...Kant viewed ethics as a good that is built-in and is internal. So anything that you do is done because you decide that it can be accounted for it being good. According to Kant, they’re some acts that are considered morally right if you allow humans to use their freedom or good will. Instead of allowing humans to have the freedom to make their own choices, you are exploiting them to a life of drugs and are disrespecting their autonomy through manipulation. You are not allowing them to use their freedom therefor you are manipulating their thoughts. Kant would argue that autonomy, or the ability to self-govern yourself is the basis for morality and justice. Kant defines autonomy as having the ability to determine your own maxim. If you can determine...
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...Autonomy provides self-identification and placement in a person culture. Immanuel Kant believes that autonomy plays a big role in making ethical decisions. I believe that is correct and this is because morals vary from culture to culture and universalizability does not exist. Morals are supposed to bring good but there are circumstances where a moral action might bring damage. Due to this premise I feel as though it is not always right to do the duty that is expected. I also believe that if a duty is imposed on us, the fulfillment of that duty will not make us any more ethical. To explain my universalizability statement, Immanuel Kant believes that acting immorally is unreasonable because it is inconsistently unfair and unjust towards whomever it may have a negative impact on, even though that person may not know. According to Kant, an action is morally right if its maxim is universalizable. In which a maxim is a “principle of action you give yourself when you are about to do something” (162), and universalizable means that your acts of your maxim would be supported by everyone. According to Russ Shafer-Landau in The Fundamentals of Ethics, Kant believes that, “the morality of our actions has nothing to do with results. It has everything to do with our intentions and reasons for action, those are contained in the principle we live by” (163). Morality relies on people acting out with a good intention, but the action has to be universalizable, and if it is not, we are being inconsistent...
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...WORD COUNT 3846 Introduction The aim of this assignment is to consider whether mental health patients have autonomy or do staff and the healthcare environment merely allow them a measurable quantity of autonomy based on legal, ethical and moral restrictions, if this is the case, is this autonomy at all? Placement experiences will be given in relation to patient autonomy and related ethical, legal and professional issues will be supported and/ or contrasted by relevant literature. Patient autonomy and capacity, consent, compliance, coercion and paternalism with be considered. In an attempt to show a deeper understanding and ability to apply theory to practice, the moral theories of liberal individualism, utilitarianism, Kantianism and communitarianism will be discussed in relation to patient autonomy. Attitudes, values, assumptions related to patient autonomy, implications for practice and care provision will also be reviewed. This topic has been chosen, due to personal interest following practice experiences on an adult acute mental health unit. All identifying factors relating to the patients have been changed to maintain client confidentiality (Nursing and Midwifery Council’s (NMC) Code of Professional Conduct 2002). A conclusion will be offered to evaluate findings, finalising with a reflective summary focusing on the process of enquiry. Autonomy Autonomy means self rule (Dworkin 1988). It as the ability to think, choose and act freely and independently (Gillon 1992)...
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...others consider the complex issues surrounding the procedure. These issues include religious perspectives such as the sanctity of life argument and concern for quality of life, autonomy and personhood. The sanctity of life proposal stands strong for those who adopt Judaeo-Christian values because they believe that God is the only one who can take or give life because he has created all humans imago dei (Genesis 1:27). It builds on this idea that life is sacred and holy and that “everything that happens in this world happens at the times God chooses” (Ecclesiastes 3:1-2). Of course, the ultimate Christian belief is found in the Decalogue, Exodus 20:13 “Thou shall not kill”, an objective and uncompromising law. Therefore, if a doctor were to conduct voluntary euthanasia he would be destroying Gods creation and taking a holy life of which he has no right to take irrespective of whether that person has asked to die. Natural law accepts this stance of euthanasia because it also adopts a very Catholic position and would reject euthanasia because it violates the primary precepts (don’t die and worship God). These are absolutes that should not be broken and consequently cannot take into account certain circumstances such as those in terminally ill health. Cases such as Dianne Pretty would be denied her autonomy and right to make her own decision despite her wanting “a quick death” and would be forced to continue living with her motor neurone disease. Its argued that Dianne should be...
