...PLANNING This chapter presents results from the 2007 RMIDHS regarding aspects of contraceptive use, knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. Although the focus is on women, some results from the male survey are discussed, since men play an important role in the realization of reproduction goals. Data on inter-spousal communication and husbands’ knowledge about their wives’ contraceptive use are also presented. The results presented in this chapter include contraceptive prevalence and unmet need for contraception, which have important implications for program managers to assess to what extent family planning services are reaching users and how effectively the methods are being adopted. One of the important indicators resulting from the survey is the percentage of married women aged 15–49 who are currently using any method of contraception. It is important to note that the study of contraception prevalence in the country is vital because contraception plays an important role in determining fertility levels and trends. 5.1. KNOWLEDGE OF CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS One major objective of the 2007 RMIDHS was to assess the level of knowledge of contraceptive methods among Marshallese women and men. Individuals who have adequate information about available methods of contraception are better able to develop a rational approach to planning their family. Information on knowledge of contraception was collected in the survey by asking female and male respondents to name ways or methods by which...
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...Workshop Assignment The “Combined Contraception and STD Workshop” taught me a ton of new information about the various types of Contraception methods and about different types of STDs. When it comes to things like STDs and especially contraception it is actually scary how little I know. Being a guy I grew up learning about the condom, and that is basically it. I was taught that men should carry a condom around in places like their wallets just to be safe and that it will save you from getting girls pregnant, or catching STDs. Even though this is fairly true, I know now that there are so many other ways to have safe sex and it is important to know all of them. I knew about “the pill” but as far as contraception went I was basically in the dark about things like the implant, women’s condoms, the vaginal ring, and that girls could even have shots injected into them to prevent pregnancy. During the talk I was given a card that read “inserted into the vagina” and I was supposed to go up and put it on a board with a bunch of different contraception methods. I very confidently walked straight up to the word that said “implant” and placed the phrase below it. I thought to myself that it must be implanted into the vagina and that’s how it works. Well, I found out that the implant was actually a little bar that was implanted under the woman’s skin, usually on the arm. This totally blew my mind because it never occurred to me that it could be implanted anywhere else, that’s...
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...typically by use of contraception. Contraception means prevention of conception or impregnation. Birth control means restriction of the number of offspring by means of contraceptive measures, projects, programs, or methods to control reproduction by either improving or diminishing fertility. Birth control involves one or more actions, sexual practices, medications followed to intentionally prevent or reduce the likelihood of pregnancy or childbirth and devices. The three major routes of birth control to prevent or end pregnancy include contraception the prevention of fertilization of the ovum by sperm cells, chemical or surgical induction of the developing embryo/fetus, and the contragestion preventing the fertilized egg from implantation known as the morning after pill. Contraception is the use of various drugs, devices, sexual practices, agents, or surgical procedures to prevent conception or impregnation. Contraception helps plan if and when one becomes pregnant. The condom is the only current contraception device that helps protect sexual partners from sexually transmitted infections. Contraception use as well as abortion is the red hot issue in the contemporary times. Females in the United States of America have become accustomed to contraception and abortion. Several conditions are undesired for getting kids into the world. Hence, there are several motives for the utilization of birth-control techniques or the choice of abortion. A few ladies use abortion...
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...Methods of Research – DRAFT Research Title: IMPLEMENTATION OF REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH LAW: AWARENESS ON FAMILY PLANNING PRACTICE AND STRATEGIES OF IMPROVING HEALTH AMONG SELECTED COUPLES OF BARANGAY BANAOANG, STA. BARBARA Genaro C. Reyes III, RN 2014 Chapter I INTRODUCTION Rationale The earth does not contain enough resources to indefinitely sustain the current enormous population growth. For instance, there is a limited area of arable land and living space. China, home to 1.2 billion people or 1/5 the world's population, is an excellent example of the kinds of problems that arise in an increasingly crowded society (Hanson,ND). The Philippines is having a large population that results to low quality of life of women and children, health and family welfare. Population is admittedly one of the many causes of poverty since the government had difficulty in addressing the needs of its people. In addition to, the Philippines is the 39th most densely populated country, with a density over 335 per squared kilometer, and the population growth rate is 1.9% (2010 Census), 1.957% (2010 est. by CIA World Factbook), or 1.85% (2005–2010 high variant estimate by the UN Population Division, World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision) coming from 3.1 in 1960. The 2013 total fertility rate (TFR) is 3.20 births per woman, from a TFR of 7 in 1960. In addition, the total fertility rate for the richest quintile of the population is 2.0, which is about one third the...
