...Kierkegaard vs. Nietzsche Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche are known to be two of the greatest nineteenth century existentialists of all time. Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes the uniqueness and isolation of the individual experience in a hostile or indifferent universe. It regards human existence as unexplainable, and stresses freedom of choice and responsibility for the consequences of one's acts. Soren Kierkegaard and Friedrich Nietzsche both felt that life is irrational. They were problem thinkers who chose not to follow the systematic approach to philosophy as their predecessors did. In this regard, they stood on common ground. Both realized that no system of philosophy operates in isolation of its creators inherent prejudices. Any subjective viewpoint is biased; therefore, objectivity is impossible in any moral example. They both recognized that God no longer exists in religion in present-day expression. Men and women go about their daily lives in a manner irreverent of the possibility that there is an all-powerful God governing their affairs. Surprisingly, they proclaim their devotion to God when questioned about it. However, in their attempts to resolve this moral affliction Nietzsche and Kierkegaard are different in their quest for a cure. The very foundations of their moral constitutions were built upon conflicting ideologies: Kierkegaard put his in Christianity, while Nietzsche’s in individualism and self-determination. Kierkegaard...
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...Kierkegaard is the youngest of a Danish family, born in Copenhagen, Denmark. He fell in love with a girl named Regina and had his father set up their marriage arrangements, but never marries her and never marries anyone else. Kierkegaard is asking the question, who can I have a relationship with Christianity. “The problem we are considering is not the truth of Christianity but the individual’s relation to Christianity” (944). He uses a surname of Johannes Climacus as the person seeking this question. In this writing he is explaining how objective truth can be different from subjective truth, as well as how objectivity will differ from subjectivity. “The objective problem is: Is Christianity true? The subjective problem is: What is the individual’s...
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...Philosopher To: Soren Kierkegaard Dear Soren Kierkegaard, I had sent this letter to you so that I may be able to express the way I feel about your work. I really would like you to know that I am really fond of your work and understand every effort that you have put into the science of philosophy. Recently I had been studying and learning so much about your work and was very intrigued in what I have read about you. I have read that you are a high believer in God. You have written that you believed in god and that dread and despair was the central problems of your life, and the only way of escaping was to make a commitment of faith to god and the infinite (Moore & Bruder, 2008, p. 168). I do not agree on what you have written because I think that having dread and despair is not the reason for not having any faith in God. I believe that loving him is very important as well as having so much faith in his love. The trust that I feel in God is very valuable to me especially when it comes down to having so many things happening in my life, but for me too have God as my only friend and comforter would make feel isolated, which this could bring me sorrow and misery. You were engaged to be married to Ms. Regine Olsen and had walked away from her because you had replied “God as your first love” (Moore & Bruder, 2008, p. 168). Do you think you deserve all the good things that God gives to his own people such as love, happiness, and prosperity? I believe...
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...Assignment: Letter to a European Philosopher PHI/105 Dear Soren Kierkegaard, I have read your profile and philosophical views on several subjects in the Moore-Bruder, (2008) AXIA Reading Material Handbook. I have two arguments that I would like to present to you on your philosophical views and choices you make to please a God that is not proven to exist. First I would like to talk about the agony of choices you made between your God and the woman you were going to marry named Regine Olsen. The choice of committing yourself to God affected you profoundly, by denying yourself the true love you longed for. You cannot touch, smell, or see this God you believe in. It sounds like to me you cheated yourself out of the one thing you truly desired. My question is why your God would want to deny you of the happiness you deserve no matter what your past childhood was like. I have to argue with your view that God has to be first place in your life. I feel you should never put someone else before your own, it only cost you emotions which is something you have had to deal with by making the choices you have to please this God that is not proven to exist Mr. Kierkegaard. My second argument has to do with your view on “The Sickness-Unto-Death”. I disagree with the statement ‘His eventual conclusion was that nothing earthy can save a person from despair. Only a subjectivism commitment to the infinite and to God, not based on abstract intellectualizing or theoretical reasoning, can grant...
