...Thermodynamics 3. Endergonic 4. Exergonic 5. Aerobic respiration 6. Substrate level phosphorylation 7. Glycolysis 8. Krebs cycle 9. Electron transport 10. Glycolysis 11. Pyruvate 12. Oxidative phosphorylation 13. Proteins and fate 14. Glucose 15. Hexose bisphosphate 16. 2 triose phosphate 17. 2 pyruvate molecules 18. Oxaloacetate 19. Decarbonisation 20. Decarboxylation 21. Aerobic 22. Anaerobic WHEEL OF BIO 1. Metabolism: what is metabolism? What is the step by step sequence called? the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the cell. Metabolic pathway. 2. Thermodynamics: what is thermodynamics? Explain both laws in a few sentences. The science that studies the transfer and transformation of thermal energy....
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...terms: Cellular respiration (aerobic respiration) (2 points) Cellular respiration is the process by which cells get their energy in the form of ATP. There are two types of cellular respiration, aerobic and anaerobic. Aerobic respiration is more efficient and can be used in the presence of oxygen. Aerobic respiration, or cell respiration using oxygen, uses the end product of glycolysis in the TCA cycle to produce more energy currency in the form of ATP than can be obtained from an anaerobic pathway. Fermentation (anaerobic respiration) (2 points) Fermentation is a metabolic process converting sugar to acids, gases or alcohol. It occurs in yeast and bacteria, but also in oxygen-starved human muscle cells. Fermentation is used by humans to make beer and food, like kimchi. Fermentation is a form of anaerobic digestion that generates ATP by the process of substrate-level phosphorylation. Summarize what occurs during the three steps of cellular respiration and indicate where each process takes place in the cell. (6 points) Glycolysis: It is a process that occurs in the cytoplasm. It converts each molecule of glucose to two molecules of pyruvic acid. It refers to an anaerobic process that proceeds whether or not oxygen is present or not. The pyruvic acid diffuses into the inner compartment of the mitochondrion where a transition reaction occurs that starts to prepare pyruvic acid for the next stage of respiration. Krebs cycle-This is the second step and is also...
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...plant is absorbs sunlight, stomata absorb the CO2 through their pores which allows for the process of photosynthesis to start. When light energy is no longer available the stomata closes therefore releasing the CO2 that was absorbed. What are primary stages in the photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cycle? Explain the role of each stage. Draw a diagram of the stages by utilizing drawing tools in Microsoft Word to aid your explanation. There are three stages of the photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR) cycle: Step 1 Carboxylation reaction CO2 + RUBP Results is 3-PGA catalized by enzyme RUBISCO; does not require energy Step 2 Reduction of 3-PGA to GAP Removes the first product of carboxylation (3-PGA) and facilitate CO2 uptake here it requires ATP and NADPH Step 3 One 3-carbon sugar available for export Regenerates CO2 acceptor molecule, RUBP Requires one ATP molecule The reaction in whole: 3CO2 + 3RUBP + 6 NADPH + 6 ATP -> 3 RUBP + G3P Three stages of the Photosynthetic carbon reduction (PCR). Carboxylation, reduction, regeneration, carboxylation Explain how the ATP and NADPH produced by the photosynthetic electron transport chain are used in the PCR cycle....
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...Please do not plagiarize. Only use these study questions for study purposes, and to check your own work. Answers are NOT guaranteed to be correct. Biology 141, Spring 2012 Exam 1 Study Questions The questions on the first hour exam will be based on those given below. Questions on the exam will be in multiple choice form, but if you can answer the questions here, you will have no trouble with the exam. [Notes: 1. These questions are meant to provoke thought and study. Do not ask the instructors or the TAs to provide you with the answers. 2. Crossed out study questions will not be use as the basis for exam questions.] 1. What is the difference between a hypothesis and a scientific Theory? Between a hypothesis and a prediction? What kinds of hypotheses are useful for scientific investigations that try to explain the natural world, and which are not? Give one or more examples of hypotheses that are and are not scientifically useful. The difference between a hypothesis and a scientific theory is that a hypothesis is a proposed ‘theory’ and a scientific theory is theories that explain and predict any observable occurrence therefor the scientific theory is testing the hypothesis. The difference between a hypothesis and a prediction is that a hypothesis is used as an explanation to theory, and is proposed at the beginning of an experiment, while a prediction is the result of an experiment based on the hypothesis that is being tested. The kind of hypotheses’ that are...
