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Kafka MéTamorphose

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La métamorphose de Franz Kafka

La Métamorphose est une nouvelle écrite par Kafka en 1912, alors que l'auteur était un simple fonctionnaire de Prague âgé de 29 ans. Ce récit est probablement le plus connu de Kafka, est également le plus énigmatique car nous devons nous forger un avis individuel, en effet, personne n'a le même ressenti face à cette œuvre. L'auteur nous fait la narration de la nouvelle vie de Gregor Samsa, simple représentant de commerce qui s'est éveillé un beau matin "transformé en une véritable vermine". Samsa est devenu un insecte humain, plus précisément un cancrelat. Il est la seule source de revenus ou presque de sa famille (ses deux parents et sa sœur), il va devoir faire face aux difficultés que crée sa nouvelle situation, dont bien entendu l'impossibilité de toute vie sociale et familiale.
Car, la famille de Gregor elle-même supporte difficilement cette situation. Gregor est laissé seul, confiné dans sa chambre, et c'est sa sœur qui vient le nourrir, toujours quand lui est caché sous son lit afin de ne pas être vu. La sœur agit par curiosité autant que par pitié. Les parents quant à eux sont dégoûtés de leur (ex)fils. Pas de pitié. Pas de compassion. D'ailleurs Gregor n'en demande pas. Il se contente de vivoter sa vie d'insecte dans sa chambre.
D'abord, il est tout rongé par sa nouvelle situation. Il éprouve de la culpabilité de ne plus pouvoir aller travailler, de ne plus pouvoir assurer la vie de sa famille, et même de devenir un fardeau pour eux. Il est gêné par les tâches qu'il impose à sa sœur et c'est pour cela qu'il se cache lorsque celle-ci vient le nourrir. Pourtant il n'est pas tout à fait exclu. Il suit les conversations, via l'entrebâillement de la porte de sa chambre. Il tente même quelques sorties. Il sera repoussé à coup de balais, à coup de pied, jusque dans son antre. Avec des blessures physiques (il a par exemple une pomme pourrie qui s'est incrustée dans sa chair) et aussi bien que psychologiques. C'est donc avant tout l'histoire d'un homme progressivement délaissé qui nous est comptée. Cet homme, Gregor, est définitivement coupé de tout avenir professionnel, de toute vie sociale et familiale. Toute nouvelle tentative de ré-insertion est écrasée. Il en est réduit à susciter le dégoût, la colère, la peur. Alors forcément il va peu à peu perdre tout espoir et se laisser aller. Tandis que même sa sœur va l'abandonner, suite à d'ultime tentative manquée de ré-affirmer son humanité.
Ensuite, incapable de communiquer, Gregor doit subir tout ce qu'on lui soumet. Même lorsque cela part d'un bon sentiment, comme le fait de retirer tous ses meubles pour pouvoir le laisser ramper comme bon lui semble sur les murs et le plafond. Il n'y peut rien, il est devenu un fardeau. Une fois toute la famille à dos, et sans que pourtant celle-ci ne daigne l'abandonner (ce qui fait qu'il reste coincé dans sa situation de fardeau), Gregor va perdre peu à peu perdre toute envie de vivre, et va se laisser mourir, tandis que sa famille l'a moralement abandonné, incapable de le comprendre.

Ainsi, Gregor va donc se laisser mourir. Et un beau matin, la bonne, la seule qui osait voir Gregor (et qui ne le considérait que comme une saloperie amusante), le retrouvera mort. "Venez donc voir, il est crevé, il est là, il est couché par terre; il est crevé comme un rat."Un épitaphe sans pitié, terminant ainsi la pathétique vit de Gregor Samsa. Mais le pire est peut-être encore que sa mort sera vécue comme une libération divine pour la famille Samsa.
Gregor, qui dans sa période humaine aura trimé pour faire vivre les siens et qui du jour au lendemain aura été abandonné, méprisé puis finalement oublié de tous révélé là une constante dans la thématique de Kafka : l'absence de signification de la vie. Pas de questions métaphysiques dans La Métamorphose. On voit juste ce qui est. Personne ne s'interroge sur le pourquoi scientifique de la métamorphose. Elle est, tout simplement. Comme une fatalité qui peut vous tomber dessus à tout moment. On ne peut rien y changer et il est inutile d'en connaître le pourquoi. La vie, aussi absurde qu'elle puisse paraître, se doit d'être vécue comme elle est, ou alors, et bien il reste toujours la mort… C'est un thème propre à l'écriture « kafkaïenne ».
C'est pourquoi, l'élément fantastique inhérent à l'histoire de départ de la Métamorphose est très vite évacué dans un réalisme de l'absurde - autrement dit une partie de ce que l'on désigne fréquemment sous l'adjectif "kafkaïen". Les personnages ne s'étonnent pas de l'état de Gregor. Il le dégoûte mais ils l'acceptent. A partir de là, le fantastique n'est plus d'actualité. L'intrusion de l'élément surnaturel dans le quotidien est vécu comme quelque chose de naturel. De là, né un certain décalage, non dépourvu d'humour, propre à la bibliographie de l'auteur, mais qui atteint son apogée dans La Métamorphose.
De plus, sous ses apparences fantastiques, cette nouvelle n'est donc en fait qu'une allégorie, que le lecteur peut interpréter comme il veut. Le handicap. La solitude. La routine. La culpabilité. La famille disloquée. L'insociabilité... Autant de significations potentielles à la métamorphose de Gregor… Pour ma part, j'ai ressenti un intrigant malaise qui m'a fait retenir mon souffle jusqu'à la dernière ligne de cette histoire dérangeante, en effet, la solitude a détruit Gregor Samsa. Les procédés qu'il a utilisé sont : de détruire le réel en remplaçant le normal par l'anormal, de montrer que ce qui nous guide, la maîtrise technique, la rationalisation de l'existence, l'arraisonnement de toutes les choses du monde.

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