...Ketamine Description: Ketamine is a nonbarbiturate, sedative hypnotic used parenterally to provide anesthesia for short diagnostic and surgical procedures. It is also used as an inducing agent, as an adjunct to supplement low-potency anesthetics such as nitrous oxide, and as a supplement to local and regional anesthesia. Ketamine can be used concomitantly with muscle relaxants without complication because it does not provide muscle relaxation of its own. It is a fairly short-acting agent that provides a profound, rapid, dissociative state and a short recovery time. Mechanism: Although the exact mechanism of action is not known, ketamine appears to be an agonist at CNS muscarinic acetylcholine-receptors and opiate-receptors. Ketamine depresses the thalamocortical pathways involved in pain perception and has been shown to suppress spinal cord activity. Clinical effects observed following ketamine administration include a "dissociative anesthesia," increased blood pressure, and minimal respiratory depression. The patient's airway remains intact due to maintenance of pharyngeal and laryngeal reflexes. Pharmacokinetics: Ketamine is administered parenterally, either IV or IM. It is rapidly absorbed following IM injection and quickly distributed into the brain and other highly perfused tissues. The alpha phase (distribution phase) lasts ~45 minutes, with a half-life of 10 - 15 minutes. It is this first phase that corresponds clinically to the anesthetic effect of the drug...
Words: 971 - Pages: 4
...Ketamine is a common anesthetic that has been widely used in hospitals and pharmacies since the '60s. It is a highly addictive drug that goes by the street name "ket". With the increased number of fatalities and life-changing injuries it raises the issue on whether it should be used for human consumption. In this investigation I will explore the issue of using ketamine for human consumption. Biochemistry Ketamine’s underlying biochemical mechanism of action on the brain is the blockade of the thalamo-cortical projections and the activation of the interactions between frontal cortex and limbic structures (KOLP Institute, 2015). The frontal cortex is responsible for cognitive processing of information and the limbic system is the brain’s center...
Words: 619 - Pages: 3
...Ketamine hydrochloride, known on the streets as Special K, is a powerful hallucinogen widely used as an animal tranquilizer by veterinarians. It was originally created for human anaesthetic, it is still used as a general anaesthetic for children, people with very poor health, and by vets. Effects from the drug are a lot like the effects of PCP. Users call the high they get from Special K "K Hole”. K Hole is described as visual distortions and users lose track of time, sense, and identity. While in the K Hole, people usually can’t move, they just stay seated or lying down during the experience. Because of these effects, it is used as a date-rape drug. Also, many people get serious injuries and disregard them because they don’t feel anything and don’t get the normal signs of pain. The high can last from a ½ hour to 2 hours. The Drug Enforcement Administration reports that users can act high for an hour but the drug can still affect the body for up to 24 hours. Short term effects of the drug are dream-like states of hallucinations. Users say they feel like they are floating or are separated from their body. Effects also include impaired attention, learning ability, and memory. The K Hole large amounts of Ketamine creates is a lot like a “bad trip” people get from LDS. Users say they feel drunk, stoned, and tripping all at once. Long term use causes bad mental and physical problems like delirium, amnesia, impaired motor function, high blood pressure, depression, and potentially...
Words: 1413 - Pages: 6
...An Analysis and Interpretation of Anna Hope’s ”A Gap of Sky” (2008) When being a teenage student in the twenty-first century you might find yourself at a crossroad where important decisions have to be made. You have to consider your ambitions and where you will end up with the current lifestyle you are living. In Anna Hope’s A Gap of Sky (2008) teenager Ellie finds herself deeply reflecting over both partying and doing drugs, but also the severity of her college education. Ellie is a nineteen year old college student residing in the heart of London. She is living a hectic life with drinking, ketamine abuse and smoking crack pipe. The lifestyle that she is living suggests that she does not take her education seriously and she also blames her parents for taking this “bloody course in the first place” (p. 3 l. 66). The narrator is third person heterodiegetic and it is internal with limited omniscience. Throughout the story Ellie’s thoughts are described, but it is not herself telling them. This is seen as the pronoun “I” is never used, but “she” is used in the entire story. Ellie is the protagonist and all of her thoughts and actions are depicted, but it is not herself describing them, the narrator is therefore heterodiegetic since it is not an actual character itself. Ellie is the only character in the story who is mentioned by name and has great significance to the story. She is also the only person whose point of view is shown and the narrator can thereby be characterized...