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...Bio 156 – Midterm Study Guide Lesson One I. Characteristics of Life • List four main characteristics of all living things II. Diversity and Organizing Life • Describe three ways of classifying, or ordering, life on earth. • Given a random ordering of the levels of organization of life, rearrange them into the proper sequence. • Describe the concept "an organism is more than the sum of its parts." • List the six kingdoms of life. • By definition, distinguish between a population, a community, and an ecosystem. • Distinguish between a producer, a consumer and a decomposer. III. Origins of Diversity- Evolution of Life • Define the term "biodiversity. • Define the term "evolution." • Describe how diversity of life can arise by the operation of natural selection. IV. The Nature of Biological Inquiry – Scientific Method • Distinguish between a hypothesis and a prediction • Distinguish between inductive and deductive logic • What is meant by the phrase "potentially falsifiable hypothesis"? • Define the term "control group" and tell the value of a control group in an experiment • Define the term "theory" and tell at what point in a study a hypothesis becomes a theory • Design an experiment to test a given hypothesis, using the procedure and terminology of the scientific method. Try the problem:...
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...Communication, Homeostasis & Energy Communication & Homeostasis Outline the need for communication systems within multicellular organisms, with reference to the need to respond to changes in the internal and external environment and to co-ordinate the activities of different organs. Organisms need to respond to external stimuli, e.g. temperature, oxygen concentration and levels of sunlight. These may be over time, e.g. winter fur to summer fur, or quickly, e.g. changing size of pupils. Internal environments change too- the build up of carbon dioxide as a result of respiration changes the pH of the tissue fluid, and therefore inhibits enzyme activity. Multicellular organisms need to coordinate different organs, so this requires a good communication system which will: • Cover the whole body • Enable cells to communicate with each other • Enable specific communication • Enable rapid communication • Enable both short and long-term responses. State that cells need to communicate with each other by a process called cell signalling. State that neuronal and hormonal systems are examples of cell signalling. Define the terms negative feedback, positive feedback and homeostasis. Negative feedback- A process in which any change in a parameter brings about the reversal of that change so that the parameter is kept fairly constant. Positive feedback- A process in which any change in a parameter brings about an increase in that change Homeostasis- The maintenance of a constant...
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...Biology 141, Fall 2012 Exam 1 Study Questions (rev. 083112) The questions on the first hour exam will be based on those given below. Questions on the exam will be in multiple choice form, but if you can answer the questions here, you will have no trouble with the exam. [Notes: 1. These questions are meant to provoke thought and study. Do not ask the instructors or the TAs to provide you with the answers. 2. Crossed out study questions will not be use as the basis for exam questions.] 1. What is the difference between an hypothesis and a scientific Theory? Between an hypothesis and a prediction? What kinds of hypotheses are useful for scientific investigations that try to explain the natural world, and which are not? Give one or more examples of hypotheses that are and are not scientifically useful. 2. Two of the greatest unifying ideas in biology (i.e., concepts that account for and are consistent with a very large number of observations) are the Cell Theory, and the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection. Most scientific Theories have two components: the pattern component and the process component. What are the two components of Cell Theory and of the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection? What are the two conditions required by the process component of evolutionary theory? 3. What is the hypothesis of Spontaneous Generation and how does Cell Theory challenge that hypothesis? In the Pasteur experiment two types of flasks were used. For each flask, what...
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...History Back in the 1840s, the presence of granule-like structures within muscle cells and other cell types were being recognized by several scientists. (Ernster and Schatz 1981) In 1890, Richard Altmann, who was a cytologist, used a dye technique to detect the granules and termed them as “bioblasts.” He speculated that they were the basic units of cellular activity. (Ernster and Schatz 1981) It was in 1898 when Carl Benda gave these bioblasts a new the Greek name “mitochondria” meaning thread granules. Discovery of the mitochondrion however, cannot be limited to just a few people. Over decades of time, many contributions have been made in relation to the properties and functions of the mitochondria. (Ernster and Schatz 1981) This organelle is the “power house” of the eukaryotic cell and is located in the cytoplasm. The mitochondrion requires transcription of several genes associated with the organelle along with translocation, targeting and assembly of proteins. (Hood and Joseph 2004) Mitochondria’s main function is to convert energy into forms that can be used by the cell. Along with generating fuel for the cell’s activities, the mitochondrion functions in a range of other processes including, cell signaling, cell division, cell growth, and cell death. Structure The mitochondrion can have different overall structures depending on the cell type. Most mitochondria appear as rod-like shaped organelles although sometimes they can appear like a branched interconnected tubular...
