As the successor to the neuroanatomist who created the field of phrenology, Johann Spurzheim wrote in his book, Outlines of Phrenology, “Phrenology admits one species of man, endowed with a certain number of fundamental powers; but these individually are more or less active in different races or in different individuals of the same race” (94). Phrenology is defined as the study of the shape of the skull as an indicator for personal character and mental abilities. It was created by one of the top neuroanatomists of the time, Franz Gall, and quickly became a popular field of physiology during the mid-1800s. The medical community now accepts that the study was flawed in its ethical conduct and research methods and the study became discredited