Words: 984 - Pages: 4
...Ketamine is a drug that can be found in both human and veterinary medicine practices. It is a dissociative anesthetic. Ketamine is typically used as an anesthetic before surgeries or any other producers that do not require the realization of muscles. It selectively interrupts pathway of the brain in order to relieve painful sensations. Ketamine may also be used in emergency situations if a patient is suffering from severe trauma, it can also be used to supplement epidural anesthesia. Another use for ketamine would also be for the treatment of depression. When ketamine is given, usually administered in the form of an injection by a doctor, it is injected into the bloodstream and can relieve depression and suicidal thoughts and also can have affects lasting up for over a few weeks. Doctors have actually found that not only does ketamine work almost instantly; it is also very effective in patients who have failed to respond to traditional antidepressant treatment. Ketamine is very different from a normal antidepressant medication. While most antidepressants work on the neurotransmitters serotonin or norepinephrine. Ketamine focuses on a different neurotransmitter called glutamate. Ketamine blocks the receptors critical for receiving glutamate’s signals, which improves the brain’s electrical flow, resulting in reduced depression. Ketamine can also result in a state of dissociative anesthesia, making one feel a generalized sense of well being. This anesthetic effect is why...
Words: 318 - Pages: 2
...P1 Describe the recruitment documentation used in a selected organisation The business I have chosen to look at is McDonalds. McDonalds is the largest fast food restaurant in the world. The company McDonalds uses application forms because, it is easier to apply online rather than use a paper application form. It is better as a computer can categorize each application by what sections are filled in with certain skills which are required for the job. Application in McDonalds the candidate has to go through two stages. The first stage is to do an online questionnaire, answering all the questions that require. The second stage is having an interview. The job role of this job in McDonalds involves making food in the kitchen, cleaning, and working on the tills. Person Specification: A person specification is a description of the qualifications, skills, experience, knowledge and other attributes which a candidate must possess to perform the job duties. On the McDonalds website this can be found under ‘the requirements’ this shows a potential employee what the company is ideally looking for to start working for McDonalds. Also on a person specification it sometimes includes personality of the applicant, as well as contact details for a call about an interview in store. A person who is applying for a job needs this to match themselves and see if it would be an appropriate job for them to undertake. Job Description: The definition of a job description, is a written statement...
Words: 788 - Pages: 4
...Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Throughout the years our military has fought to protect our freedom. Soldiers risk their lives every day to protect ours. To this day we still have an active presence in countries all around the world and we are known as a nation “at war.” Those soldiers who fight for our freedom overseas are now facing a problem on their own homeland. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (also known as PTSD) is something that happens to our soldiers after experiencing a traumatic event such as combat. We should be providing our soldiers with every possible treatment and option out there if it will help them. Currently it is reported that about 1 in 8 soldiers returning from war have PTSD. There are no real cures for this disorder, only some methods that may help dissolve the symptoms and hopefully over time, overcome it. The people of the United States should be doing more to help our soldiers. They are risking their lives for us overseas only to return home to receive no help for the pain they might be in. Right now, the only real treatment for PTSD is cognitive therapy. You go in, talk about what happened, and then you leave. How is that helping a serious issue? Our soldiers deserve the best treatment possible and should have access to treatments outside therapy. It was 1980 before Post-traumatic Stress Disorder was clinically recognized. That is when the American Psychiatric Association added PTSD to its third edition of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental...