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...Kierkegaard felt that subjective reflection was more crucial to the individual life than objective reflection, because subjective reflection focuses on passion and human existence rather than logic and impersonal truth. The objective world is the world of facts and truth, independent of the perceptions of humans. Objective reflection focuses on what actually is, in the real world. Objective reflection centers on the things and ideas in the world that give meaning to life. The subjective world is the world of human thoughts, feelings, and perceptions. It focuses on the relationship between people and their thoughts, feelings and perceptions, in respect to their lives. It centers on how meaning in life is viewed subjectively, or how humans find meaning in their lives. To Kierkegaard, subjective reflection is the relationship to what a person values in life. One major difference I noticed in the reading, between the objective and subjective realms, is in regards to 'being' versus 'becoming'. Kierkegaard stated, “the objective world is as it is: being”. The subjective world is always 'becoming' something else through internal conflicts and struggle. However, the latter difference then creates a chain, as another difference arises between the two realms. The objective world is based in reason, while the subjective world is based in passion. Kierkegaard believed that subjective reflection is the key understanding meaning in life. In a sense, he complains about the...
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...Chantae Irvin April 17th, 2016 Kierkgaard’s “3 Stages of Life (Aesthetic, Ethical and Religious) Soren Kierkegaard (1813–1855) emphasizes the stages of life’s way which includes aesthetic, ethical and religious. It is essentially stated that all persons pass through the three stages to come into themselves. However, the idea of aesthetics, ethical and religious matters does not always coincide with one another. These things all potentially hold different characteristics and are developed differently in each individual. Nonetheless, they will essentially conflict with one another as Kierkegaard describes their stages in a fictitious manner. Kierkegaard makes it rather intense to give his own particular standpoint on the stages of life, and he does not decree answers. On the other hand, he encourages individuals to make their own conclusions. My theory is that the stages on life’s way including aesthetics, ethical and religious stages are the infinite developments on life’s way for all individuals. However, these stages are not emphasized to have had chronological order. They are uniquely criticized differently as they all are developments of life’s way. These three stages were composed for everyone to analyze and evaluate their own situations distinctively. The answer to the three stages of life does imply the individual interpretation on particular stages rather than someone else’s interpretation. In theory, the uniqueness of aesthetics, ethical, and religious stages are...
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...Existentialism rejects the existence of any source of objective, authoritative truth about metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. Instead, individuals are responsible for determining for themselves what is “true” or “false,” “right” or “wrong,” “beautiful” or “ugly.” For the existentialist, there exists no universal form of human nature; each of us has the free will to develop as we see fit. Existentialism is the most individualistic of all modern philosophies. Its overriding concern is with the individual and its primary value is the absolute freedom of the person, who is only what he makes himself to be, and who is the final and exclusive arbiter of the values he freely determines for himself. Great emphasis is placed on art, on literature, and the humanistic studies, for it is in these areas that man finds himself and discovers what values he will seek to attain. Existentialism represents a protest against the rationalism of traditional philosophy, against misleading notions of the bourgeois culture, and the dehumanizing values of industrial civilization. Since alienation, loneliness and self-estrangement constitute threats to human personality in the modern world, existential thought has viewed as its cardinal concerns a quest for subjective truth, a reaction against the ‘negation of Being’ and a perennial search for freedom.. The evaluation of existentialism has been quite negative. Some even view it as an anti philosophical...
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...Albert Camus was a French-Algerian writer best known for his absurdist works, including The Stranger (1942) and The Plague (1947). He won the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1957. Early Life Albert Camus was born on November 7, 1913, in Mondavi, French Algeria. His pied-noir family had little money. Camus's father died in combat during World War I, after which Camus lived with his mother, who was partially deaf, in a low-income section of Algiers. Camus did well in school and was admitted to the University of Algiers, where he studied philosophy and played goalie for the soccer team. He quit the team following a bout of tuberculosis in 1930, thereafter focusing on academic study. By 1936, he had obtained undergraduate and graduate degrees in philosophy. Political Engagement Camus became political during his student years, joining first the Communist Party and then the Algerian People's Party. As a champion of individual rights, he opposed French colonization and argued for the empowerment of Algerians in politics and labor. Camus would later be associated with the French anarchist movement. At the beginning of World War II, Camus joined the French Resistance in order to help liberate Paris from the Nazi occupation; he met Jean-Paul Sartre during his period of military service. Like Sartre, Camus wrote and published political commentary on the conflict throughout its duration. In 1945, he was one of the few Allied journalists to condemn the American use of the atomic bomb...