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...Initial Responses to Exercise Cardiovascular Responses: Heart rate increases in a linear fashion to intensity of the exercise. This means the higher the intensity of the exercise, the higher the heart rate would be. The heart rate activity response because of the workload it has. The harder you exercise the more oxygen you need in the muscles so the increased heart rate means blood is pumped around the body quicker. Anticipatory response is the adrenaline that triggers the heart rate to increase to prepare for exercise. Stroke volume is the volume of blood being pumped into the heart with each beat. Stroke volume also increases when the intensity of exercises increases Cardiac output is the volume of blood being from the heart each minute. The increased intensity of exercise increases the cardiac output volume as well. Blood Pressure (calculating – resistance to flow multiplied by heart rate; readings) – Blood pressure is the force exerted by the flow of blood against the walls of the arteries and results from two forces. One is created by the heart as it pumps blood into the arteries and the circulatory system. The other is the force of the arteries as they resist blood flow. During exercise, although both cardiac output and blood pressure, these mechanism act to restrict the blood pressure rise and eventually bring it down to more efficient levels. Blood pressure = resistance x heart rate Blood pressure readings have two numbers. The top number is your systolic...
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...Enzymology and Catalytic Mechanisms GRT3 Enzymes are proteins that speed up chemical reactions. They are catalyst. Without catalyst, chemical reactions would still take place, but at a slower rate and the body wouldn’t benefit. All enzymes possess two essential properties. First, enzymes accelerate the rate of chemical reactions without being consumed and/or changed by the reaction. Second, enzymes accelerate reaction rates without changing the chemical equilibrium among reactants and products. Each enzyme has a receptor site, and they are very specific to which molecule (substrate) it will interact with. When a substrate is captured, it will either be combined to create a product or it will be broke down. Fructose is primarily metabolized in the liver. Fructose alone cannot be used as energy. It has to be broke down for use. Enzymes in the liver aid fructose metabolism. Fructose binds to the receptor site on the enzyme fructokinase. This enzyme uses ATP and ADP cycle (energy) to speed up the chemical reaction to convert fructose into Fru-1-p. Next, Fru-1-p will undergo the next reaction and will produce either DHAP or glyceraldehyde by way of the enzyme Aldolase B. (Wikipedia, 2015) As stated above, Aldolase B is active specific to the substrate Fructose-1-Phosphate. Fructose-1-phos is derived from fructose. It’s produced by fructokinase which is available in the liver. It’s converted by aldolase B into dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde. A deficiency...
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...Biology Units 3 &4 Notes -Chapter 1- The Chemical Nature of Cells | |Protein |Carbohydrates |Fats |Nucleic acid | |Monomer |Amino acids |Monosaccharaide |Fatty acids, glycerol |Nucleotide | |Example |2o Amino acids |Glucose, Fructose, Ribose |Triglycerides |Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine | | | | |Steroids, Phospholipids |&Thymine/ Uracil | |Diagram | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Bonding (how units combine – |1st structure-strong covalent |Strong covalent glycoside |Rarely ever forms polymer |covalent bonds b/w sugar | |polymers ...
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...6 Cellular Respiration: Obtaining Energy from Food Muscles in action. Sprinters, like all athletes, depend on cellular respiration to power their muscles. CHAPTER CONTENTS Energy Flow and Chemical Cycling in the Biosphere 92 Cellular Respiration: Aerobic Harvest of Food Energy 94 Fermentation: Anaerobic Harvest of Food Energy 101 CHAPTER THREAD Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE What Causes Muscle Burn? EVOLUTION CONNECTION Life before and after Oxygen 91 102 103 Aerobic versus Anaerobic Lifestyles BIOLOGY AND SOCIETY Marathoners versus Sprinters Track-and-field athletes usually have a favorite event in which they excel. Some runners specialize in sprints of 100 or 200 meters. Others excel at longer races of 1,500, 5,000, or even 10,000 m. It is unusual to find a runner who competes equally well in both 100-m and 10,000-m races; most runners are more comfortable running races of particular lengths. It turns out that there is a biological basis for such preferences. The muscles that move our legs contain two main types of muscle fibers: slow-twitch and fast-twitch. Slow-twitch muscle fibers can contract many times over a longer period but don’t generate a lot of quick power for the body. They perform better in endurance exercises requiring slow, steady muscle activity, such as marathons. Fast-twitch muscle fibers can contract more quickly and powerfully than slow-twitch fibers but also...