Words: 2574 - Pages: 11
...the 1950's” ("PCP | CESAR"). In 1965, repeated reports of patients experiencing delusions, hallucinations, and feeling detached from their bodies stopped production and illegalized use in humans. However, it continued to be used as an animal tranquilizer. Due to its anesthetic properties, this drug is Schedule II. CHECKPOINT Ketamine, also known as Special K, Vitamin K, K, Super K, Ketaset, or Jet was first developed and sold as a strong anesthetic in 1962. It was quickly processed...
Words: 1443 - Pages: 6
...The “club drugs” that are found at raves include: MDMA, ketamine, GHB, Rohypnol, LSD, and Methamphetamine (The Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d.). Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has street names of the following: Ecstasy, X, E, XTC, Adam, Love Drug (The Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d.). MDMA is taken by mouth and usually come in tablet or capsule form (The Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d.). MDMA is an amphetamine-based mild hallucinogen, which the effects last for three to six hours and it allows dancers to dance for a long time (The Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d.). Ketamine has the following street names: Cat Valium, Vitamin K, K, and Special K (The Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d.). Ketamine can be injected, snorted, or smoked (The Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d.). Ketamine comes in liquid form or as a white powder (The Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d.). Ketamine is a hallucinatory drug (The Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d.). Gamma-hydoxybutyrate (GHB) has the following street names: Grievous Bodily Harm, Georgia Home Boy, Liquid Ecstasy, and G (The Federal Bureau of Investigation, n.d.). GHB usually...
Words: 1073 - Pages: 5
...“Rape. It is a power hungry act. It breeds fear and in many cases, it breeds silence. Repercussion that grows deep into the soil of a person’s soul.” Date rape, a topic that has been widely discussed throughout the world, has been happening since early in the 1970’s and has become a growing epidemic. Typically most individuals feel that women are only affected by any form of acquaintance rape. However, many men are victims of the same circumstances. There are many misconceptions about what date rape appears to be and who is often affected by it. In America date rape has become a growing epidemic on the rise affecting men and women causing both physical and emotional damage, decline of social skills, death and long-lasting effects. According...
Words: 288 - Pages: 2
... Alcohol, Aspirin, Lidocaine, Morphine, Ketamine, and Succinylcholine are drugs used during anesthesia. These drugs are used to interrupt pain signals during surgical procedures. ~ For decades people have been using the effects of alcohol to suppress their pain. In the early 1900's a physician suggested to use intoxicating amounts of alcohol before medical procedures. Alcohol has the ability to depress the central nervous system, it slows down the brain, and delivers a certain amount of pain relief. ~Aspirin is used to treat pain due to inflammation. It also used to treat several conditions such as fever, pain, and inflammation caused by diseases. Aspirin works by blocking production of pain - enhancing neurotransmitters. ~Lidocaine is a common drug used for local anesthetic such as dental procedures and minor surgeries. Lidocaine is also used to relieve itching, burning and pain from skin irritation and inflammation. It works by blocking the pain signals sent by the nerve endings on the skin, changes signal conduction in neurons by blocking sodium channels. ~Morphine is a very potent drug that is used to relieve severe pain. It can relieve pain by silencing nerves in the spine that produce pain signals, morphine also has complex effects in the brain. Morphine can also be very addiction. ~Ketamine is an injection that is administered by a general anesthetics. It is used to maintain the airway and control respiration. Ketamine affects the nervous system by interfering...