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...The Right to Die Vicky Perry Writing Workshop 100W Section 5 Mary Juno San Jose State University May 8, 2012 Abstract Euthanasia, the act of killing oneself in order to end pain and suffering, is illegal in the majority of the states in the nation. Euthanasia should be legalized in order to promote autonomy, personal decisions, and the quality of life. Oppositions to legalizing euthanasia include morality, religious beliefs, concern for medical staff violating the Hippocratic Oath, and fear of abuse of the act. Some states have made euthanasia legal under strict circumstances; the rest of the nation should soon follow. Introduction “Dogs do not have many advantages over people, but one of them is extremely important: euthanasia is not forbidden by law in their case; animals have the right to a merciful death” (Kundera, 1999). Euthanasia is the practice of intentionally ending a life in order to relieve pain and suffering. It is a common practice among household pets as a humane way to end their lives if they are suffering. Euthanasia in relation to humans is illegal in the United States as well as many other countries across the world. It is bizarre to think that animals have the right to die when their owners believe they are suffering and in distress, but humans are not granted that same opportunity. Euthanasia, practiced most commonly on animals, has three distinct types in relation to the euthanasia of humans. Voluntary euthanasia, which requires consent...
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...a sister, Penelope that is 10 weeks pregnant and is worried that her fetus may have the genetic problem. However, there is a one in four chance that a female will inherit the gene and become a carrier. Helen is aware her sister is pregnant and she feels if she tells her sister of her and her son’s diagnosis, Penelope would likely terminate the baby. Helen speaks to her medical providers and decides she wants the results to remain confidential and not be disclosed to her sister. Although it might seem morally right for Helen to share her medical information with her sister, she is not obligated to share her carrier status because she is entitled to that information. In bioethics, respect for patient autonomy is an essential requirement when considering the principle of autonomy, in that “...persons should be allowed to exercise their capacity for self-determination” (Vaughn, 71). Being an autonomous adult, Helen has the right to privacy, in which she...
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...the greatest advances in medicine have been achieved by biomedical research. Biomedical researchers have been able to find cures or eliminate diseases, create vaccines, and medicines that heave cure and protected the health of millions of people. The National Institute of Health (NIH) is the federal Government’s primary agency for advancing knowledge in the biomedical and behavior sciences in order to understand and treat human disease. In the past, research process often involved many unethical practices where the research participants lacked adequate protection. To protect human research participants from undo harm, biomedical researchers must follow the four basic ethical principles on which standards of ethical research are based: autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Such ethical requirements on biomedical research are found in documents such as the Declaration of Helsinki or the Belmont Report. The four principles and Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) are the principal regulations and ethical protocols when conducted human research. In the United States, the National Institute of Health (NIH) is the primary agency responsible in enforcing ethic in human research but the IRBs falls within the authority of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). In other countries, different names might be used, such as research ethics committees or ethics review committees. Where ever human research is conducted, either within the US regulations or internationally...
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...antibiotics, but he refused. The choice: send him back to the street, a possible violation of the “First do no harm” oath, or seek a court order declaring the man incapable of making decisions for himself, essentially forcing him into the doctors’ care. The Ethical Dilemma in the Case The moral values at stake are the principles of autonomy as well as, the ethics of protecting the patient and doing no harm. The principle of autonomy stems from the ethics of respects for persons. Robert M. Veatch, the author of The Basics of Bioethics, explains that the ethics of respect for persons stresses that “humans deserve respect independent of the consequences of actions” (p 62). Treating individuals with autonomy, and protecting people with diminished autonomy are the two main principles that underlie the ethics of respect for persons (The Belmont Report, 1979). Autonomy is defined as “a psychological state of an individual who is capable of being self-determining or self-legislating” (Veatch, 2011, p 81). In this case the concept of autonomy relates to the patients capability of choosing to accept or deny any medical treatment. Why is autonomy at stake? The case presents the question on whether the doctors should respect the patient’s decision to refuse care, or force him into their care. By forcing him into their care, the principle of...