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...pregnancy; who is at risk of becoming a teenage parent; how to support teenage parents, and many more. It draws on a range of sources including systematic reviews of the effectiveness of prevention and support interventions, national surveys and primary research studies. The emphasis is on the UK and specifically English research. It was compiled by Catherine Dennison, Research Manager supporting the Teenage Pregnancy Unit. Although not representing a systematic or exhaustive search of the published literature, the briefing is intended to be of use to those engaged in implementing the Teenage Pregnancy Strategy. By providing an update on the evidence base it aims to support and inform their activities. Readers are encouraged to access the original references wherever possible. To assist this, web references are provided where available. The briefing is divided into seven broad sections: • • • • • • • Sexual behaviour Use of services Sexual knowledge, attitudes and beliefs...
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...pregnancy; who is at risk of becoming a teenage parent; how to support teenage parents, and many more. It draws on a range of sources including systematic reviews of the effectiveness of prevention and support interventions, national surveys and primary research studies. The emphasis is on the UK and specifically English research. It was compiled by Catherine Dennison, Research Manager supporting the Teenage Pregnancy Unit. Although not representing a systematic or exhaustive search of the published literature, the briefing is intended to be of use to those engaged in implementing the Teenage Pregnancy Strategy. By providing an update on the evidence base it aims to support and inform their activities. Readers are encouraged to access the original references wherever possible. To assist this, web references are provided where available. The briefing is divided into seven broad sections: • • • • • • • Sexual behaviour Use of services Sexual knowledge, attitudes and beliefs Groups at...
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...study was conducted to assess obstetrics-gynecology resident knowledge about barrier and over-the-counter (OTC) contraceptives and identify strengths and weaknesses in resident education. Methods: We developed a survey for distribution among 50 randomly selected U.S. obstetrics-gynecology residency programs. Results: Of 202 respondents, only 57% and 36% of residents reported adequate knowledge to counsel patients regarding latex vs. nonlatex condom use, respectively. Ninety-six percent knew spermicides were nonprotective against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs); however, there was limited knowledge about delivery options. Only 17% had ever fit or prescribed a diaphragm, and 30% reported knowledge in performing a fitting. Greater than 80% of residents stated they received no formal didactics addressing the use of condoms, spermicides, or diaphragms. Limited experience regarding Cycle Beads and natural family planning was expressed. Conclusions: Obstetrics-gynecology residents receive little formal training about barrier and OTC contraceptive options and seek more education because of their awareness of inadequate knowledge. Introduction he Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) and Residency Review Committee require that all obstetrics-gynecology residency programs include education and training regarding ‘‘clinical skills in family planning.’’1 Furthermore, because a woman’s choice for contraception is highly individual and depends on multiple factors, it...
