aducea modificări importante în Anglia, unde Tudorii guvernaseră ca monarhi absoluţi, graţie abilităţii şi personalităţii lor. Stuarţii urmăreau instaurarea unui absolutism de drept, ceea ce contravenea realităţilor politice din Anglia, unde Parlamentul - format din Camera Comunelor şi Camera Lorzilor - împărţea puterea cu monarhia. Atât Iacob I, cât şi fiul său, Carol I (1625-1649), au încercat să guverneze fără a convoca Parlamentul, cu ajutorul Consiliului Privat, pe ai cărui membri îi numeau sau revocau după bunul lor plac. Ei legiferau prin proclamaţii regale şi exercitau puterea juridică prin Camera înstelată şi Curtea înaltei Comisiuni. Stuarţii agreau catolicismul într-o ţară anglicană, unde se dezvoltase mişcarea numită puritanism, care urmărea înlăturarea oricărei rămăşiţe a catolicismului.Apar contradicţii între absolutismul monarhic al regilor din familia Stuart(Iacob I şi Carol I), susţinut de vechea aristocraţie şi regimul parlamentar susţinut de Londra, burghezie şi noua nobilime. În plan religios biserica anglicană se confruntă cu curentele radicale protestante ce solicită înlăturarea...
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...Abelson et al.), 1968 Voices of Modern Psychology, 1969 The Social Animal, 1972, 1976, 1980, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1995, 1999, 2004; (with J. Aronson), 2008 Readings About the Social Animal, 1973, 1977, 1981, 1984, 1988, 1992, 1995, 1999, 2004; (with J. Aronson), 2008 Social Psychology (with R. Helmreich), 1973 Research Methods in Social Psychology (with J. M. Carlsmith & P. Ellsworth), 1976 The Jigsaw Classroom (with C. Stephan et al.), 1978 Burnout: From Tedium to Personal Growth (with A. Pines & D. Kafry), 1981 Energy Use: The Human Dimension (with P. C. Stern), 1984 The Handbook of Social Psychology (with G. Lindzey), 3rd ed., 1985 Career Burnout (with A. Pines), 1988 Methods of Research in Social Psychology (with P. Ellsworth, J. M. Carlsmith, & M. H. Gonzales), 1990 Age of Propaganda (with A. R. Pratkanis), 1992, 2000 Social Psychology, Vols. 1–3 (with A. R. Pratkanis), 1992 Social Psychology: The Heart and the Mind (with T. D. Wilson & R. M. Akert), 1994 Cooperation in the Classroom: The Jigsaw Method (with S. Patnoe), 1997 Nobody Left to Hate: Teaching Compassion After Columbine, 2000 Social Psychology: An Introduction (with T. D. Wilson & R. M. Akert), 2002, 2005, 2007 The Adventures of Ruthie and a Little Boy Named Grandpa (with R. Aronson), 2006 Mistakes Were Made (But Not By Me) (with C. Tavris), 2007 Books by Joshua Aronson Improving Academic Achievement, 2002 The Social Animal To Vera, of course The Social Animal, Tenth Edition Sponsoring Editor: Erik Gilg...
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