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...burdens of therapy and the medical uncertainty that exists are necessary to provide patients and families with the best opportunity to make informed decisions. We know that honest direct communication is most important for patients and families faced to make life determining decisions. These health care workers must communicate within the medical ethics of their profession. Medical ethics is based on a four prima facie moral principles and attention to these principles' scope of application. The four prima facie principles are respect for autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. “Prima facie,” a term introduced by the English philosopher W D Ross, means that the principle is binding unless it conflicts with another moral principle - if it does we have to choose between them.2 Respect for autonomy is the moral obligation to respect the autonomy of others in so far as such respect is compatible with equal respect for the autonomy of all potentially affected....
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...Ethical Dilemmas Workshop Instructor’s Notes Scene 1 First Knight (50:05-51:57) Lancelot has just run the gauntlet to win a kiss from the Queen. King Arthur summons Lancelot and explains the meaning behind the round table. What ethical principles are being used and which principles are being abused? The ethical principles being used: the Individualism View, Government Requirements View, the Utilitarian Principle, and the Risk Aversion Principle. The ethical principles being abused: Personal Virtues View. Scene 2 Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan (1:38:32-1:42:23) Spok has just risked his life to save the lives of the crew and the ship. What ethical principles are being used and which are being abused? The ethical principles being used: the Utilitarian Principle, Religious Injunctions Principle, and Risk Aversion Principle. The ethical principle being abused: the Individualism View. Scene 3 Star Trek III: Search for Spok (1:36:51-1:39:57) The ship’s crew has just risked their lives to save the “reincarnated” Spok. What ethical principles are being used and which principles are being abused? The ethical principle being used: the Utilitarian Principle with a very long-term perspective. The ethical principle being abused: Risk Aversion Principle, the Slippery-slope Principle. Scene 4 Tommy Boy (1:23:46-1:24:45) Tommy’s...
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...rightness or wrongness of particular actions * Involves questions of motives or intent Principles * A principles may be defined as a basic truth or general law or doctrine that is used as a basis of reasoning or a guide to action or behavior. Principlism * The Belmont report * Beauchamp and childress’ text The Georgetown mantra * The principles Beneficence * Doing the best of someone well being * It’s going to benefit the patient the some way * An obligations to help others further their important and legitimate interests * Paternalism- consists in the judgment that beneficence trumps autonomy Non-maleficence * Do no harm * We need to make sure were not doing harm to the patients, make the patient understand what treatment they are getting. That the harm is out weighted for benefits. * Respect for autonomy * Respect the choice of the patients, and protect the people who can’t make choices themselves Justice * We need to solve the end results and providing the patient with justice Types of paternalism * Weak paternalism * Where an agent intervenes on ground of beneficence to prevent substantially nonautonomous conduct * Strong Paternalism * Where an agent intervenes on ground of beneficence to prevent substantially autonomous conduct...
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...The model For all these models, the equation that was produced is: π=esAα+1-λ-p, and u=p+esAλ-12e2 where. π =profit of the firm u = worker’s utility s = worker’s skill in specific project, where s≥0 e = worker’s effort, where e≥0 A = contribution of the firm esA = Total value of a project λ = Portion of decision rights of the worker (incentive or autonomy of worker) 1-λ = Portion of decision controlled by the firm α = Spillovers to the other firm projects, where α>0 p = payoff, where p≥0 w = 12e2 = worker F = firm The worker has a disutility from the effort 12e2 and compensate from the payment. If the payoff from the firm is not high enough, the worker may obtain the outside option rather than work with that firm. Thus, we have the equation for the outside option, s2+γ2, where γ≥0 γ = How quickly the worker’s outside option increases relative to the payoff from the project Contractibility assumption In the model, the firm can control the payment and the degree of allocation of decision by setting p≥0 and λ. However, there is the case that the firm doesn’t have the complete information, which the worker’s effort (e) is hidden. This is because we don’t know how much effort worker places before work is verified. For example, the very high skilled worker has no need to exert high effort. The firm has to establish the variable λ and p to make the worker accept the offer from the firm. The worker’s decision depends on how much the utility he/she receives...