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... Existentialism is a philosophical hypothesis or approach that stresses the existence of the identifiable individual as a free and capable executor deciding their own particular advancement through demonstrations of their intention. Existentialism is exposed when the characters impersonate a self-image of their, yet they soon deference their own representation with their actions. Existentialism is a theme of a play called “ Seven Stories” by Morris Panych, in this play each characters claims to content a personal which is not supported by their actions. Rodney and Charlotte have an affair together but on the other hand they try to kill themselves. Nurse Wilson participate through out the play in order to let the man suicide. Lastly Micheal is a fraud doesn't think of anything and listens to himself. Rodney and Charlotte claims that they both in a love relationships but through out the play it shows how they are so desperate to kill each other. “ You're Quite unattractive when you're dying. Did you know that Charlotte?.(pg 7) Rodney. Here it shows how Rodney existentially Rodney wants to let other now that how he really hate Charlotte even though they love each other “ I am not threatened by you in the least” (pg 10) to Man. It shows how strong is she even though shes being harassed Existentialism means is to live as independent but shes having so many difficulty of living with a guy who she loves that doesn’t respect her. “Oh good heavens. That would Be much too Quick for...
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...Kierkegaard I. Introduction a. Attention Getter: How do we know which direction to take in life? If there formula to how we go by in our daily lives? Do we still do the same things we did a year ago? How about 5 years ago? Now make it 20 years ago. Doing something when we were younger seemed so exciting, so energetic. Now it’s just a normal routine. Wake up, eat breakfast, go to work/school, come home, study, eat dinner, shower, and sleep. What does our future hold for us? Are we going to be the same way? b. Thesis Statement: That’s why I believe Kierkegaard’s stages on life’s way is a good guide to reference too when wondering what are you doing with your life, and what may be in store for you in the years to come. c. Points: i. The Aesthetic Stage (Partying it up –Bored) ii. The Ethical Stage (Repetitive - Habitual) iii. The Religious Stage (Life of faith – Leap to GOD) II. Body d. The Aesthetic Stage: This stage consists of not really having any direction or purpose but pleasing oneself to take away the boredom in one’s life. This doesn’t just mean buying a new car or the latest clothes. It includes desires of the flesh as well as financial greed. Any type of thing that could please you in any way, from bully kids when you are young, to stealing stuff from stores. iv. Individual known: Lindsey Lohan. 1. After her child breakout movies she was constantly in the media...
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...May’s Existentialism and the Epistemic Inventory 2 Introduction Rollo May was one of the leading existentialist psychologists in the twentieth century. His writings have shaped contemporary discussions of man’s struggle with “being in the world,” and the difficulty inherent in such a task. A brief review of May’s biography is useful in understanding the philosophical path which he chose. May was born in Ada, Ohio, the first of six children born to parents who had great difficulty in their marriage. His mother and sister both suffered from mental illness, and their instability caused May to spend much of his internal life in an introspective solitude produced by psychic pain. After briefly attending Michigan State University and Oberlin College, May traveled across Europe where he taught English. He was intensely lonely, and it was at this point that he had one of two epiphanies which would shape his belief in existentialism. May began thinking of his own and other’s inner beauty, and he enrolled in Union Theological Seminary in order to study his newfound optimism. It was during this time that he studied psychoanalysis with Alfred Adler and philosophy with Paul Tillich. He practiced psychotherapy privately in the 1940’s and received his Ph.D. from Columbia University at the age of 1940. During this period, May experienced a second life-changing event: he spent three years in a sanitarium after contacting tuberculosis. This period of solitude allowed him time...