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...CHAPTER ONE 1:0 INTRODUCTION Contraceptive use is an effective primary prevention strategy for reducing maternal mortality. It has been estimated that the use of effective contraception could avert 90% of abortion-related and more than 20% of obstetric-related mortality globally. Abortion incidence is inversely associated with the level of contraceptive use, especially where the fertility rates are stable. In addition, comprehensive sex education has the potential to prevent unintended pregnancies that lead to unsafe abortions. In order to meet the increasing demand for contraceptives and to ensure the sexual and reproductive health and rights of women, including the right to Planned Parenthood, intensified efforts are urgently needed. CONTRACEPTIVES METHODS Protection against STIs, It is important to practice safer sex, as well as to prevent an unplanned pregnancy. Not all methods of contraception provide protection against STIs. The best way to reduce your risk of STIs is to use barriers such as male and female condoms Implants and injections – hormonal contraception Hormonal contraception for women is also available as implants and injections. Male inject able contraceptives are currently being trial led. Implants. There is a hormonal, rod-shaped implant that is inserted under the skin at the inner side of the upper arm. It contains etonogestrel, a progesterone-like hormone that prevents ovulation and stops sperm from entering the cervix by changing cervical mucus...
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...In moral theology, an act is the knowing choice of a human person. Each knowing choice is an act, and each act is subject to the eternal moral law. Some acts are moral, and other acts are immoral. An immoral act is a sinful act. Sin is a knowingly chosen immoral act. The morality of any act is based on three fonts (or sources): (1) The intention or purpose for which the act is done, (2) the inherent moral meaning of the act as determined by its moral object, (3) the circumstances of the act, especially the consequences. To be moral, each and every act must have three good fonts of morality. The intention must be good, the moral object must be good, and the good consequences must outweigh any bad consequences. If any one font is bad, the act is immoral. If an act is immoral due to a bad intention, the same type of act may be moral with a good intention. If an act is immoral due to the circumstances, the same type of act may be moral in different circumstances. But when an act has an evil moral object, the act is inherently immoral, in other words, the act is evil, in and of itself, apart from intention and circumstances. Every intrinsically evil act has an inherent moral meaning (the moral species) which is contrary to the moral law of God. Intrinsically evil acts are never justified by intention or circumstances because the moral species (the type of act in terms of morality) is inherently unjust. Pope John Paul II: "But the negative moral precepts, those prohibiting...
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...do not put an emphasis on abstinence and encourages children to have sexual intercourse. Sex education in public schools has been a controversial issue in the United States for over a decade. With the HIV and teen pregnancy crises growing, sex education is needed. Sex education classes can prevent sexually transmitted diseases. Sexually transmitted diseases are also called STD’s which are infectious diseases that spread from person to person through intimate contact. STDs can affect guys and girls of all ages and backgrounds that are having sex it doesn't matter if they're rich or poor. STD’s are spreading rapidly due to lack of knowledge about sex education. Some of the many STD’s are not curable, meaning that they are long term. For example AID’s is not something that will go not go away in due time, it is a lifelong. But if teens had knowledge on the different diseases many would not be suffering from STD’s. Next, sex education classes can prevent teen pregnancy. Teen pregnancy is at its peak in today’s society. The effects of teenage pregnancy vary greatly depending on a number of things including maturity, readiness, planning, health, and more. Becoming pregnant can only take one time and one time only and that seem to be one of the most common misunderstandings teens face today. When it comes to sex one thing that people should think about but rarely do is the law. There is age of consent laws surrounding how old you have to be in order to have sex and what constitute...
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...Jennifer Chadwick PSY-225 Human Sexuality 11-Jul-2011 (0101) 08/21/2011 Teen Pregnancy Prevention Plan and Contraception Program A teen pregnancy prevention plan needs to address topics to educate teenagers about sex, and teach them ways to prevent unwanted teen pregnancy. An effective teen pregnancy prevention plan should focus on teaching about both abstinence and contraception (Frost & Forest 1995). The plan should also be developmentally appropriate so that everything that is presented to the audience is understandable and relatable (Girls Incorporated 1991). The primary audience will be teens ages 12-18. Knowledgeable and educated individuals (such as medical professionals and youth counselors) will be surveyed to determine teenage pregnancy trends in the community, and they will also be appointed to speak to teenagers about sexual issues and contraception use and options. Workshops and classes at local community centers and schools will focus on relationships, feelings that occur within these relationships. It is typical for young children and teens alike to have questions regarding sex (Crooks 2010). Along with encouraging questions about sexual intercourse and methods of birth control, allowing them to have open and honest conversations is important. It is shown that parents can be the greatest communicators of sex, and young people usually prefer to be able to talk to their mothers and fathers about sex (Hutchinson & Cooney, 1998). Parental involvement...