Words: 322 - Pages: 2
...014CRNA Interview Preparation Q: Tell me about a time when you had to manage a difficult clinical situation. Q: Tell me about a time when you were working with someone who wasn't pulling their weight, and they had a different value system than yours. How did you deal with this person? Q: Tell me about a time when you failed. What happened, and how did you recover? Q: Tell me about a time when you had an ethical dilemma at work. What did you do? Q: Tell me about a time when you felt it was you against everyone else. You thought you were right and that everyone else was wrong. What did you do? Q: Why do you want to be a CRNA?** Q: What would make you a successful CRNA?** Q: How do you handle stress? Q: What kind of patients do you take care of? Your favorite and why?** Q: Tell us about your work experience.** Q: How do you describe success? Q: Do you foresee any barriers to your education? (finances, time commitments) Q: What does a CRNA do? How do you think your role as a CVICU nurse relates to the role and responsibilities of a CRNA?** Q: Where do you want to be in 5 years?**. Q: Why our program? Q: What questions do you have for us?** A: What do you look for in potential students? How does your program facilitate student research? I am very interested in teaching and education, how does your program prepare me to be an educator? What do you see as your school's strong points? On avg. how many intubations, art lines...
Words: 6588 - Pages: 27
...Rape is a major issue in the United States. A very popular method of rape is the use of a so called “date rape” drug. When it comes to forensics, many of the victims have trouble remembering the initial assault and being woken up by confusion. Forensic scientists can safely conclude that the victim has been drugged by a date rape drug. There are many different types of drugs classified in connection to rape. Some of the few drugs involve: Rohypnol, Gamma Hydroxy Butyrate, and Ketamine. Rohypnol, the oldest drug used in rape cases, is up to ten times more powerful than valium. According to DePresca, the author of Law and Order, a former police officer of NYC and a chief deputy of Panola County Sheriff’s Department, This drug slows the responses of a person’s body and causes memory loss....
Words: 710 - Pages: 3
...The sordid details of Amy Winehouse's final hours emerged today, with claims that she bought a cocktail of narcotics including cocaine, ecstasy and ketamine. Although the exact cause of death has not yet been released by police, it is claimed she was seen buying drugs from a dealer in Camden just after 10:30pm on Friday. The reports emerged as her family released an emotional statement in which they said they were 'bereft' by her early death. 'Our family has been left bereft by the loss of Amy, a wonderful daughter, sister, niece. She leaves a gaping hole in our lives,' they said. 'We are coming together to remember her and we would appreciate some privacy and space at this terrible time.' Winehouse was found dead at her London home on Saturday afternoon. A source told The People that she was seen buying substances, believed to be cocaine, heroin, ecstasy and ketamine leading up to the hours before her death. She is also thought to have been drinking heavily, which may have been the trigger of a lethal concoction of drugs and alcohol. The source told the newspaper: 'Amy seemed determined to have a big one on Friday night. 'She was out in Camden on Friday evening, but seemed determined to carry on the party back at her flat. 'None of us know who was with her into the early hours of Saturday. But getting out of it was clearly her main priority of the night.' Another source from one Camden pub told the tabloid that they had also seen Amy buying cocaine from a well...
Words: 342 - Pages: 2
...reduced synthesis of proteins which are involved in neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity. Duman and Li (2012) propose that this hypothesis assumes that the reduction in neurotrophic support which results in the atrophy of neuronal cells and reduction in neurogenesis and abnormalities in the synaptic plasticity pathways; could be the biological basis of depression. Duman and Li (2012) believe the areas of vulnerability are the hippocampal area and prefrontal cortex (PFC). This theory suggests that perhaps certain classes of antidepressants are actually blocking or able to reverse the atrophy of cells and neuronal structures which occurs in chronic stress of MDD. A motion of support for this hypothesis came in the way of ketamine, especially looking at how ketamine can affect BDNF. Duman and Li (2012) describe findings of reduced limbic brain structures in brains of depressed patients in particular a reduction in mass of the hippocampus and PFC. They also described preclinical studies which found participants who were exposed to stress regularly, in the hippocampus and PFC of their brains there was evidence of neuronal atrophy as well as loss of glial cells and neuronal cells seem to contribute to mood disorders such as MDD. Duman and Li (2012) highlighted that brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is one of the most studied neurotrophic factors and rodent models have found a correlation between various types of stress and a reduction in BDNF in the PFC and hippocampus. Duman...
Words: 666 - Pages: 3