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...Analyze how humanistic theory affects individual personalities. Maslow felt if you reached this level of self-actualization, you have reached the highest of all levels of human psychological development. You had developed a strong sense of self with the ability to have control of your feelings, the internal self (self-esteem) even when others around you reject or put you down, and in extreme cases even turn their backs on you. You are independent of others to satisfy your feeling of love or self-esteem they are independent or separate, becoming independent from a lower level where they first originated. Rogers stated: “Not everyone becomes a psychologically healthy person. Rather, most people experience conditions of worth, incongruence, defensiveness, and disorganization” (Feist, Feist & Roberts, 2013 p.302). The basic theory is based on self-reliance, people are capable of doing what is needed to motivate and accomplish their own personal goals from within themselves, where no outside motivation is needed. Based on freedom and being responsible, you have the freedom to choose your actions, as long as you also claim responsibility for those same actions. (Being accountable for own actions) By opening this new door in psychology, it has allowed researchers to examine the questions we ask ourselves, such as: Who am I? Is life worth living? Does it have a meaning? What is my purpose here? We are responsible for who we are and who we have become, not our parents or guardians...
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...Existentialism is a philosophical approach in which the aspect of one’s existence and meaning in life is brought into light by way of embracing experiences in the universe. In view of the fact that affirmation is not the same in all cases, this essay will discuss how atheist Nietzsche and Christian Paul Tillich take upon their unique existentialist perspectives to understand human existence with respect to the condition of existential crisis as respectively discussed in The Gay Science and The Courage to Be. Often on the edge of despairing disbelief, existential crisis may be deemed as the cultural condition in which one finds his or her self when questioned with the meaning of life. With a personal stance and mostly in reference to the texts, it is believed that individuals ought to strive for Tillich’s courage rather than seek to become Nietzsche’s “Yes-sayers”. In view of the fact that Tillich argues that one may only understand the righteousness of which is God when he or she has questioned the meaning of existence in it all. Through the ambiguities, anxiety, and threats of nonbeing, the realm of being in the kingdom of God may be discovered in a new light and perspective. Nietzsche’s atheistic approach and volatile argument against God and his existence may be considered to be somewhat appalling [especially to an orthodox Christian believer]. Through challenging and reevaluating all values, the crisis of disbelief may be encountered. Although his complex case may potentially...
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...Existentialism is a philosophy that emphasizes individual existence, freedom and choice. It is the belief that humans define their own meaning in life, and try to make rational decisions despite existing in an irrational universe (philosophybasics.com). For Marjane Satrapi developing a sense of individuality in a very irrational universe has been a persisting battle that even she admits that she still struggles with today. Having grown up under the harsh religious regime of Iran, individuality was marked highly unattainable and was even punishable by law. Despite the oppression Marjane has been faced with for the majority of her life, she has learned to gain control over her individuality, guided by her strong existentialist views and she has become a strong willed individual determined to create her own fate. Marjane was not always the strong existentialist that she considers herself to be today, rather her views are the result of the long battle she’s fought in the process of gaining control over her own life. As a child she was primed by her environment. Marjane's faith began strong serving as a crucial part of her daily life, however as time passed and the war began, her faith deteriorated, and God's presence was soon lost. At the beginning of Persepolis, Marjane tells us that she was born with her faith. Her unshakable dreams of being close to God and fulfilling a prophecy of divinity are her purpose for living. God was a huge part of her daily life in which he served...
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...Soren Kierkegaard was a Danish philosopher. Some say his ideas were ahead of his time, and that explains his low popularity in the world at the time. His works were very illustrative and sarcastic, which sometimes makes them hard to understand even nowadays, and raises a question of whether or not he is talking seriously, or makes fun of certain things. However, the common unclearness of the meanings of his work does not affect the fact that he is one of the very well-known and popular philosophers. According to Rosenstand, (and other sources) Kierkegaard’s work and life in general were very much influenced by his father, who was a very religious man and believed that God was punishing him by taking away his children’s lives. That idea was applied to little Soren as well. And apparently, was accepted by young Kierkegaard to such point, that after his father’s death he believed that God’s wrath had transferred to him. Despite all of these issues with fate and religious fear of judgment, Kierkegaard’s father was a good father after all. He is the one responsible for the deep imaginational ability of Soren. With his father they would regularly take walks to the beach, down the Main Street, into the woods – all in their living room. (Rosenstand, 2013) His father would describe everything they saw in details and ask Soren to participate. Even though it was exhausting for the little child, those types of intellectual and imagination exercises are one of the best things a parent...
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