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...Introduction Do you still remember the time when you were waiting your mother for looking for a telephone number in her cumbersome contact book? After hardly finding the personal, poor handing writing became another challenge for her, as she had to guess what she actually wrote down. Back to the age when email was not popular, when computer or the Internet was hardly accessed, communication within distant people mainly relied on massive posts. You may not realize, information management was done in both cases as a personal was trying to organize information in a deliverable manner to others or his/herself. The term “information management” may be quite unfamiliar to general public. People would think that it might be related to computer science and information technology, which are newly brought out in this century. By the Dr. T.D. Wilson (University of Sheffield), information management refers to how information is acquired, organized, controlled and disseminated (Wilson). Indeed, information management has long been existed and “living” with us. Experts have different comments on Information management models. Some said models are typically wrong in nature but somehow useful (Box & Draper 1987). To summarise the features of IM model, it could be the representation of structure or diagnostic tool (HKU). This essay introduces four information management models and how they are involved in daily life. Each model would be illustrated with certain examples to let readers...
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...person’s right to privacy”).The doctor can’t tell the information, because the doctor has got this kid the proper help. The teenager’s concerns about confidentiality can be a major barrier to obtaining health care. The contraception teens have a right to confidentiality when it comes to contraception. Also, it is mutually understood that any information the young patient shares with the physician remains in strict confidence unless in the doctor’s judgment. The teen is exhibiting problems or behavior that can be interpreted as dangerous, if the doctor’s duty to inform the parents. The doctor have a duty to warn individuals who are threatened by their patients with bodily harm. Severe mental health issues, severe emotions and mental health problems. The doctor suspects that these issues may stem from major problems within the home. Those are the problems the doctor should keep in secret and the keep patient’s proper. There are some doctor problems that what doctor thinks or wants. The doctor do not want to become involved in...
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...in reproductive technologies have evolved rapidly, so have the ethical, social and political controversies which surround nearly all aspects of their use’ (Vayena et al, 1997) People have accepted the practice of various forms of fertility treatment for thousands of years. Despite this, controversy surrounds these new reproductive technologies because they challenge the traditional understanding of the relationship between sex and procreation. Consequentially, this also has the potential to challenge the structure of linage and kinship networks. This report will investigate the reported and perceived social implications of some commonly used reproductive technologies currently used today; including contraception, in-vitro fertilisation, gamete intra-fallopian transfer, intra-cytoplasmic Sperm Injection, pre-implantation genetic diagnosis, gamete donation and abortion. Equality of Access Reproductive technologies have had a significant impact to the lives of many infertile and sub-fertile couples around the world. However, due to the high financial costs of these procedures, the access to these technologies is largely limited to Western society; particularly middle to high income earners. Consequentially, developing countries whom have the highest rates of infertility, have limited access to these technologies. The use of these technologies is surrounded with controversy over the social implications involved. In the case of developing countries, some fear allowing access...
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...process and outcome. As a process it occurs in the form of repeated reinforcement cycles with alternating activities of action and reflection and includes developing awareness, skills and confidence among FCHVs through small group activities. As an outcome, it results in the change in FCHVs’ performance in increasing contraceptive acceptance among the rural women of reproductive age group. Conclusion: It is hoped that empowerment of FCHVs will bring sustainable change in their performance and will consequently produce notable improvement in the health of women and children in particular and in the community in general. KEYWORDS Empowerment, community health volunteer, participatory action research, contraceptive acceptance. Context The use of community health volunteers to provide basic health care to the community has now become a common practice in many countries. In fact, in Author for correspondence: Sarala Shrestha, Professor in Nursing, Maharajgunj Nursing Campus, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal. Tel:...
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