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...Lesson 3 – Informed Consent, Substitute Decision-Making, and the Family Centered Approach * It should be noted that a choice might properly require only low/ minimal competence, even though its expected risks exceed its expected benefits or it is more generally a high-risk treatment, because all other available alternatives have substantially worse risk/benefit ratios. * Thus, according to the concept of competence endorsed here, a particular individual’s decision-making capacity at a given time may be sufficient for making a decision to refuse a diagnostic procedure when forgoing the procedure does not carry a significant risk, although it would not necessarily be sufficient for refusing a surgical procedure that would correct a life-threatening condition * The greater the risk relative to other alternatives—where risk is a function of the severity of the expected harm and the probability of its occurrence—the greater the level of communication, understanding, and reasoning skills required for competence to make that decision. * It is not always true, however, that if a person is competent to make one decision, then he or she is competent to make another decision so long as it involves equal risk. * Even if the risk is the same, one decision may be more complex, and hence require a higher level of capacity for understanding options and reasoning about consequences. * The evaluation of the patient’s decision-making will seek to assess how well...
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...Dementia is a chronic lifelong condition that causes memory loss, communication problems, incontinence and neglect of personal hygiene (Prime, 1994 p, 301). Mr Moses neglect of his personal hygiene was profound due to his incontinence condition Dignity mean “Being treated like I was somebody” (Help the Aged, 2001).Relating dignity in the care Mr Moses, dignity will be define as care given to Mr Moses that will uphold, promote and not degrade his self respect despite his present situation (being wet with urine and smell of faeces), frail or his age (SCIE, 2006). Mr Moses despite his present circumstance should feel value before, during and after his care (Nursing Standard, 2007). The concept of dignity has to do with privacy, respect, autonomy, identity and self worth thereby making life worth living for them (SCIE, 2006). However, each patient needs is unique, the level of these concept will varies on individual service user, such as the privacy that other service user need will be different from what Mr Moses require at the time of His care. When dignity is not present during his care, Mr Moses will feel devalued, lacking control, comfort and feel embarrass and ashamed (RCN, 2008). Things that emerged in my observation for Mr Moses to be provided with care in a dignified way involves, delivery Mr Moses personal care in a way that maintain his dignity, having support from team members and an up to date training in delivering care, and supportive ward environment (NHS evidence...
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...Exercise 1.1 Personal Choices in Decision Making Nicole Shafer University of the Potomac Negotiations Management (MGMT424) Sunday, February 21, 2016 (Tuesday, February 23, 2016) Will Walker Abstract Part one talks about the instructions of the exercise and my opinion towards it. The reason for choosing the answers that I did for each choice set. Part two talks about the scoring and categorizing myself under the individualistic column and why. The agreement with the scoring placement and what individualistic and individualism is. The third part talks about the management style of individualistic and the perspective of the employee and the manager. Exercise 1.1 Personal Choices in Decision Making Part 1 Making Personal Choices In the first part of the exercise you are given nine choices and you are to pick from A, B, or C options. The points represent something of value to you – each point is valuable to you, and so, the more points you accumulate the better for you. The same holds true for the other person: the more points the other person accumulates, the better for him or her. The other person would be considered an opponent but you have control over the amount of points the opponent receives and the amount you receive. I felt the exercise was strange because I had the influence over the amount of points I would receive and the amount of points the opponent would receive. I chose a lot of the choices in my favor because in the end I had the ultimate decision...
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