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...Bodybuilding Anaerobic Exercise & Respiration, Muscular Growth and Supplement Intake Ajay Sabhaney, Carlen Ng, Di Wu, Kelei Xu Bodybuilding Page 1 of 59 Table of Contents 1. Introduction 2. The Body & Muscle Groups a. Muscle Growth b. Physical & Psychological Benefits of Exercising 3. Weight Training: Anaerobic Exercise Mechanics & Impact on Muscle Growth a. Energy Transformations During an Exercise b. Investigating Torque in Weight Training c. Muscles Acting as Levers d. Impulse in Weight Training e. Intensity versus Speed 4. Protein Supplementation a. Protein supplementation b. Combining Protein Supplementation 5. Cellular Respiration & Effect on Weight Training a. Glycolysis b. Aerobic Respiration c. Anaerobic Respiration (inc. lactic acid) d. Carbohydrate Loading 6. Creatine Supplementation a. An Introduction b. Lab: Effect of Phosphocreatine on Lactic Acid 7. Anabolic-Androgenic Steroids a. Reactions within the Body involving steroids b. Side Effects of Steroid Intake c. Detecting Steroids in the Human Body 8. Conclusion 9. Works Cited 10. Miscellaneous Bodybuilding Page 2 of 59 I. Introduction Exercise (essentially any form of physical exertion which results in the contraction of a muscle) has become a widespread interest over the past several years, especially in areas of weight training. While exercise is generally intended to promote good physical health, bodybuilding more specifically concentrates on building muscle mass and many individuals in society...
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...Review for BSC1010 Final that will consist of 50 questions taken from these facts. 1. A modified form of cellulose found in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans is known as chitin. 2. Non-polarity and insolubility characterize biological compounds known as lipids. 3. Alpha helix and beta pleated sheets are examples of the secondary level of protein structure. 4. Components of nucleic acids include a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, an organic nitrogen containing base, and phosphodiester bonds. 5. Fructose and galactose all have the same six carbon atoms, twelve hydrogen atoms, and six oxygen atoms, just as glucose, but they are named differently because they are alternate forms of the monosaccharide, glucose . 6. Nucleic acids are created with phosphodiester bonds. 7. Nitrogen and carbon are common to all organic molecules. 8. Fuels such as gasoline are nonpolar and high in energy because they are largely composed of hydrocarbons. 9. Lipids serve as important energy stores and is a major component of plasma membranes. 10. The functional group -COOH has acidic properties and would release hydrogen ions in an aqueous (water) solution. 11. The peptidoglycan of the bacterial cell wall contains a carbohydrate matrix linked together by short chains of amino acids. 12. Nuclear pores apparently permit the passage of only proteins inward and outward, but RNA only outward. 13. Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the other organelles besides the nucleus that contain DNA. 14. The...
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...How to go to your page This eBook set contains two volumes. The main content pages are contiguously numbered: use the Table of Contents to find those page numbers. The front matter pages and indices are labeled with the Volume number and page separated by a colon. For example, to go to page vi of Volume 1, type Vol1:vi in the “page #” box at the top of the screen and click “Go”. To go to page vi of Volume 2, type Vol2:vi in the "page #" box… and so forth. Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems This page intentionally left blank Encyclopedia of Human Body Systems VOLUME 1 Julie McDowell, Editor Copyright 2010 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data McDowell, Julie. Encyclopedia of human body systems / Julie McDowell. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978–0–313–39175–0 (hard copy : alk. paper) 1. Human physiology—Encyclopedias. I. Title. QP11.M33 2011 612.003—dc22 2010021682 ISBN: 978–0–313–39175–0 EISBN: 978–0–313–39176–7 14 13 12 11 10 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. Greenwood An Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC ABC-CLIO, LLC...
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